This research aims to study the bio-adsorption process of two dyes,Cibacron Green H3G(CG-H3G)and Terasil Red(TR),in a single system and to bring them closer to the industrial textile discharge by a binary mixture of t...This research aims to study the bio-adsorption process of two dyes,Cibacron Green H3G(CG-H3G)and Terasil Red(TR),in a single system and to bring them closer to the industrial textile discharge by a binary mixture of two dyes(TR+CG-H3G).The Cockle Shell(CS)was used as a natural bio-adsorbent.The characterizations of CS were investigated by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET).The adsorption potential of Cockle Shells was tested in two cases(single and binary system)and determined by:contact time(0–60 min),bio-adsorption dose(3–15 g/L),initial concentration(10–300 mg/L),temperature(22–61°C)and pH solution(2–12).The study of bio-adsorption(equilibrium and kinetics)was conducted at 22°C.The kinetic studies demon-strated that a pseudo-second-order adsorption mechanism had a good correlation coefficient(R2≥0.999).The Langmuir isotherm modeling provided a well-defined description of TR and CG-H3G bio-adsorption on cockle shells,exhibiting maximum capacities of 29.41 and 3.69 mg/g respectively at 22°C.The thermodynamic study shows that the reaction between the TR,CG-H3G dyes molecules and the bio-adsorbent is exothermic,spontaneous in the range of 22–31°C with the aleatory character decrease at the solid-liquid interface.The study of selectivity in single and binary systems has been performed under optimal operating conditions using the industrial textile rejection pH(pH=6.04).CG-H3G dye is found to have a higher selectivity than TR in single(0–60 min)and binary systems with a range of 6–45 min,as shown by the selectivity measurement.It was discovered that CS has the capability to remove both CG-H3G and TR dyes in both simple and binary systems,making it a superior bio-adsorbent.展开更多
BiVO_(4)porous spheres modified by ZnO were designed and synthesized using a facile two-step method.The resulting ZnO/BiVO_(4)composite catalysts have shown remarkable efficiency as piezoelectric catalysts for degradi...BiVO_(4)porous spheres modified by ZnO were designed and synthesized using a facile two-step method.The resulting ZnO/BiVO_(4)composite catalysts have shown remarkable efficiency as piezoelectric catalysts for degrading Rhodamine B(RhB)unde mechanical vibrations,they exhibit superior activity compared to pure ZnO.The 40wt%ZnO/BiVO_(4)heterojunction composite displayed the highest activity,along with good stability and recyclability.The enhanced piezoelectric catalytic activity can be attributed to the form ation of an I-scheme heterojunction structure,which can effectively inhibit the electron-hole recombination.Furthermore,hole(h+)and superoxide radical(·O_(2)^(-))are proved to be the primary active species.Therefore,ZnO/BiVO_(4)stands as an efficient and stable piezoelectric catalyst with broad potential application in the field of environmental water pollution treatment.展开更多
Reactive dyes with different reactive groups exhibit different hydrolysis and dyeing behaviors.This is particularly evident in the combination dyeing process,where the competion between hydrolysis and dyeing reactions...Reactive dyes with different reactive groups exhibit different hydrolysis and dyeing behaviors.This is particularly evident in the combination dyeing process,where the competion between hydrolysis and dyeing reactions increases the complexity.Therefore,developing an effective method to monitor the changes in reactive dyes during the dyeing process is important.This study aims to develop a capillary electrophoresis(CE)technique combined with an ultraviolet(UV)detector(CE-UV)for detecting three reactive dyes and their six derivatives(a total of nine analytes).The optimized CE conditions are 20.0 mmol/L sodium tetraborate(Na_(2)B_(4)O_(7)·10H_(2)O),acetonitrile(ACN)with a volume fraction of 15.0%,20.0 mmol/L α-cyclodextrin(α-CD),and at a pH value of 9.0(adjusted with 0.5 mol/L H_(3)BO_(3)).The limit of detection(LOD)(a signal-to-noise ratio of 3)for the nine analytes ranges from 1.38 to 5.06 mg/L.The relative standard deviations(RSDs)for peak areas and migration time are 2.19%-4.96%and 0.29%-2.75%,respectively.The method is capable of accurately identifying three reactive dyes and their six derivatives and monitoring alterations in composition and dyeing behavior during single and combination dyeing processes.展开更多
The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed th...The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed the bio-based electrotechnical epoxy resins based on magnolol.High-performance epoxy resin(DGEMT)with a double crosslinked points and its composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT)were obtained taking advantages of the two bifunctional groups(allyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups)of magnolol.Benefitting from the distinctive structure of DGEMT,the Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites exhibited the advantages of intrinsically high thermal conductivity,high insulation,and low dielectric loss.The AC breakdown strength and thermal conductivity of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites were 35.5 kV/mm and 1.19 W·m-1·K-1,respectively,which were 15.6%and 52.6%higher than those of petroleum-based composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA).And its dielectric loss tanδ=0.0046 was 20.7%lower than that of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.Furthermore,the mechanical,thermal and processing properties of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT are fully comparable to those of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing environmentally friendly power equipment using bio-based epoxy resins,which has excellent engineering applications.展开更多
By investigating the performance characteristics of the bio-based surfactant 8901A,a composite decontamination and injection system was developed using 8901A as the primary agent,tailored for application in low-permea...By investigating the performance characteristics of the bio-based surfactant 8901A,a composite decontamination and injection system was developed using 8901A as the primary agent,tailored for application in low-permeability and heavy oil reservoirs under varying temperature conditions.The results demonstrate that this system effectively reduces oil–water interfacial tension,achieving an ultra-low interfacial tension state.The static oil washing efficiency of oil sands exceeds 85%,the average pressure reduction rate reaches 21.55%,and the oil recovery rate improves by 13.54%.These enhancements significantly increase the system’s ability to dissolve oilbased blockages,thereby lowering water injection pressure caused by organic fouling,increasing the injection volume of injection wells,and ultimately improving oil recovery efficiency.展开更多
In this study,Opuntia ficus-indica cladode powder(OFIC),locally sourced from Rabta in Tunis,was utilized as a novel,eco-friendly adsorbent in both raw and iron(III)chloride-modified forms.The presence of iron in the m...In this study,Opuntia ficus-indica cladode powder(OFIC),locally sourced from Rabta in Tunis,was utilized as a novel,eco-friendly adsorbent in both raw and iron(III)chloride-modified forms.The presence of iron in the modified material was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF).The neat and modified biomass were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and their usefulness as adsorbent for cationic Neutral Red(NR)and anionic Congo Red(CR)dyes were explored under batch conditions.Equilibrium studies revealed that the iron-modified Fe(OH)_(x)@Cellulose adsorbent exhibited superior adsorption capabilities for both dyes compared to the raw material.Moreover,CR dye was more effectively adsorbed by Fe(OH)_(x)@Cellulose than NR.The adsorption isotherms for both dyes were fitted.The results demonstrated that the adsorption of both NR and CR dyes onto the biosorbent Fe(OH)_(x)@Cellulose was closely followed by the Langmuir model,with R^(2) values of 0.980 and 0.973 for NR and CR,respectively,and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better depicted the adsorption kinetic.Thermodynamic analysis revealed a negative enthalpy value(−67.15 kJ/mol)forNR adsorption,suggesting an exothermic process,while a positive enthalpy value(3.99 kJ/mol)was observed for CR adsorption,indicating an endothermic process.展开更多
In this study,layered chitosan-based magnetic nickel ferrite NiFe_(2)O_(4)/chitosan(CS-LDO)composites were synthesized.The results show that under optimal conditions,98%of methylene blue(MB)and 92%of xylenol orange(XO...In this study,layered chitosan-based magnetic nickel ferrite NiFe_(2)O_(4)/chitosan(CS-LDO)composites were synthesized.The results show that under optimal conditions,98%of methylene blue(MB)and 92%of xylenol orange(XO)can be simultaneously degraded within 120 min in the CS-LDO/persulfate(PS)system,and the removal rates of total organic carbon(TOC)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)can reach 67.32%and 74.23%,respectively.In addition,the strong magnetism of the material itself and multiple cycle experiments indicate that CS-LDO has good recyclability and reusability.The results of quenching experiments,electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)and electrochemical characterization tests demonstrate that the degradation occurred via both radical and non-radical mechanisms.The differing types of reactive oxygen species(ROS)acting and the different electrostatic attraction between the materials and the two dyes lead to a significant difference in the removal effect of two dyes.The degradation mechanism is the redox reaction between Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+),Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)and the synergistic effect of Ni^(3+)/Fe^(2+).Finally,the biotoxicity assessment demonstrated that both the degradation intermediates of mixed dyes and the material itself exhibited low biotoxicity.展开更多
In the context of transitioning toward more sustainable construction materials,this study explores the impact of incorporating millet husks as an alternative to sand on the physical,mechanical,and thermal performance ...In the context of transitioning toward more sustainable construction materials,this study explores the impact of incorporating millet husks as an alternative to sand on the physical,mechanical,and thermal performance of lightweight concrete.Through a mixture design approach,five formulations were selected and thoroughly characterized.The analysis of iso-response curves enabled an in-depth assessment of the cross-effects between formulation parameters and their interactions on the final properties of the material.The results show that integrating millet husks leads to a significant reduction in density,reaching up to 21%,while maintaining notable mechanical performance.A balanced formulation of sand and fibers achieved a maximum compressive strength of 12.11 MPa,demonstrating that,under specific conditions,plant fibers actively contribute to the structural integrity of the composite.In tensile strength,the positive influence of fibers is even more pronounced,with a maximum resistance of 8.62 MPa,highlighting their role in enhancing material cohesion.From a thermal perspective,millet husks reduce both thermal conductivity and effusivity,thereby limiting heat transfer and accumulation within the composite.Iso-response curve analysis reveals that these effects are directly linked to the proportions of the constituents and that achieving an optimal balance between sand,fibers,and cement is key to maximizing performance.These findings demonstrate that the adopted approach allows moving beyond conventional substitution methods by identifying optimal configurations for the design of lightweight bio-based concretes that are both strong and insulating,thereby confirming the potential of millet husks in developing lightweight concretes suitable for sustainable construction applications.展开更多
Dye-based color films are increasingly considered as viable alternatives to pigment-based color films in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) image sensors.Herein,a series of azo dyes utilizing 5-methyl-2-phe...Dye-based color films are increasingly considered as viable alternatives to pigment-based color films in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) image sensors.Herein,a series of azo dyes utilizing 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-(2-phenylhydrazono)-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one as the coupling component and aromatic amines with various electron-withdrawing groups(NO_(2),CN,Br) as diazo components were designed and synthesized.The presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atom on the N-H group and the oxygen atom of the C=O group of the hydrazo structure facilitates the formation of a stable six-membered ring.Additionally,the electron-withdrawing groups in the diazo component further stabilize this hydrogen-bonded structure.As a result,these azo dyes(P-2,P-3,P-4,P-5)exhibit not only excellent light stability but also ultra-highly thermal stability(T_(d)> 260℃).Therein,the synthesized dyes P-2 and P-3 with great bright yellow color(~400 nm),proper solubility(~6.00g/100 g)were selected to make for color films.And their dye-based color films displayed ultra-highly thermal and light stability(color difference ΔE<3).Notably,the increased planarity of the molecular structure by hydrogen bonding for the novel dyes ensures a balance between high transmittance(>90%) in the 550-780 nm wavelength range and the solvent resistance of the dye-based color films.This work contributes to the advancement of next-generation smart CMOS devices and offers valuable insights into the design of azo dyes for applications in the field of organic electronics.展开更多
Taking advantage of the relatively automatic and easy operation procedure,continuous-flow catalysis has become a promising wastewater treatment technique for organic dye removal.However,developing suitable packing cat...Taking advantage of the relatively automatic and easy operation procedure,continuous-flow catalysis has become a promising wastewater treatment technique for organic dye removal.However,developing suitable packing catalysts with favorable activity and low flow resistance remains a challenging task for the construction of continuous-flow catalytic systems.In this paper,we report the preparation of a catalytic module,in which palladium clusters(PdC)are incorporated on defect-rich nitrogen-doped holey graphene(NHG)co-assembled withaluminum silicate fibers(ASFs)(PdC/NHG-ASFs).The resultant PdC/NHG-ASFs composite catalyst exhibits an assembly morphology and can be facilely integrated into a glass reactor to construct an efficient fixed-bed system for continuous-flow catalysis.The corresponding catalytic system demonstrates high processing capacity and excellent durability for the reduction of six N-containing organic dyes owing to the robust hierarchical structure and dualactive components(i.e.,NHG and PdC)of the PdC/NHGASFs composite.The processing rate of the fixed-bed system constructed with the PdC/NHG-ASFs catalyst for the reduction of a representative dye(i.e.,4-nitrophenol)was 1.45×10^(-3)mmol·mg^(-1)·min^(-1),surpassing those previously reported for systems based on metal catalysts.Theoretical calculations show that the activity enhancement in nitroarene reduction reaction originate from the synergistic effect of the two active components.The integration of heterogeneous catalysis and flow-chemistry techniques provides a rational design concept for environmental catalysis,offering a more efficient,scalable,and sustainable approach.展开更多
Organic small molecule fluorophores have been widely used in biology and biochemistry to study cellular structures and processes at high spatial and temporal resolution.Small-molecule dyes offer various benefits,such ...Organic small molecule fluorophores have been widely used in biology and biochemistry to study cellular structures and processes at high spatial and temporal resolution.Small-molecule dyes offer various benefits,such as high photostability,low molecular weight,and great biocompatibility.However,the poor brightness of most of conventional dyes in biological environments limits their use in high-quality superresolution fluorescence imaging.Chemists have conceived and developed many methods to enhance the brightness of fluorophores,including structural alterations that raise extinction coefficients and quantum yields.This review outlines current attempts and substantial advances achieved by chemists to improve the brightness of organic small-molecule fluorescent dyes,such as scaffold rigidification and twisted intramolecular charge transfer(TICT)inhibition.We think that this review will help researchers understand the chemical mechanisms involved in increasing the brightness of fluorophores for biological applications.展开更多
An efficient and novel approach is proposed for oxidative arylation of bio-based furfuryl alcohol(FA)to aryl furans(AFs),a versatile monomer of photoelectric materials,in the presence of UiO-67-Pd(F)with phenanthrolin...An efficient and novel approach is proposed for oxidative arylation of bio-based furfuryl alcohol(FA)to aryl furans(AFs),a versatile monomer of photoelectric materials,in the presence of UiO-67-Pd(F)with phenanthroline/bipyridine,and poly-F substituted phenyl ligands as the mixture linkers.The results of control experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the–F on the phenyl linkers efficiently tunes the electron-deficient nature of Pd through the Zr_(6) clusters bridges,which favors the adsorption and activation of the furan ring.Furthermore,the conjugation of different nitrogen-containing ligands facilitates Pd coordination for the Heck-type insertion and subsequent electrophilic palladation,respectively.As a result,the oxidative arylation of FA derivatives is substantially enhanced because of these electronic and steric synergistic effects.Under the optimized conditions,72.2%FA conversion and 74.8%mono aryl furan(MAF)selectivity are shown in the Heck-type insertion.Meanwhile,85.3%of MAF is converted,affording 74.8%selectivity of final product(AFs)in the subsequent electrophilic palladation reaction.This process efficiency is remarkably higher than that with homogeneous catalysts.In addition,furan-benzene polymer obtained from the halogen-free synthesis catalyzed by UiO-67-Pd(F)show significantly better properties than that from conventional Suzuki coupling method.Therefore,the present work provides a new insight for useful AFs synthesis by oxidative arylation of bio-furan via rational tunning the metal center micro-environment of heterogeneous catalyst.展开更多
Bioremediation has gained significant attention due to its potential to remove azo dyes.However,the challenges microor-ganisms face in surviving when azo dyes are the sole carbon source limit its widespread applicatio...Bioremediation has gained significant attention due to its potential to remove azo dyes.However,the challenges microor-ganisms face in surviving when azo dyes are the sole carbon source limit its widespread application.This study aimed to improve the biodegradation of azo dyes by utilizing Baijiu distiller’s grains leachate(BDGL)as a co-substrate.The experimental results demon-strated that BDGL significantly enhanced Providencia rettgeri’s ability to degrade the model pollutant Acid Black 210(AB210),achieving a decolorization efficiency of 94.5%.This may be attributed to the nutrient-rich composition of BDGL,which includes ethanol and protein,providing a favorable substrate for bacterial growth and activity.The higher biomass and increased activities of azoreductase and quinone oxidoreductase in the BDGL group further supported these findings.Additionally,this method demonstra-ted broad-spectrum degradation of azo dyes(Direct Red 5B,Acid Red 73,and Congo Red)with different structures,highlighting its potential applicability.Metabolite assays combined with transcriptomics analyses revealed that the expression of functional genes re-lated to redox reactions,azo bond cleavage,and hydrolysis increased under the co-metabolic conditions of BDGL,resulting in stronger reducing power that further mineralized the dye into smaller metabolites.Our study offers a practical strategy for the simulta-neous treatment of dye-containing wastewater and Baijiu distiller’s grains,with significant environmental and industrial applications.展开更多
Considerable progress has been made in recent years to the development of sustainable polymers from bio-based feedstocks.In this study,100%bio-based nylons were prepared via an integrated chemical and biological proce...Considerable progress has been made in recent years to the development of sustainable polymers from bio-based feedstocks.In this study,100%bio-based nylons were prepared via an integrated chemical and biological process from lignocellulose.These novel nylons were obtained by the melt polymerization of 3-propyladipic acid derived from lignin and 1,5-pentenediamine/1,4-butanediamine derived from carbohydrate sugar.Central to the concept is a three-step noble metal free catalytic chemical funnelling sequence(Raney Ni mediated reductive catalytic fractionation-reductive funnelling-oxidative funnelling),which allowed for obtaining a single component 3-propyladipic acid from lignin with high efficiency.The structural and thermodynamic properties of the obtained nylons have been systematically investigated,and thus obtained transparent bio-based nylons exhibited higher Mw(>32,000)and excellent thermal stability(Td5%>265℃).Considering their moderate Tg and good melt strength,these transparent bio-based nylons could serve as promising functional additives or temperature-responsive materials.展开更多
Focused on the performance promotion of organic small molecular dyes based photothermal agents via non-chemical modification,we found that heat-assisted binding of human serum albumin(HSA)to the dye causes shrinkage o...Focused on the performance promotion of organic small molecular dyes based photothermal agents via non-chemical modification,we found that heat-assisted binding of human serum albumin(HSA)to the dye causes shrinkage of the protein and encapsulate the dye to form nanoparticles.This revolutionizes the photostability of small molecule dyes which further improves their photothermal conversion effi-ciency and tumor ablation performance as photothermal agents significantly.In this work,the obtained photothermal agent named HSA-P2-T could accumulate in tumor and induce 22℃enhancement of the tumor in xenograft models upon ultra-low dose(0.1 W/cm^(2))laser irradiation,which,as far as we know,is the lowest laser dose used in vivo photothermal therapy.Utilizing HSA-P2-T,we realized tumor ablation upon twice intravenous injections of the nanoparticles and four photothermal treatments.展开更多
Due to their extraordinary durability and thermal stability,Epoxy Resin Thermosets(ERTs)are essential in various industries.However,their poor recyclability leads to unacceptable environmental pollution.In this study,...Due to their extraordinary durability and thermal stability,Epoxy Resin Thermosets(ERTs)are essential in various industries.However,their poor recyclability leads to unacceptable environmental pollution.In this study,Wu et al.successfully synthesized a completely bio-based ERT using lignocellulose-derived building blocks which exhibit outstanding thermal and mechanical properties.Remarkably,these bio-materials degrade via methanolysis without the need of any catalyst,presenting a smart and cost-effective recycling strategy.Furthermore,this approach could be employed for fabricating reusable composites comprising glass fiber and plant fiber,thereby expanding its applications in sustainable transportation,coatings,paints or biomedical devices.展开更多
Toughening the petroleum-based epoxy resin blends with bio-based modifiers without compromising their modulus,mechanical strength,and other properties is still a big challenge in view of the sustainability.In this stu...Toughening the petroleum-based epoxy resin blends with bio-based modifiers without compromising their modulus,mechanical strength,and other properties is still a big challenge in view of the sustainability.In this study,a bio-based liquid crystal epoxy resin(THMT-E P)with an s-triazine ring structure was utilized to modify a petroleum-based bisphenol A epoxy resin(E51)with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS)as a curing agent,and the blended systems were evaluated for their thermal stability,mechanical properties,and flame retardancy.The results showed that the impact strength of the blended system initially increased and then decreased with the increase in THMT-EP content,and it reached the a maximum value of 26.5 kJ/m^(2)when the THMT-EP content was 5%,which was 31.2%higher than that of E51/DDS.Notably,the flexural strength,modulus,and glass transition tem perature of the blended system were all simultaneously improved with the addition of THMT-EP.At the same time,the addition of THMT-EP enhanced the flame retardancy of the system by increasing the char yield at 700℃and decreasing the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate.This work paves the way for a more sustainable improvement in the comprehensive performance of epoxy resin.展开更多
The pressing demand for sustainable advancements in road infrastructure has catalyzed extensive research into environmentally conscious alternatives for the maintenance and restoration of asphalt concrete pavements.Th...The pressing demand for sustainable advancements in road infrastructure has catalyzed extensive research into environmentally conscious alternatives for the maintenance and restoration of asphalt concrete pavements.This paper offers a comprehensive review and analysis of bio-based rejuvenators as a promising avenue for enhancing the longevity and sustainability of asphalt.Through a multifaceted exploration,it delves into various aspects of this innovative approach.Providing a thorough overview of bio-based rejuvenators,the study highlights their renewable and environmentally friendly characteristics.It conducts an in-depth examination of a wide spectrum of bio-derived materials,including vegetable oils,waste-derived bio-products,and biopolymers,through a comprehensive survey.The paper evaluates how bio-based rejuvenators enhance aged asphalt binders and mixes,effectively mitigating the adverse impacts of aging.Furthermore,it investigates how these rejuvenators address environmental concerns by identifying compatibility issues,assessing long-term performance,and evaluating economic feasibility.Finally,the paper outlines potential advancements and research pathways aimed at optimizing the utilization of bio-based rejuvenators in asphalt concrete,thereby contributing to the sustainable evolution of road infrastructure.展开更多
Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,t...Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,three Pt-based catalysts supported on C,AlO(OH),and ZrO_(2)were investigated for the APR of hydroxyacetone solution in afixed bed reactor at 225℃and 35 bar.Among them,the Pt/C catalyst showed the highest turnover frequency for H_(2)production(TOF of 8.9 molH_(2)molPt^(-1)min^(-1))and the longest catalyst stability.Over the AlO(OH)and ZrO_(2)supported Pt catalysts,the side reactions consuming H_(2),formation of coke,and Pt sintering result in a low H_(2)production and the fast catalyst deactivation.The proposed reaction pathways suggest that a promising APR catalyst should reform all oxygenates in the aqueous phase,minimize the hydrogenation of the oxygenates,maximize the WGS reaction,and inhibit the condensation and coking reactions for maximizing the hydrogen yield and a stable catalytic performance.展开更多
基金supported by the University Salah Boubnider-Constantine 3 (Algeria).
文摘This research aims to study the bio-adsorption process of two dyes,Cibacron Green H3G(CG-H3G)and Terasil Red(TR),in a single system and to bring them closer to the industrial textile discharge by a binary mixture of two dyes(TR+CG-H3G).The Cockle Shell(CS)was used as a natural bio-adsorbent.The characterizations of CS were investigated by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET).The adsorption potential of Cockle Shells was tested in two cases(single and binary system)and determined by:contact time(0–60 min),bio-adsorption dose(3–15 g/L),initial concentration(10–300 mg/L),temperature(22–61°C)and pH solution(2–12).The study of bio-adsorption(equilibrium and kinetics)was conducted at 22°C.The kinetic studies demon-strated that a pseudo-second-order adsorption mechanism had a good correlation coefficient(R2≥0.999).The Langmuir isotherm modeling provided a well-defined description of TR and CG-H3G bio-adsorption on cockle shells,exhibiting maximum capacities of 29.41 and 3.69 mg/g respectively at 22°C.The thermodynamic study shows that the reaction between the TR,CG-H3G dyes molecules and the bio-adsorbent is exothermic,spontaneous in the range of 22–31°C with the aleatory character decrease at the solid-liquid interface.The study of selectivity in single and binary systems has been performed under optimal operating conditions using the industrial textile rejection pH(pH=6.04).CG-H3G dye is found to have a higher selectivity than TR in single(0–60 min)and binary systems with a range of 6–45 min,as shown by the selectivity measurement.It was discovered that CS has the capability to remove both CG-H3G and TR dyes in both simple and binary systems,making it a superior bio-adsorbent.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22272151)Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project of Jinhua City,China(No.2023-4-022)。
文摘BiVO_(4)porous spheres modified by ZnO were designed and synthesized using a facile two-step method.The resulting ZnO/BiVO_(4)composite catalysts have shown remarkable efficiency as piezoelectric catalysts for degrading Rhodamine B(RhB)unde mechanical vibrations,they exhibit superior activity compared to pure ZnO.The 40wt%ZnO/BiVO_(4)heterojunction composite displayed the highest activity,along with good stability and recyclability.The enhanced piezoelectric catalytic activity can be attributed to the form ation of an I-scheme heterojunction structure,which can effectively inhibit the electron-hole recombination.Furthermore,hole(h+)and superoxide radical(·O_(2)^(-))are proved to be the primary active species.Therefore,ZnO/BiVO_(4)stands as an efficient and stable piezoelectric catalyst with broad potential application in the field of environmental water pollution treatment.
基金Research Foundation from National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing&Finishing Technology,China(No.2022GCJJ15)。
文摘Reactive dyes with different reactive groups exhibit different hydrolysis and dyeing behaviors.This is particularly evident in the combination dyeing process,where the competion between hydrolysis and dyeing reactions increases the complexity.Therefore,developing an effective method to monitor the changes in reactive dyes during the dyeing process is important.This study aims to develop a capillary electrophoresis(CE)technique combined with an ultraviolet(UV)detector(CE-UV)for detecting three reactive dyes and their six derivatives(a total of nine analytes).The optimized CE conditions are 20.0 mmol/L sodium tetraborate(Na_(2)B_(4)O_(7)·10H_(2)O),acetonitrile(ACN)with a volume fraction of 15.0%,20.0 mmol/L α-cyclodextrin(α-CD),and at a pH value of 9.0(adjusted with 0.5 mol/L H_(3)BO_(3)).The limit of detection(LOD)(a signal-to-noise ratio of 3)for the nine analytes ranges from 1.38 to 5.06 mg/L.The relative standard deviations(RSDs)for peak areas and migration time are 2.19%-4.96%and 0.29%-2.75%,respectively.The method is capable of accurately identifying three reactive dyes and their six derivatives and monitoring alterations in composition and dyeing behavior during single and combination dyeing processes.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M743622)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City(No.2024J109)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.E52307038 and U23A20589)Ningbo 2025 Key Scientific Research Programs(Nos.2022Z111,2022Z160 and 2022Z198)the Leading Innovativeand Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(No.2021R01005).
文摘The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed the bio-based electrotechnical epoxy resins based on magnolol.High-performance epoxy resin(DGEMT)with a double crosslinked points and its composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT)were obtained taking advantages of the two bifunctional groups(allyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups)of magnolol.Benefitting from the distinctive structure of DGEMT,the Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites exhibited the advantages of intrinsically high thermal conductivity,high insulation,and low dielectric loss.The AC breakdown strength and thermal conductivity of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites were 35.5 kV/mm and 1.19 W·m-1·K-1,respectively,which were 15.6%and 52.6%higher than those of petroleum-based composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA).And its dielectric loss tanδ=0.0046 was 20.7%lower than that of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.Furthermore,the mechanical,thermal and processing properties of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT are fully comparable to those of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing environmentally friendly power equipment using bio-based epoxy resins,which has excellent engineering applications.
文摘By investigating the performance characteristics of the bio-based surfactant 8901A,a composite decontamination and injection system was developed using 8901A as the primary agent,tailored for application in low-permeability and heavy oil reservoirs under varying temperature conditions.The results demonstrate that this system effectively reduces oil–water interfacial tension,achieving an ultra-low interfacial tension state.The static oil washing efficiency of oil sands exceeds 85%,the average pressure reduction rate reaches 21.55%,and the oil recovery rate improves by 13.54%.These enhancements significantly increase the system’s ability to dissolve oilbased blockages,thereby lowering water injection pressure caused by organic fouling,increasing the injection volume of injection wells,and ultimately improving oil recovery efficiency.
文摘In this study,Opuntia ficus-indica cladode powder(OFIC),locally sourced from Rabta in Tunis,was utilized as a novel,eco-friendly adsorbent in both raw and iron(III)chloride-modified forms.The presence of iron in the modified material was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF).The neat and modified biomass were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and their usefulness as adsorbent for cationic Neutral Red(NR)and anionic Congo Red(CR)dyes were explored under batch conditions.Equilibrium studies revealed that the iron-modified Fe(OH)_(x)@Cellulose adsorbent exhibited superior adsorption capabilities for both dyes compared to the raw material.Moreover,CR dye was more effectively adsorbed by Fe(OH)_(x)@Cellulose than NR.The adsorption isotherms for both dyes were fitted.The results demonstrated that the adsorption of both NR and CR dyes onto the biosorbent Fe(OH)_(x)@Cellulose was closely followed by the Langmuir model,with R^(2) values of 0.980 and 0.973 for NR and CR,respectively,and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better depicted the adsorption kinetic.Thermodynamic analysis revealed a negative enthalpy value(−67.15 kJ/mol)forNR adsorption,suggesting an exothermic process,while a positive enthalpy value(3.99 kJ/mol)was observed for CR adsorption,indicating an endothermic process.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202103021224083).
文摘In this study,layered chitosan-based magnetic nickel ferrite NiFe_(2)O_(4)/chitosan(CS-LDO)composites were synthesized.The results show that under optimal conditions,98%of methylene blue(MB)and 92%of xylenol orange(XO)can be simultaneously degraded within 120 min in the CS-LDO/persulfate(PS)system,and the removal rates of total organic carbon(TOC)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)can reach 67.32%and 74.23%,respectively.In addition,the strong magnetism of the material itself and multiple cycle experiments indicate that CS-LDO has good recyclability and reusability.The results of quenching experiments,electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR)and electrochemical characterization tests demonstrate that the degradation occurred via both radical and non-radical mechanisms.The differing types of reactive oxygen species(ROS)acting and the different electrostatic attraction between the materials and the two dyes lead to a significant difference in the removal effect of two dyes.The degradation mechanism is the redox reaction between Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+),Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)and the synergistic effect of Ni^(3+)/Fe^(2+).Finally,the biotoxicity assessment demonstrated that both the degradation intermediates of mixed dyes and the material itself exhibited low biotoxicity.
文摘In the context of transitioning toward more sustainable construction materials,this study explores the impact of incorporating millet husks as an alternative to sand on the physical,mechanical,and thermal performance of lightweight concrete.Through a mixture design approach,five formulations were selected and thoroughly characterized.The analysis of iso-response curves enabled an in-depth assessment of the cross-effects between formulation parameters and their interactions on the final properties of the material.The results show that integrating millet husks leads to a significant reduction in density,reaching up to 21%,while maintaining notable mechanical performance.A balanced formulation of sand and fibers achieved a maximum compressive strength of 12.11 MPa,demonstrating that,under specific conditions,plant fibers actively contribute to the structural integrity of the composite.In tensile strength,the positive influence of fibers is even more pronounced,with a maximum resistance of 8.62 MPa,highlighting their role in enhancing material cohesion.From a thermal perspective,millet husks reduce both thermal conductivity and effusivity,thereby limiting heat transfer and accumulation within the composite.Iso-response curve analysis reveals that these effects are directly linked to the proportions of the constituents and that achieving an optimal balance between sand,fibers,and cement is key to maximizing performance.These findings demonstrate that the adopted approach allows moving beyond conventional substitution methods by identifying optimal configurations for the design of lightweight bio-based concretes that are both strong and insulating,thereby confirming the potential of millet husks in developing lightweight concretes suitable for sustainable construction applications.
基金supported by the Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22238002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB610)+1 种基金Research and Innovation Team Project of Dalian University of Technology(No.DUT2022TB10)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M720639)。
文摘Dye-based color films are increasingly considered as viable alternatives to pigment-based color films in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) image sensors.Herein,a series of azo dyes utilizing 5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-(2-phenylhydrazono)-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one as the coupling component and aromatic amines with various electron-withdrawing groups(NO_(2),CN,Br) as diazo components were designed and synthesized.The presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atom on the N-H group and the oxygen atom of the C=O group of the hydrazo structure facilitates the formation of a stable six-membered ring.Additionally,the electron-withdrawing groups in the diazo component further stabilize this hydrogen-bonded structure.As a result,these azo dyes(P-2,P-3,P-4,P-5)exhibit not only excellent light stability but also ultra-highly thermal stability(T_(d)> 260℃).Therein,the synthesized dyes P-2 and P-3 with great bright yellow color(~400 nm),proper solubility(~6.00g/100 g)were selected to make for color films.And their dye-based color films displayed ultra-highly thermal and light stability(color difference ΔE<3).Notably,the increased planarity of the molecular structure by hydrogen bonding for the novel dyes ensures a balance between high transmittance(>90%) in the 550-780 nm wavelength range and the solvent resistance of the dye-based color films.This work contributes to the advancement of next-generation smart CMOS devices and offers valuable insights into the design of azo dyes for applications in the field of organic electronics.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(No.2022BAA026)the Open Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology(No.NRGC202203)+3 种基金the Open/Innovation Project of Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education(No.LCX202203)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education(No.GCX2022005)the Open/Innovation Project of Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry(No.2022BEEA06)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Funded by Wuhan Institute of Technology(No.202310490007)
文摘Taking advantage of the relatively automatic and easy operation procedure,continuous-flow catalysis has become a promising wastewater treatment technique for organic dye removal.However,developing suitable packing catalysts with favorable activity and low flow resistance remains a challenging task for the construction of continuous-flow catalytic systems.In this paper,we report the preparation of a catalytic module,in which palladium clusters(PdC)are incorporated on defect-rich nitrogen-doped holey graphene(NHG)co-assembled withaluminum silicate fibers(ASFs)(PdC/NHG-ASFs).The resultant PdC/NHG-ASFs composite catalyst exhibits an assembly morphology and can be facilely integrated into a glass reactor to construct an efficient fixed-bed system for continuous-flow catalysis.The corresponding catalytic system demonstrates high processing capacity and excellent durability for the reduction of six N-containing organic dyes owing to the robust hierarchical structure and dualactive components(i.e.,NHG and PdC)of the PdC/NHGASFs composite.The processing rate of the fixed-bed system constructed with the PdC/NHG-ASFs catalyst for the reduction of a representative dye(i.e.,4-nitrophenol)was 1.45×10^(-3)mmol·mg^(-1)·min^(-1),surpassing those previously reported for systems based on metal catalysts.Theoretical calculations show that the activity enhancement in nitroarene reduction reaction originate from the synergistic effect of the two active components.The integration of heterogeneous catalysis and flow-chemistry techniques provides a rational design concept for environmental catalysis,offering a more efficient,scalable,and sustainable approach.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.22325401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22404049)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M750866)。
文摘Organic small molecule fluorophores have been widely used in biology and biochemistry to study cellular structures and processes at high spatial and temporal resolution.Small-molecule dyes offer various benefits,such as high photostability,low molecular weight,and great biocompatibility.However,the poor brightness of most of conventional dyes in biological environments limits their use in high-quality superresolution fluorescence imaging.Chemists have conceived and developed many methods to enhance the brightness of fluorophores,including structural alterations that raise extinction coefficients and quantum yields.This review outlines current attempts and substantial advances achieved by chemists to improve the brightness of organic small-molecule fluorescent dyes,such as scaffold rigidification and twisted intramolecular charge transfer(TICT)inhibition.We think that this review will help researchers understand the chemical mechanisms involved in increasing the brightness of fluorophores for biological applications.
文摘An efficient and novel approach is proposed for oxidative arylation of bio-based furfuryl alcohol(FA)to aryl furans(AFs),a versatile monomer of photoelectric materials,in the presence of UiO-67-Pd(F)with phenanthroline/bipyridine,and poly-F substituted phenyl ligands as the mixture linkers.The results of control experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the–F on the phenyl linkers efficiently tunes the electron-deficient nature of Pd through the Zr_(6) clusters bridges,which favors the adsorption and activation of the furan ring.Furthermore,the conjugation of different nitrogen-containing ligands facilitates Pd coordination for the Heck-type insertion and subsequent electrophilic palladation,respectively.As a result,the oxidative arylation of FA derivatives is substantially enhanced because of these electronic and steric synergistic effects.Under the optimized conditions,72.2%FA conversion and 74.8%mono aryl furan(MAF)selectivity are shown in the Heck-type insertion.Meanwhile,85.3%of MAF is converted,affording 74.8%selectivity of final product(AFs)in the subsequent electrophilic palladation reaction.This process efficiency is remarkably higher than that with homogeneous catalysts.In addition,furan-benzene polymer obtained from the halogen-free synthesis catalyzed by UiO-67-Pd(F)show significantly better properties than that from conventional Suzuki coupling method.Therefore,the present work provides a new insight for useful AFs synthesis by oxidative arylation of bio-furan via rational tunning the metal center micro-environment of heterogeneous catalyst.
基金supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Project of China(No.2023YFC3108400).
文摘Bioremediation has gained significant attention due to its potential to remove azo dyes.However,the challenges microor-ganisms face in surviving when azo dyes are the sole carbon source limit its widespread application.This study aimed to improve the biodegradation of azo dyes by utilizing Baijiu distiller’s grains leachate(BDGL)as a co-substrate.The experimental results demon-strated that BDGL significantly enhanced Providencia rettgeri’s ability to degrade the model pollutant Acid Black 210(AB210),achieving a decolorization efficiency of 94.5%.This may be attributed to the nutrient-rich composition of BDGL,which includes ethanol and protein,providing a favorable substrate for bacterial growth and activity.The higher biomass and increased activities of azoreductase and quinone oxidoreductase in the BDGL group further supported these findings.Additionally,this method demonstra-ted broad-spectrum degradation of azo dyes(Direct Red 5B,Acid Red 73,and Congo Red)with different structures,highlighting its potential applicability.Metabolite assays combined with transcriptomics analyses revealed that the expression of functional genes re-lated to redox reactions,azo bond cleavage,and hydrolysis increased under the co-metabolic conditions of BDGL,resulting in stronger reducing power that further mineralized the dye into smaller metabolites.Our study offers a practical strategy for the simulta-neous treatment of dye-containing wastewater and Baijiu distiller’s grains,with significant environmental and industrial applications.
基金support by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:2023YFA0913604)Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:22178170,22378195)+2 种基金Six talent peaks project in Jiangsu Province(SWYY-045)Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22208155)Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars(Grant No.BK20210552).
文摘Considerable progress has been made in recent years to the development of sustainable polymers from bio-based feedstocks.In this study,100%bio-based nylons were prepared via an integrated chemical and biological process from lignocellulose.These novel nylons were obtained by the melt polymerization of 3-propyladipic acid derived from lignin and 1,5-pentenediamine/1,4-butanediamine derived from carbohydrate sugar.Central to the concept is a three-step noble metal free catalytic chemical funnelling sequence(Raney Ni mediated reductive catalytic fractionation-reductive funnelling-oxidative funnelling),which allowed for obtaining a single component 3-propyladipic acid from lignin with high efficiency.The structural and thermodynamic properties of the obtained nylons have been systematically investigated,and thus obtained transparent bio-based nylons exhibited higher Mw(>32,000)and excellent thermal stability(Td5%>265℃).Considering their moderate Tg and good melt strength,these transparent bio-based nylons could serve as promising functional additives or temperature-responsive materials.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22277069,22074084)Program of the State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Optical Quantum Devices of Shanxi University(No.KF202108).
文摘Focused on the performance promotion of organic small molecular dyes based photothermal agents via non-chemical modification,we found that heat-assisted binding of human serum albumin(HSA)to the dye causes shrinkage of the protein and encapsulate the dye to form nanoparticles.This revolutionizes the photostability of small molecule dyes which further improves their photothermal conversion effi-ciency and tumor ablation performance as photothermal agents significantly.In this work,the obtained photothermal agent named HSA-P2-T could accumulate in tumor and induce 22℃enhancement of the tumor in xenograft models upon ultra-low dose(0.1 W/cm^(2))laser irradiation,which,as far as we know,is the lowest laser dose used in vivo photothermal therapy.Utilizing HSA-P2-T,we realized tumor ablation upon twice intravenous injections of the nanoparticles and four photothermal treatments.
基金the foundational support by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(BLX202132)the foundational support by the Beijing Youth Talent Funding Program-Visiting program for young foreign scholars(Q2023043)IIT(BHU)Varanasi.
文摘Due to their extraordinary durability and thermal stability,Epoxy Resin Thermosets(ERTs)are essential in various industries.However,their poor recyclability leads to unacceptable environmental pollution.In this study,Wu et al.successfully synthesized a completely bio-based ERT using lignocellulose-derived building blocks which exhibit outstanding thermal and mechanical properties.Remarkably,these bio-materials degrade via methanolysis without the need of any catalyst,presenting a smart and cost-effective recycling strategy.Furthermore,this approach could be employed for fabricating reusable composites comprising glass fiber and plant fiber,thereby expanding its applications in sustainable transportation,coatings,paints or biomedical devices.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52073038 and 51873027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB605)。
文摘Toughening the petroleum-based epoxy resin blends with bio-based modifiers without compromising their modulus,mechanical strength,and other properties is still a big challenge in view of the sustainability.In this study,a bio-based liquid crystal epoxy resin(THMT-E P)with an s-triazine ring structure was utilized to modify a petroleum-based bisphenol A epoxy resin(E51)with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS)as a curing agent,and the blended systems were evaluated for their thermal stability,mechanical properties,and flame retardancy.The results showed that the impact strength of the blended system initially increased and then decreased with the increase in THMT-EP content,and it reached the a maximum value of 26.5 kJ/m^(2)when the THMT-EP content was 5%,which was 31.2%higher than that of E51/DDS.Notably,the flexural strength,modulus,and glass transition tem perature of the blended system were all simultaneously improved with the addition of THMT-EP.At the same time,the addition of THMT-EP enhanced the flame retardancy of the system by increasing the char yield at 700℃and decreasing the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate.This work paves the way for a more sustainable improvement in the comprehensive performance of epoxy resin.
基金the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development FORMAS(grant 2021-00527)Wangjie Wu acknowledges the scholarship funding of the CSC-KTH program.
文摘The pressing demand for sustainable advancements in road infrastructure has catalyzed extensive research into environmentally conscious alternatives for the maintenance and restoration of asphalt concrete pavements.This paper offers a comprehensive review and analysis of bio-based rejuvenators as a promising avenue for enhancing the longevity and sustainability of asphalt.Through a multifaceted exploration,it delves into various aspects of this innovative approach.Providing a thorough overview of bio-based rejuvenators,the study highlights their renewable and environmentally friendly characteristics.It conducts an in-depth examination of a wide spectrum of bio-derived materials,including vegetable oils,waste-derived bio-products,and biopolymers,through a comprehensive survey.The paper evaluates how bio-based rejuvenators enhance aged asphalt binders and mixes,effectively mitigating the adverse impacts of aging.Furthermore,it investigates how these rejuvenators address environmental concerns by identifying compatibility issues,assessing long-term performance,and evaluating economic feasibility.Finally,the paper outlines potential advancements and research pathways aimed at optimizing the utilization of bio-based rejuvenators in asphalt concrete,thereby contributing to the sustainable evolution of road infrastructure.
基金support from European Union Seventh Frame-work Programme(FP7/2007-2013 project SusFuelCat,grant No.310490)is acknowledged.
文摘Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,three Pt-based catalysts supported on C,AlO(OH),and ZrO_(2)were investigated for the APR of hydroxyacetone solution in afixed bed reactor at 225℃and 35 bar.Among them,the Pt/C catalyst showed the highest turnover frequency for H_(2)production(TOF of 8.9 molH_(2)molPt^(-1)min^(-1))and the longest catalyst stability.Over the AlO(OH)and ZrO_(2)supported Pt catalysts,the side reactions consuming H_(2),formation of coke,and Pt sintering result in a low H_(2)production and the fast catalyst deactivation.The proposed reaction pathways suggest that a promising APR catalyst should reform all oxygenates in the aqueous phase,minimize the hydrogenation of the oxygenates,maximize the WGS reaction,and inhibit the condensation and coking reactions for maximizing the hydrogen yield and a stable catalytic performance.
