In the current era of renewable energy prominence,the wide operational capacity of coal-fired boilers has emerged as crucial for ensuring the sustainability of power plants.However,attaining ultra-low nitrogen oxides(...In the current era of renewable energy prominence,the wide operational capacity of coal-fired boilers has emerged as crucial for ensuring the sustainability of power plants.However,attaining ultra-low nitrogen oxides(NO_x)emissions during periods of low-load operations presents a significant and persistent challenge for coal power enterprises.While techniques such as biomass re-burning and advanced re-burning have shown promise in enhancing NO reduction effciency above 800℃,their elevated levels of chlorine(Cl)and alkali metals pose potential risks to boiler equipment integrity.Therefore,this study proposes the utilization of biomass char derived from pyrolysis as a dual-purpose solution to enhance NO reduction efficiency while safeguarding boiler integrity during low-load operations.Findings indicate that pyrolysis treatment effectively reduces the Cl and alkali metal content of biomass.Specifically,it was determined that biomass char produced through deeply pyrolysis at 300℃achieves the highest NO reduction efficiency while minimizing the presence of harmful components.At a reduction temperature of 700℃,both re-burning and advanced re-burning techniques exhibit NO reduction efficiencies of 55.90%and 62.22%,which is already an ideal deficiency at low temperatures.The addition of water vapor at 700-800℃obviously avoids the oxidation of ammonia to NO in advanced reburning.Upon further analysis,denitrification efficiency in biomass char re-burning and advanced reburning is influenced not only by volatile content but also by physicochemical properties such as porosity and surface functional group distribution under certain reaction conditions.This study provides a theoretical framework for the industrial implementation of biomass char for NO control in coal-fired power plants,offering insights into optimizing NO reduction efficiency while mitigating potential risks to boiler equipment.展开更多
Understanding how dominant plants respond to nitrogen(N)addition is critical for accurately predicting the potential effects of N deposition on ecosystem structure and functionality.Biomass partitioning serves as a va...Understanding how dominant plants respond to nitrogen(N)addition is critical for accurately predicting the potential effects of N deposition on ecosystem structure and functionality.Biomass partitioning serves as a valuable indicator for assessing plant responses to environmental changes.However,considerable uncertainty remains regarding how biomass partitioning shifts with increasing N inputs in sandy ecosystems.To address this gap,we conducted a greenhouse N fertilization experiment in April 2024,using seeds from 20 dominant plant species in the Horqin Sandy Land of China representing 5 life forms:annual grasses,annual forbs,perennial grasses,perennial forbs,and shrubs.Six levels of N addition(0.0,3.5,7.0,14.0,21.0,and 49.0 g N/(m2•a),referred to as N0,N1,N2,N3,N4,and N5,respectively)were applied to investigate the effects of N inputs on biomass partitioning.Results showed that for all 20 dominant plant species,the root biomass:shoot biomass(R:S)consistently declined across all N addition treatments(P<0.050).Concurrently,N addition led to a 23.60%reduction in root biomass fraction,coupled with a 12.38%increase in shoot biomass fraction(P<0.050).Allometric partitioning analysis further indicated that N addition had no significant effect on the slopes of the allometric relationships(leaf biomass versus root biomass,stem biomass versus root biomass,and shoot biomass versus root biomass).This suggests that plants can adjust resource investment—such as allocating more resources to shoots—to optimize growth under favorable conditions without disrupting functional trade-offs between organs.Among different life forms,annual grasses,perennial grasses,and annual forbs exhibited increased allocation to aboveground biomass,enhancing productivity and potentially altering community composition and competitive hierarchies.In contrast,perennial forbs and shrubs maintained stable biomass partitioning across all N addition levels,reflecting conservative resource allocation strategies that support long-term ecosystem resilience in nutrient-poor environments.Taken together,these findings deepen our understanding of how nutrient enrichment influences biomass allocation and ecosystem dynamics across different plant life forms,offering practical implications for the management and restoration of degraded sandy ecosystems.展开更多
Land-use systems are a key factor influencing the biomass and carbon sequestration potential of a given plant species.This study aimed to estimate the above-and belowground biomass and carbon sequestration potential o...Land-use systems are a key factor influencing the biomass and carbon sequestration potential of a given plant species.This study aimed to estimate the above-and belowground biomass and carbon sequestration potential of the Bauhinia thonningii tree across different land-use types in northern Ethiopia.Vegetation and soil data were collected from 72 sampling plots(100 m×50 m)in cultivated and grazing land-use types in the Tselemti district,Tigray region,Ethiopia.Soil organic carbon stocks were calculated from measured carbon contents between 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths and bulk density values for cultivated and grazing land-use types.B.thonningii dendrometric parameters showed significant variation among the land-use types.The highest aboveground biomass(16.57±3.64 Mg ha^(-1)),aboveground carbon(8.28±1.82 Mg C ha^(-1)),total carbon stock(65.58±3.92 Mg C ha^(-1)),and CO_(2)sequestration(237.52±14.37 Mg C ha^(-1))were observed in grazing lands compared to cultivated lands.Dendrometric parameters,above-and belowground biomass,and carbon sequestration were significantly higher in grazing lands than in cultivated lands.Soil organic carbon was higher in the upper surface layer(0–15 cm)than in the sub-surface layer(15–30 cm)for both land-use types.Basal area,aboveground biomass,belowground biomass,above-and belowground carbon stocks,total carbon stock,CO_(2),and total biomass carbon stocks exhibited a perfect to moderate range of positive correlation with each other,while showing a low positive correlation with land-use types(p<0.05).Grazing land with B.thonningii trees possesses a higher carbon stock than cultivated land,showing the potential for increasing biomass and carbon stock in grazing land systems by scaling up similar practices.Improved tree-based farming systems can contribute to mitigate global warming,support carbon financing initiatives,and serve as a benchmark for comparing future changes in biomass and carbon stocks.展开更多
The quest for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the search for alternative feedstocks that can supplement or replace fossil fuels. Obtaining fuels or chemicals through the conversion of renewable biomass is...The quest for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the search for alternative feedstocks that can supplement or replace fossil fuels. Obtaining fuels or chemicals through the conversion of renewable biomass is a promising candidate [1,2]. Some noblemetal-based (e.g., Pt, Pd and Rh) catalysts exhibit significant catalytic activity to the conversion reaction of these biomass.展开更多
While numerous allometric models exist for estimating biomass in trees with single stems,models for multi-stemmed species are scarce.This study presents models for predicting aboveground biomass(AGB)in European hazel(...While numerous allometric models exist for estimating biomass in trees with single stems,models for multi-stemmed species are scarce.This study presents models for predicting aboveground biomass(AGB)in European hazel(Corylus avellana L.),growing in multi-stemmed shrub form.We measured the size and harvested the biomass of 30 European hazel shrubs,drying and weighing their woody parts and leaves separately.AGB(dry mass)and leaf area models were established using a range of predictors,such as the upper height of the shrub,number of shoots per shrub,canopy projection area,stem base diameter of the thickest stem,and the sum of cross-sectional areas of all stems at the stem base.The latter was the best predictor of AGB,but the most practically useful variables,defined as relatively easy to measure by terrestrial or aerial approaches,were the upper height of the shrub and the canopy projection area.The leaf biomass to AGB ratio decreased with the shrub's height.Specific leaf area of shaded leaves increases with shrub height,but that of leaves at the top of the canopy does not change significantly.Given that the upper shrub height and crown projection of European hazel can be estimated using remote sensing approaches,especially UAV and LIDAR,these two variables appear the most promising for effective measurement of AGB in hazel.展开更多
Enhancing soil organic matter characteristics,ameliorating physical structure,mitigating heavy metal toxicity,and hastening mineral weathering processes are crucial approaches to accomplish the transition of tailings ...Enhancing soil organic matter characteristics,ameliorating physical structure,mitigating heavy metal toxicity,and hastening mineral weathering processes are crucial approaches to accomplish the transition of tailings substrate to a soil-like substrate.The incorporation of biomass co-pyrolysis and plant colonization has been established to be a significant factor in soil substrate formation and soil pollutant remediation.Despite this,there is presently an absence of research efforts aimed at synergistically utilizing these two technologies to expedite the process of mining tailings soil substrate formation.The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of geochemical changes and rapid mineral weathering during the process of transforming tailings substrate into a soil-like substrate,under the combined effects of biomass co-smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization.The findings of this study suggest that the incorporation of smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization induces a high-temperature effect and biological effects,which enhance the physical and chemical properties of tailings,while simultaneously accelerating the rate of mineral weathering.Notable improvements include the amelioration of extreme pH levels,nutrient enrichment,the formation of aggregates,and an increase in enzyme activity,all of which collectively demonstrate the successful attainment of tailings substrate reconstruction.Evidence of the acceleratedweathering was verified by phase and surfacemorphology analysis using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.Discovered corrosion and fragmentation on the surface ofminerals.The weathering resulted in corrosion and fragmentation of the surface of the treated mineral.This study confirms that co-smoldering pyrolysis of biomass,combined with plant colonization,can effectively promote the transformation of tailings into soil-like substrates.This method has can effectively address the key challenges that have previously hindered sustainable development of the mining industry and provides a novel approach for ecological restoration of tailings deposits.展开更多
The development of electronic products and increased electronic waste have triggered a series of ecological problems on Earth.Meanwhile,amidst energy crises and the pursuit of carbon neutrality,the recycling of discar...The development of electronic products and increased electronic waste have triggered a series of ecological problems on Earth.Meanwhile,amidst energy crises and the pursuit of carbon neutrality,the recycling of discarded biomass has attracted the attention of many researchers.In recent years,the transformation of discarded biomass into value-added electronic products has emerged as a promising endeavor in the field of green and flexible electronics.In this review,the attempts and advancements in biomass conversion into flexible electronic materials and devices are systematically summarized.We focus on reviewing the research progress in biomass conversion into substrates,electrodes,and materials tailored for optical and thermal management.Furthermore,we explore component combinations suitable for applications in environmental monitoring and health management.Finally,we discuss the challenges in techniques and cost-effectiveness currently faced by biomass conversion into flexible electronic devices and propose improvement strategies.Drawing insights from both fundamental research and industrial applications,we offer prospects for future developments in this burgeoning field.展开更多
Aims:Reed(Phragmites australis)is a plant species with a seasonal reproductive cycle;it has a very high biomass in U Minh Thuong National Park,in Vietnam.This study aims to evaluate fresh and dry biomass of the reed a...Aims:Reed(Phragmites australis)is a plant species with a seasonal reproductive cycle;it has a very high biomass in U Minh Thuong National Park,in Vietnam.This study aims to evaluate fresh and dry biomass of the reed and the production of biochar from the plants.The biochar is then used as a bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation in agriculture.Methods:To achieve these objectives the following experiments were conducted(1)investtigating the fresh and dry biomass of reeds producing biochar using local methods;(2)adsorption with pig urine and chemical fertilizers(nitrogen,phosphorus and potash)to examine the uptake of chemical components into the water environment;(3)mixing biochar with inorganic mineral fertilizers and peat to creat inorganic fertilizer–biochar formulas,followed by an analysis of the chemical compositions of the mixtures;(4)using various biochar-based fertilizers to grow watermelon with local varieties.Results:The results show that reeds produce very high for biomass biochar fertilizer production.Reed biochar can adsorb components of pig urine,such as ammonium,nitrate,nitrogen and phosphorus along with inorganic substances such as nitrogen,phosphorus and potash.Therefore this study proposes the use of this biochar for watermelon cultivation and environment treatment in polluted regions.Conclusions:Biomass and biochar of reed are very high.The biochar can adsorb nitrogen,phosphorus and potash fertilizers.Additionally,biochar can be mixed with peat and inorganic mineral fertilizers for to watermelon cultivation in Mekong Delta.Implications of the research:Forest fires in U Minh Thuong National Park,caused by reed vegetation,occur annually and result in damage to property and human livelihoods.This research not only exploits renewable raw materials but also helps control the risk of forest fires.Originality/Valeu:This study aims to provide methods for controlling forest fires by producing biochar of from reed(Phragmites australis)U Minh Thuong National Park Vietnam.This species thrives and produces a large biomass during the rainy season,supllying dry material that contributes to the intensity of forest fires in the dry season in Vietnam.展开更多
Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and...Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The ...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The devel-opment of anode materials with a high capacity,excellent rate performance,and long cycle life is the key to the indus-trialization of SIBs.Biomass-derived carbon(BDC)anode materials synthesized from resource-rich,low-cost,and re-newable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven,making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs.This review first intro-duces the sources of BDCs,including waste biomass such as plants,animals,and microorganisms,and then describes sev-eral methods for preparing BDC anode materials,including carbonization,chemical activation,and template methods.The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na^(+)in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control.The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined,and suggestions for future re-search are made.展开更多
The rising concern over electromagnetic (EM) pollution is re-sponsible for the rapid progress in EM interference (EMI) shielding and EM wave absorption in the last few years, and carbon materials with a large sur-face...The rising concern over electromagnetic (EM) pollution is re-sponsible for the rapid progress in EM interference (EMI) shielding and EM wave absorption in the last few years, and carbon materials with a large sur-face area and high porosity have been investigated. Compared to other car-bon materials, biomass-derived carbon (BC) are considered efficient and eco-friendly materials for this purpose. We summarize the recent advances in BC materials for both EMI shielding and EM wave absorption. After a brief overview of the synthesis strategies of BC materials and a precise out-line of EM wave interference, strategies for improving their EMI shielding and EM wave absorption are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and the future prospects for such materials are briefly summarized.展开更多
The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structur...The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure,environmental friendliness,and cost-effectiveness.Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed,emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores,mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior.Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors(lignin,cellulose,and hemicellulose)influence pore formation during carbonization.Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced.Finally,key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined,and future research directions are proposed.These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering,aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.展开更多
Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes,showing advantages in high operating volt-age,potential low cost,and environmental friendliness.Different from conventional“rocking chair”type...Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes,showing advantages in high operating volt-age,potential low cost,and environmental friendliness.Different from conventional“rocking chair”type secondary batter-ies,DIBs perform a unique working mechanism,which employ both cation and anion taking part in capacity contribution at an anode and a cathode,respectively,during electrochemical reactions.Graphite has been identified as a suitable cathode material for anion intercalation at high voltages(>4.8 V)with fast reaction kinetics.However,the development of DIBs is being hindered by dynamic mismatch between a cathode and an anode due to sluggish Li+diffusion at a high rate.Herein,we prepared phyllostachys edulis derived carbon(PEC)through microstructure regulation strategy and investigated the carbonized temperature effect,which effectively tailored the rich short-range ordered graphite microdomains and disor-dered amorphous regions,as well as a unique nano-pore hierarchical structure.The pore size distribution of nano-pores was concentrated in 0.5-5 nm,providing suitable channels for rapid Li+transportation.It was found that PEC-500(carbon-ized at 500℃)achieved a high capacity of 436 mAh·g^(-1)at 300 mA·g^(-1)and excellent rate performance(maintaining a high capacity of 231 mAh·g^(-1)at 3 A·g^(-1)).The assembled dual-carbon PEC-500||graphite full battery delivered 114 mAh·g^(-1)at 10 C with 96%capacity retention after 3000 cycles and outstanding rate capability,providing 74 mAh·g^(-1)at 50 C.展开更多
We contrast a new continuous approach(CA)for estimating plot-level above-ground biomass(AGB)in forest inventories with the current approach of estimating AGB exclusively from the tree-level AGB predicted for each tree...We contrast a new continuous approach(CA)for estimating plot-level above-ground biomass(AGB)in forest inventories with the current approach of estimating AGB exclusively from the tree-level AGB predicted for each tree in a plot,henceforth called DA(discrete approach).With the CA,the AGB in a forest is modelled as a continuous surface and the AGB estimate for a fixed-area plot is computed as the integral of the AGB surface taken over the plot area.Hence with the CA,the portion of the biomass of in-plot trees that extends across the plot perimeter is ignored while the biomass from trees outside of the plot reaching inside the plot is added.We use a sampling simulation with data from a fully mapped two hectare area to illustrate that important differences in plot-level AGB estimates can emerge.Ideally CA-based estimates of mean AGB should be less variable than those derived from the DA.If realized,this difference translates to a higher precision from field sampling,or a lower required sample size.In our case study with a target precision of 5%(i.e.relative standard error of the estimated mean AGB),the CA required a 27.1%lower sample size for small plots of 100 m2 and a 10.4%lower sample size for larger plots of 1700 m2.We examined sampling induced errors only and did not yet consider model errors.We discuss practical issues in implementing the CA in field inventories and the potential in applications that model biomass with remote sensing data.The CA is a variation on a plot design for above-ground forest biomass;as such it can be applied in combination with any forest inventory sampling design.展开更多
The residual biomass composed of pseudo trunks and banana leaves is very important and poorly valued. There is very little quantified data on the deposits of residual biomass from banana plantations in Senegal and in ...The residual biomass composed of pseudo trunks and banana leaves is very important and poorly valued. There is very little quantified data on the deposits of residual biomass from banana plantations in Senegal and in particular in the Tambacounda region. In this work, we seek to evaluate the methanogenic potential and to valorize this biomass in biogas and biofertilizer. The laboratory experiment lasted approximately 35 days. During this time, the methanogenic microorganisms degrade the organic residue provided, which results in the production of biogas. At the end of the reactions, the rate of biogas production drops, indicating the end of the biodegradation of organic matter. Biogas production is measured over time and the composition of the biogas produced is analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or by an infrared analyzer. The methane potential of each sample is determined from the cumulative quantity of methane produced in each flask representing a digestion system. The measurement can be expressed in m3 of CH4 per tonne of dry matter or per tonne of raw material. The first challenge of this study therefore lies in the acquisition of reliable and usable data to quantify the methanizable biomass. This study will allow us not only to evaluate the quantities of pseudo trunks and banana leaves available in a plot after harvest but also to test the biogas and methane production potential (BMP test) of this substrate and therefore determine the expected biogas production of this biomass.展开更多
Freshwater scarcity has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge.Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)represents a promising technology for achieving efficient and low-energy seawater desalination.T...Freshwater scarcity has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge.Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)represents a promising technology for achieving efficient and low-energy seawater desalination.This study presents a novel flow-electrode material,nitrogen-doped porous carbon(NPC),which is derived from biomass and demonstrates both cost-effectiveness and high performance.The NPC material is synthesized from bean shells through high-temperature pre-carbonization followed by activation with KHCO_(3),resulting in a rich porous structure,increased specific surface area,and high graphitization degree,which collectively confer superior capacitance performance compared to activated carbon(AC).Desalination experiments indicate that the FCDI performance of the NPC flow-electrode surpasses that of the AC flow-electrode.Specifically,at a voltage of 2.5 V in a 6 g·L^(-1)NaCl solution,the NPC system achieves an average salt removal rate(ASRR)of 104.9 μg·cm^(-2)·min^(-1),with a charge efficiency(CE)of 94.0%and an energy consumption(EC)of only 4.4 kJ·g^(-1).Furthermore,the NPC-based FCDI system exhibits commendable desalination cycling stability,maintaining relatively stable energy consumption and efficiency after prolonged continuous desalination cycles.This research holds significant implications for the advancement of environmentally friendly,low-cost,high-performance FCDI systems for large-scale applications.展开更多
Global freshwater scarcity and energy shortages demand integrated solutions.To overcome limitations of traditional solar evaporators,such as salt accumulation,thermal dissipation,and material scalability issues,this s...Global freshwater scarcity and energy shortages demand integrated solutions.To overcome limitations of traditional solar evaporators,such as salt accumulation,thermal dissipation,and material scalability issues,this study presents a biomass-derived three-dimensional(3D)aerogel-based dual-function solar evaporator that simultaneously achieves ultra-high freshwater production and continuous electricity generation.By ingeniously integrating a superhydrophobic inner layer for thermal insulation and buoyancy with a hydrophilic photothermal outer layer for rapid water transport and solar absorption,our design overcomes the trade-offs between evaporation efficiency,salt resistance,and energy loss.The evaporator exhibits exceptional dual performance:an evaporation rate of 3.87 kg m^(-2)h-1(1 sun)and a sustained open-circuit voltage of 222.6 mV,surpassing most reported systems.This synergy originates from ion gradient-driven streaming potentials enabled by selective Na^(+) transport through–COOH/C–OH functionalized microchannels,as verified by molecular dynamics simulations.Crucially,the fabrication process utilizes low-cost biomass materials and scalable techniques,demonstrating significant potential for commercialization.This work not only provides a mechanistic understanding of ion-selective transport in dual-function evaporators but also establishes a paradigm for sustainable co-production of clean water and renewable energy,addressing two pressing global challenges through a single and scalable platform.展开更多
This review provides a comprehensive summary of biomass-based adsorption,with a particular focus on biochar as an innovative,sustainable,and eco-friendly technique for recovering rare earth elements(REEs) from various...This review provides a comprehensive summary of biomass-based adsorption,with a particular focus on biochar as an innovative,sustainable,and eco-friendly technique for recovering rare earth elements(REEs) from various sources.This study details primary adsorption mechanisms,including physical adsorption,ion exchange,electrostatic attraction,surface complexation,and precipitation,providing a nuanced understanding of how these processes contribute to metal recovery.Additionally,it discusses various biochar modification methods aimed at enhancing surface functionalities,thereby improving adsorption capacity and selectivity.It further addresses the critical challenge of biochar regeneration,outlining methods such as thermal,solvent,microwave irradiation,and supercritical fluid regeneration to sustain biochar's efficacy over multiple cycles.Overall,this comprehensive analysis highlights biochar's versatility and potential in environmental remediation and resource recovery,emphasizing the importance of optimized regeneration techniques to maintain its adsorption efficiency and future research directions for large-scale applications.展开更多
The Miombo ecoregion covers eastern and southern Africa,with variations in plant species composition,structure,and biomass across a broad precipitation gradient.Most studies of woody plant communities focus exclusivel...The Miombo ecoregion covers eastern and southern Africa,with variations in plant species composition,structure,and biomass across a broad precipitation gradient.Most studies of woody plant communities focus exclusively on larger overstorey trees(≥5 or≥10cm stem diameter),overlooking the contribution of small trees and shrubs in the understorey,which can comprise a significant portion of total biomass and diversity.Here,we evaluate the contribution of both large overstorey and small understorey woody plants to species diversity and above-ground biomass(AGB),with 17 plots(0.5-1ha)across five sites representing both extremes of rainfall gradient spanning the Miombo ecoregion,in northeast Namibia(500-700mm mean annual precipitation,MAP)and southern Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)(>1,200mm MAP).Mean AGB per site ranged from 21 to 119Mg·ha^(-1),increasing with rainfall,while the proportional AGB contribution of small trees,saplings,and shrubs decreased.In dry Namibia,small trees,saplings,and shrubs(<5cm DBH)contributed up to 28.2%of total AGB(mean±standard deviation:18.3%±3.4%),whereas in wet DRC,they contributed only up to 2.5%(2.3%±1.4%).Namibian sites,on average,contained a large proportion of woody species diversity exclusively in small trees and shrubs(<5cm DBH),with 55 species representing 59.4%of the total diversity.In contrast,DRC sites had higher overall small woody plant diversity(66 species)but fewer species found exclusively as small individuals(25.2%),with many saplings that grow to larger trees.Understorey composition also differed,with saplings of overstorey trees dominating in DRC,while shrubs dominated in Namibia.Our findings show that woody biomass and diversity in dry woodlands are substantially underestimated when studies focus only on larger trees.This highlights the need to consider all woody vegetation to better understand woody plant diversity and biomass variation.展开更多
基金supported by the Open Topics of State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal-Fired Power Generation and Pollution Control(D2022FK103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278250)+1 种基金the Shanxi Province Science and Technology Cooperation and Exchange Special Program(202104041101014)the Shanxi Province Scholarship Council。
文摘In the current era of renewable energy prominence,the wide operational capacity of coal-fired boilers has emerged as crucial for ensuring the sustainability of power plants.However,attaining ultra-low nitrogen oxides(NO_x)emissions during periods of low-load operations presents a significant and persistent challenge for coal power enterprises.While techniques such as biomass re-burning and advanced re-burning have shown promise in enhancing NO reduction effciency above 800℃,their elevated levels of chlorine(Cl)and alkali metals pose potential risks to boiler equipment integrity.Therefore,this study proposes the utilization of biomass char derived from pyrolysis as a dual-purpose solution to enhance NO reduction efficiency while safeguarding boiler integrity during low-load operations.Findings indicate that pyrolysis treatment effectively reduces the Cl and alkali metal content of biomass.Specifically,it was determined that biomass char produced through deeply pyrolysis at 300℃achieves the highest NO reduction efficiency while minimizing the presence of harmful components.At a reduction temperature of 700℃,both re-burning and advanced re-burning techniques exhibit NO reduction efficiencies of 55.90%and 62.22%,which is already an ideal deficiency at low temperatures.The addition of water vapor at 700-800℃obviously avoids the oxidation of ammonia to NO in advanced reburning.Upon further analysis,denitrification efficiency in biomass char re-burning and advanced reburning is influenced not only by volatile content but also by physicochemical properties such as porosity and surface functional group distribution under certain reaction conditions.This study provides a theoretical framework for the industrial implementation of biomass char for NO control in coal-fired power plants,offering insights into optimizing NO reduction efficiency while mitigating potential risks to boiler equipment.
基金supported by the National Grassland Technology Innovation Centre(Preparation)Project(CCPTZX2023B02-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071845)the Key Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021ZD001505).
文摘Understanding how dominant plants respond to nitrogen(N)addition is critical for accurately predicting the potential effects of N deposition on ecosystem structure and functionality.Biomass partitioning serves as a valuable indicator for assessing plant responses to environmental changes.However,considerable uncertainty remains regarding how biomass partitioning shifts with increasing N inputs in sandy ecosystems.To address this gap,we conducted a greenhouse N fertilization experiment in April 2024,using seeds from 20 dominant plant species in the Horqin Sandy Land of China representing 5 life forms:annual grasses,annual forbs,perennial grasses,perennial forbs,and shrubs.Six levels of N addition(0.0,3.5,7.0,14.0,21.0,and 49.0 g N/(m2•a),referred to as N0,N1,N2,N3,N4,and N5,respectively)were applied to investigate the effects of N inputs on biomass partitioning.Results showed that for all 20 dominant plant species,the root biomass:shoot biomass(R:S)consistently declined across all N addition treatments(P<0.050).Concurrently,N addition led to a 23.60%reduction in root biomass fraction,coupled with a 12.38%increase in shoot biomass fraction(P<0.050).Allometric partitioning analysis further indicated that N addition had no significant effect on the slopes of the allometric relationships(leaf biomass versus root biomass,stem biomass versus root biomass,and shoot biomass versus root biomass).This suggests that plants can adjust resource investment—such as allocating more resources to shoots—to optimize growth under favorable conditions without disrupting functional trade-offs between organs.Among different life forms,annual grasses,perennial grasses,and annual forbs exhibited increased allocation to aboveground biomass,enhancing productivity and potentially altering community composition and competitive hierarchies.In contrast,perennial forbs and shrubs maintained stable biomass partitioning across all N addition levels,reflecting conservative resource allocation strategies that support long-term ecosystem resilience in nutrient-poor environments.Taken together,these findings deepen our understanding of how nutrient enrichment influences biomass allocation and ecosystem dynamics across different plant life forms,offering practical implications for the management and restoration of degraded sandy ecosystems.
基金financial support from Mekelle University and the MU-HU-NMBU institutional collaboration project。
文摘Land-use systems are a key factor influencing the biomass and carbon sequestration potential of a given plant species.This study aimed to estimate the above-and belowground biomass and carbon sequestration potential of the Bauhinia thonningii tree across different land-use types in northern Ethiopia.Vegetation and soil data were collected from 72 sampling plots(100 m×50 m)in cultivated and grazing land-use types in the Tselemti district,Tigray region,Ethiopia.Soil organic carbon stocks were calculated from measured carbon contents between 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths and bulk density values for cultivated and grazing land-use types.B.thonningii dendrometric parameters showed significant variation among the land-use types.The highest aboveground biomass(16.57±3.64 Mg ha^(-1)),aboveground carbon(8.28±1.82 Mg C ha^(-1)),total carbon stock(65.58±3.92 Mg C ha^(-1)),and CO_(2)sequestration(237.52±14.37 Mg C ha^(-1))were observed in grazing lands compared to cultivated lands.Dendrometric parameters,above-and belowground biomass,and carbon sequestration were significantly higher in grazing lands than in cultivated lands.Soil organic carbon was higher in the upper surface layer(0–15 cm)than in the sub-surface layer(15–30 cm)for both land-use types.Basal area,aboveground biomass,belowground biomass,above-and belowground carbon stocks,total carbon stock,CO_(2),and total biomass carbon stocks exhibited a perfect to moderate range of positive correlation with each other,while showing a low positive correlation with land-use types(p<0.05).Grazing land with B.thonningii trees possesses a higher carbon stock than cultivated land,showing the potential for increasing biomass and carbon stock in grazing land systems by scaling up similar practices.Improved tree-based farming systems can contribute to mitigate global warming,support carbon financing initiatives,and serve as a benchmark for comparing future changes in biomass and carbon stocks.
文摘The quest for sustainable energy solutions has intensified the search for alternative feedstocks that can supplement or replace fossil fuels. Obtaining fuels or chemicals through the conversion of renewable biomass is a promising candidate [1,2]. Some noblemetal-based (e.g., Pt, Pd and Rh) catalysts exhibit significant catalytic activity to the conversion reaction of these biomass.
基金funded by grants EVA4.0 No.Z.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 and ITMS2014+313011W580s provided by EU OP RDEin CZ and SKprojects APVV-18-0086,APVV-19-0387,APVV-20-0168,APVV-20-0215 and APVV-22-0056 from the Slovak Research and Development Agencysupport from the European Research Executive Agency for ReForest,Grant Agreement Nr:101060635
文摘While numerous allometric models exist for estimating biomass in trees with single stems,models for multi-stemmed species are scarce.This study presents models for predicting aboveground biomass(AGB)in European hazel(Corylus avellana L.),growing in multi-stemmed shrub form.We measured the size and harvested the biomass of 30 European hazel shrubs,drying and weighing their woody parts and leaves separately.AGB(dry mass)and leaf area models were established using a range of predictors,such as the upper height of the shrub,number of shoots per shrub,canopy projection area,stem base diameter of the thickest stem,and the sum of cross-sectional areas of all stems at the stem base.The latter was the best predictor of AGB,but the most practically useful variables,defined as relatively easy to measure by terrestrial or aerial approaches,were the upper height of the shrub and the canopy projection area.The leaf biomass to AGB ratio decreased with the shrub's height.Specific leaf area of shaded leaves increases with shrub height,but that of leaves at the top of the canopy does not change significantly.Given that the upper shrub height and crown projection of European hazel can be estimated using remote sensing approaches,especially UAV and LIDAR,these two variables appear the most promising for effective measurement of AGB in hazel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52060011).
文摘Enhancing soil organic matter characteristics,ameliorating physical structure,mitigating heavy metal toxicity,and hastening mineral weathering processes are crucial approaches to accomplish the transition of tailings substrate to a soil-like substrate.The incorporation of biomass co-pyrolysis and plant colonization has been established to be a significant factor in soil substrate formation and soil pollutant remediation.Despite this,there is presently an absence of research efforts aimed at synergistically utilizing these two technologies to expedite the process of mining tailings soil substrate formation.The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of geochemical changes and rapid mineral weathering during the process of transforming tailings substrate into a soil-like substrate,under the combined effects of biomass co-smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization.The findings of this study suggest that the incorporation of smoldering pyrolysis and plant colonization induces a high-temperature effect and biological effects,which enhance the physical and chemical properties of tailings,while simultaneously accelerating the rate of mineral weathering.Notable improvements include the amelioration of extreme pH levels,nutrient enrichment,the formation of aggregates,and an increase in enzyme activity,all of which collectively demonstrate the successful attainment of tailings substrate reconstruction.Evidence of the acceleratedweathering was verified by phase and surfacemorphology analysis using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.Discovered corrosion and fragmentation on the surface ofminerals.The weathering resulted in corrosion and fragmentation of the surface of the treated mineral.This study confirms that co-smoldering pyrolysis of biomass,combined with plant colonization,can effectively promote the transformation of tailings into soil-like substrates.This method has can effectively address the key challenges that have previously hindered sustainable development of the mining industry and provides a novel approach for ecological restoration of tailings deposits.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0901700)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278241)+1 种基金a grant from the Institute Guo Qiang,Tsinghua University(2021GQG1016)Department of Chemical Engineering-iBHE Joint Cooperation Fund。
文摘The development of electronic products and increased electronic waste have triggered a series of ecological problems on Earth.Meanwhile,amidst energy crises and the pursuit of carbon neutrality,the recycling of discarded biomass has attracted the attention of many researchers.In recent years,the transformation of discarded biomass into value-added electronic products has emerged as a promising endeavor in the field of green and flexible electronics.In this review,the attempts and advancements in biomass conversion into flexible electronic materials and devices are systematically summarized.We focus on reviewing the research progress in biomass conversion into substrates,electrodes,and materials tailored for optical and thermal management.Furthermore,we explore component combinations suitable for applications in environmental monitoring and health management.Finally,we discuss the challenges in techniques and cost-effectiveness currently faced by biomass conversion into flexible electronic devices and propose improvement strategies.Drawing insights from both fundamental research and industrial applications,we offer prospects for future developments in this burgeoning field.
文摘Aims:Reed(Phragmites australis)is a plant species with a seasonal reproductive cycle;it has a very high biomass in U Minh Thuong National Park,in Vietnam.This study aims to evaluate fresh and dry biomass of the reed and the production of biochar from the plants.The biochar is then used as a bio-organic fertilizer for watermelon cultivation in agriculture.Methods:To achieve these objectives the following experiments were conducted(1)investtigating the fresh and dry biomass of reeds producing biochar using local methods;(2)adsorption with pig urine and chemical fertilizers(nitrogen,phosphorus and potash)to examine the uptake of chemical components into the water environment;(3)mixing biochar with inorganic mineral fertilizers and peat to creat inorganic fertilizer–biochar formulas,followed by an analysis of the chemical compositions of the mixtures;(4)using various biochar-based fertilizers to grow watermelon with local varieties.Results:The results show that reeds produce very high for biomass biochar fertilizer production.Reed biochar can adsorb components of pig urine,such as ammonium,nitrate,nitrogen and phosphorus along with inorganic substances such as nitrogen,phosphorus and potash.Therefore this study proposes the use of this biochar for watermelon cultivation and environment treatment in polluted regions.Conclusions:Biomass and biochar of reed are very high.The biochar can adsorb nitrogen,phosphorus and potash fertilizers.Additionally,biochar can be mixed with peat and inorganic mineral fertilizers for to watermelon cultivation in Mekong Delta.Implications of the research:Forest fires in U Minh Thuong National Park,caused by reed vegetation,occur annually and result in damage to property and human livelihoods.This research not only exploits renewable raw materials but also helps control the risk of forest fires.Originality/Valeu:This study aims to provide methods for controlling forest fires by producing biochar of from reed(Phragmites australis)U Minh Thuong National Park Vietnam.This species thrives and produces a large biomass during the rainy season,supllying dry material that contributes to the intensity of forest fires in the dry season in Vietnam.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201491)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2023QNRC001)The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,KSA for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FPEJ-2024-1101-02”.
文摘Research efforts on electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials have begun to converge on green and sustainable biomass materials.These materials offer numerous advantages such as being lightweight,porous,and hierarchical.Due to their porous nature,interfacial compatibility,and electrical conductivity,biomass materials hold significant potential as EMI shielding materials.Despite concerted efforts on the EMI shielding of biomass materials have been reported,this research area is still relatively new compared to traditional EMI shielding materials.In particular,a more comprehensive study and summary of the factors influencing biomass EMI shielding materials including the pore structure adjustment,preparation process,and micro-control would be valuable.The preparation methods and characteristics of wood,bamboo,cellulose and lignin in EMI shielding field are critically discussed in this paper,and similar biomass EMI materials are summarized and analyzed.The composite methods and fillers of various biomass materials were reviewed.this paper also highlights the mechanism of EMI shielding as well as existing prospects and challenges for development trends in this field.
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries be-cause of the similar properties of Li and Na as well as the abundance and accessibility of sodium resources.The devel-opment of anode materials with a high capacity,excellent rate performance,and long cycle life is the key to the indus-trialization of SIBs.Biomass-derived carbon(BDC)anode materials synthesized from resource-rich,low-cost,and re-newable biomass have been extensively researched and their excellent sodium storage performance has been proven,making them the most promising new low-cost and high-performance anode material for SIBs.This review first intro-duces the sources of BDCs,including waste biomass such as plants,animals,and microorganisms,and then describes sev-eral methods for preparing BDC anode materials,including carbonization,chemical activation,and template methods.The storage mechanism and kinetic process of Na^(+)in BDCs are then considered as well as their structure control.The electrochemical properties of sodium-ion storage in BDCs with different structures are examined,and suggestions for future re-search are made.
基金Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India under Ramanujan award (SB/S2/RJN-159/2017)。
文摘The rising concern over electromagnetic (EM) pollution is re-sponsible for the rapid progress in EM interference (EMI) shielding and EM wave absorption in the last few years, and carbon materials with a large sur-face area and high porosity have been investigated. Compared to other car-bon materials, biomass-derived carbon (BC) are considered efficient and eco-friendly materials for this purpose. We summarize the recent advances in BC materials for both EMI shielding and EM wave absorption. After a brief overview of the synthesis strategies of BC materials and a precise out-line of EM wave interference, strategies for improving their EMI shielding and EM wave absorption are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and the future prospects for such materials are briefly summarized.
文摘The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure,environmental friendliness,and cost-effectiveness.Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed,emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores,mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior.Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors(lignin,cellulose,and hemicellulose)influence pore formation during carbonization.Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced.Finally,key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined,and future research directions are proposed.These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering,aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52272208,22309057)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2023AFB355)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.2662022LXQD001).
文摘Dual-ion batteries(DIBs)usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes,showing advantages in high operating volt-age,potential low cost,and environmental friendliness.Different from conventional“rocking chair”type secondary batter-ies,DIBs perform a unique working mechanism,which employ both cation and anion taking part in capacity contribution at an anode and a cathode,respectively,during electrochemical reactions.Graphite has been identified as a suitable cathode material for anion intercalation at high voltages(>4.8 V)with fast reaction kinetics.However,the development of DIBs is being hindered by dynamic mismatch between a cathode and an anode due to sluggish Li+diffusion at a high rate.Herein,we prepared phyllostachys edulis derived carbon(PEC)through microstructure regulation strategy and investigated the carbonized temperature effect,which effectively tailored the rich short-range ordered graphite microdomains and disor-dered amorphous regions,as well as a unique nano-pore hierarchical structure.The pore size distribution of nano-pores was concentrated in 0.5-5 nm,providing suitable channels for rapid Li+transportation.It was found that PEC-500(carbon-ized at 500℃)achieved a high capacity of 436 mAh·g^(-1)at 300 mA·g^(-1)and excellent rate performance(maintaining a high capacity of 231 mAh·g^(-1)at 3 A·g^(-1)).The assembled dual-carbon PEC-500||graphite full battery delivered 114 mAh·g^(-1)at 10 C with 96%capacity retention after 3000 cycles and outstanding rate capability,providing 74 mAh·g^(-1)at 50 C.
文摘We contrast a new continuous approach(CA)for estimating plot-level above-ground biomass(AGB)in forest inventories with the current approach of estimating AGB exclusively from the tree-level AGB predicted for each tree in a plot,henceforth called DA(discrete approach).With the CA,the AGB in a forest is modelled as a continuous surface and the AGB estimate for a fixed-area plot is computed as the integral of the AGB surface taken over the plot area.Hence with the CA,the portion of the biomass of in-plot trees that extends across the plot perimeter is ignored while the biomass from trees outside of the plot reaching inside the plot is added.We use a sampling simulation with data from a fully mapped two hectare area to illustrate that important differences in plot-level AGB estimates can emerge.Ideally CA-based estimates of mean AGB should be less variable than those derived from the DA.If realized,this difference translates to a higher precision from field sampling,or a lower required sample size.In our case study with a target precision of 5%(i.e.relative standard error of the estimated mean AGB),the CA required a 27.1%lower sample size for small plots of 100 m2 and a 10.4%lower sample size for larger plots of 1700 m2.We examined sampling induced errors only and did not yet consider model errors.We discuss practical issues in implementing the CA in field inventories and the potential in applications that model biomass with remote sensing data.The CA is a variation on a plot design for above-ground forest biomass;as such it can be applied in combination with any forest inventory sampling design.
文摘The residual biomass composed of pseudo trunks and banana leaves is very important and poorly valued. There is very little quantified data on the deposits of residual biomass from banana plantations in Senegal and in particular in the Tambacounda region. In this work, we seek to evaluate the methanogenic potential and to valorize this biomass in biogas and biofertilizer. The laboratory experiment lasted approximately 35 days. During this time, the methanogenic microorganisms degrade the organic residue provided, which results in the production of biogas. At the end of the reactions, the rate of biogas production drops, indicating the end of the biodegradation of organic matter. Biogas production is measured over time and the composition of the biogas produced is analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or by an infrared analyzer. The methane potential of each sample is determined from the cumulative quantity of methane produced in each flask representing a digestion system. The measurement can be expressed in m3 of CH4 per tonne of dry matter or per tonne of raw material. The first challenge of this study therefore lies in the acquisition of reliable and usable data to quantify the methanizable biomass. This study will allow us not only to evaluate the quantities of pseudo trunks and banana leaves available in a plot after harvest but also to test the biogas and methane production potential (BMP test) of this substrate and therefore determine the expected biogas production of this biomass.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52202093)the National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology(202410289005Z).
文摘Freshwater scarcity has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge.Flow-electrode capacitive deionization(FCDI)represents a promising technology for achieving efficient and low-energy seawater desalination.This study presents a novel flow-electrode material,nitrogen-doped porous carbon(NPC),which is derived from biomass and demonstrates both cost-effectiveness and high performance.The NPC material is synthesized from bean shells through high-temperature pre-carbonization followed by activation with KHCO_(3),resulting in a rich porous structure,increased specific surface area,and high graphitization degree,which collectively confer superior capacitance performance compared to activated carbon(AC).Desalination experiments indicate that the FCDI performance of the NPC flow-electrode surpasses that of the AC flow-electrode.Specifically,at a voltage of 2.5 V in a 6 g·L^(-1)NaCl solution,the NPC system achieves an average salt removal rate(ASRR)of 104.9 μg·cm^(-2)·min^(-1),with a charge efficiency(CE)of 94.0%and an energy consumption(EC)of only 4.4 kJ·g^(-1).Furthermore,the NPC-based FCDI system exhibits commendable desalination cycling stability,maintaining relatively stable energy consumption and efficiency after prolonged continuous desalination cycles.This research holds significant implications for the advancement of environmentally friendly,low-cost,high-performance FCDI systems for large-scale applications.
文摘Global freshwater scarcity and energy shortages demand integrated solutions.To overcome limitations of traditional solar evaporators,such as salt accumulation,thermal dissipation,and material scalability issues,this study presents a biomass-derived three-dimensional(3D)aerogel-based dual-function solar evaporator that simultaneously achieves ultra-high freshwater production and continuous electricity generation.By ingeniously integrating a superhydrophobic inner layer for thermal insulation and buoyancy with a hydrophilic photothermal outer layer for rapid water transport and solar absorption,our design overcomes the trade-offs between evaporation efficiency,salt resistance,and energy loss.The evaporator exhibits exceptional dual performance:an evaporation rate of 3.87 kg m^(-2)h-1(1 sun)and a sustained open-circuit voltage of 222.6 mV,surpassing most reported systems.This synergy originates from ion gradient-driven streaming potentials enabled by selective Na^(+) transport through–COOH/C–OH functionalized microchannels,as verified by molecular dynamics simulations.Crucially,the fabrication process utilizes low-cost biomass materials and scalable techniques,demonstrating significant potential for commercialization.This work not only provides a mechanistic understanding of ion-selective transport in dual-function evaporators but also establishes a paradigm for sustainable co-production of clean water and renewable energy,addressing two pressing global challenges through a single and scalable platform.
文摘This review provides a comprehensive summary of biomass-based adsorption,with a particular focus on biochar as an innovative,sustainable,and eco-friendly technique for recovering rare earth elements(REEs) from various sources.This study details primary adsorption mechanisms,including physical adsorption,ion exchange,electrostatic attraction,surface complexation,and precipitation,providing a nuanced understanding of how these processes contribute to metal recovery.Additionally,it discusses various biochar modification methods aimed at enhancing surface functionalities,thereby improving adsorption capacity and selectivity.It further addresses the critical challenge of biochar regeneration,outlining methods such as thermal,solvent,microwave irradiation,and supercritical fluid regeneration to sustain biochar's efficacy over multiple cycles.Overall,this comprehensive analysis highlights biochar's versatility and potential in environmental remediation and resource recovery,emphasizing the importance of optimized regeneration techniques to maintain its adsorption efficiency and future research directions for large-scale applications.
基金funded by the following grants:the Natural Environ-ment Research Council-Funded SECO Project(NE/T01279X/1)the Fostering Research&Intra-African Knowledge Transfer Through Mobility&Education(FRAME)Conservation Action Research Network(CARN)through the ASPIRE Grant Programme.
文摘The Miombo ecoregion covers eastern and southern Africa,with variations in plant species composition,structure,and biomass across a broad precipitation gradient.Most studies of woody plant communities focus exclusively on larger overstorey trees(≥5 or≥10cm stem diameter),overlooking the contribution of small trees and shrubs in the understorey,which can comprise a significant portion of total biomass and diversity.Here,we evaluate the contribution of both large overstorey and small understorey woody plants to species diversity and above-ground biomass(AGB),with 17 plots(0.5-1ha)across five sites representing both extremes of rainfall gradient spanning the Miombo ecoregion,in northeast Namibia(500-700mm mean annual precipitation,MAP)and southern Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)(>1,200mm MAP).Mean AGB per site ranged from 21 to 119Mg·ha^(-1),increasing with rainfall,while the proportional AGB contribution of small trees,saplings,and shrubs decreased.In dry Namibia,small trees,saplings,and shrubs(<5cm DBH)contributed up to 28.2%of total AGB(mean±standard deviation:18.3%±3.4%),whereas in wet DRC,they contributed only up to 2.5%(2.3%±1.4%).Namibian sites,on average,contained a large proportion of woody species diversity exclusively in small trees and shrubs(<5cm DBH),with 55 species representing 59.4%of the total diversity.In contrast,DRC sites had higher overall small woody plant diversity(66 species)but fewer species found exclusively as small individuals(25.2%),with many saplings that grow to larger trees.Understorey composition also differed,with saplings of overstorey trees dominating in DRC,while shrubs dominated in Namibia.Our findings show that woody biomass and diversity in dry woodlands are substantially underestimated when studies focus only on larger trees.This highlights the need to consider all woody vegetation to better understand woody plant diversity and biomass variation.
