The universal grammar was firstly promoted by the American linguist Noam Chomsky. It is about the general ideas onlanguage. One of the meanings of universal grammar is as the following. It stands for universal grammar...The universal grammar was firstly promoted by the American linguist Noam Chomsky. It is about the general ideas onlanguage. One of the meanings of universal grammar is as the following. It stands for universal grammar"the system of principles,conditions, and that are elements of all human language …the essence of the human language."The Binding Theory is one of theprinciples in the universal grammar.As one of the human language, French is well-known by its specially rigorous grammar. Thepronominal form is one of the grammar phenomenon of French. The speciality makes this grammar phenomenon a proper materialfor the analysis of the Binding Theory. This thesis will analyze the Binding Theory from the perspective of the pronominal form. Theexamples will be selected and analyzed in the thesis, and the limitation of the Binding Theory, the potential reasons which causesthe limitation, and the significance of the limitation will be analyzed. The meticulous analysis on the examples of the pronominalform from the perspective of the Binding Theory will help people in deepening the understanding and arouse further study in theuniversal grammar.展开更多
The polymer solution for polymer flooding is a viscoelastic fluid. There exist both shear flow and elongational flow when the polymer solution flows in a porous medium, where an additional dissipation is involved. The...The polymer solution for polymer flooding is a viscoelastic fluid. There exist both shear flow and elongational flow when the polymer solution flows in a porous medium, where an additional dissipation is involved. The additional dissipation caused by elongational deformation is often ignored while studying the flow of the fluid in a porous medium. For a complex polymer solution, the generated elongational pressure drop cannot be ignored. In a capillary of fixed diameter, the polymer solution is only impacted by the shear force, and its rheological property is pseudoplastic. Therefore the variable diameter capillary and the converging-diverging flow model with different cross sections are required to describe the flow characteristics of the polymer solution in porous media more accurately. When the polymer solution flows through the port, we have the elongational flow and the polymer molecules undergo elongational deformation elastically. By using the mechanical energy balance principle and the minimum energy principle, a mathematical model of non-Newtonian fluid inlet flow was established by Binding. On the basis of the Binding theory, with the application of the theory of viscoelastic fluid flow in the circular capillary and the contraction-expansion tube, the relations between the viscoelastic fluid flow rate and the pressure drop are obtained.展开更多
The thesis is designed to investigate what the Chinese reflexive transfer is and how it works on the basis of behaviorism.Through the analysis of binding theory, mismatches between Chinese reflexive and English reflex...The thesis is designed to investigate what the Chinese reflexive transfer is and how it works on the basis of behaviorism.Through the analysis of binding theory, mismatches between Chinese reflexive and English reflexive would be discussed in two main aspects, namely, long-distance binding and subject orientation. To test and support the argument, more sufficient teaching data would be processed from questionnaire. At the end of the analysis, it is supposed to put forward suggestions for teaching English reflexive to Chinese students.展开更多
To achieve the goals of the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutral,the development and utilization of sustainable clean energy are extremely important.Hydrogen fuel cells are an important system for converti...To achieve the goals of the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutral,the development and utilization of sustainable clean energy are extremely important.Hydrogen fuel cells are an important system for converting hydrogen energy into electrical energy.However,the slow hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)kinetics under alkaline conditions has limited its development.Therefore,elucidating the catalytic mechanism of HOR in acidic and alkaline media is of great significance for the construction of highly active and stable catalysts.In terms of practicality,Pt is still the primary choice for commercialization of fuel cells.On the above basis,we first introduced the hydrogen binding energy theory and bifunctional theory used to describe the HOR activity,as well as the pH dependence.After that,the rational design strategies of Pt-based HOR catalysts were systematically classified and summarized from the perspective of activity descriptors.In addition,we further emphasized the importance of theoretical simulations and in situ characterization in revealing the HOR mechanism,which is crucial for the rational design of catalysts.Moreover,the practical application of Pt-based HOR catalysts in fuel cells was also presented.In closing,the current challenges and future development directions of HOR catalysts were discussed.This review will provide a deep understanding for exploring the mechanism of highly efficient HOR catalysts and the development of fuel cells.展开更多
Hydrogen energy is an important energy carrier,which is an ideal choice to meet energy demand and reduce harmful gas emissions.The green recycling of hydrogen energy depends on water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cel...Hydrogen energy is an important energy carrier,which is an ideal choice to meet energy demand and reduce harmful gas emissions.The green recycling of hydrogen energy depends on water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cells,which involves hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The activity of HER/HOR in alkaline electrolyte,however,exhibits a significantly lower magnitude(2–3 orders)compared to that observed in an acidic medium,which hinders the development of alkaline water electrolysis and alkaline membrane fuel cells.Therefore,comprehending the characteristics of HOR/HER activity in alkaline electrolytes and elucidating its underlyingmechanismis a prerequisite for the designof advanced electrocatalysts.Based on this background,this reviewwill briefly summarize the explanations and controversies about the basic HOR mechanism,including bifunctional mechanismand hydrogen binding energy theory.Moreover,the crucial affecting factors of theHOR kinetics,such as dband center theory,interfacial water recombination,alkali metal cations and electronic effects,are discussed.Thus,based on the above theories,the design principle,catalytic performance,and latest progress ofHOR electrocatalysts are summarized.An outlook and future research perspectives of advanced catalysts for hydrogen energy recycling are addressed.This reviewis helpful to understand the latest development ofHORmechanismand design cost-effective and high-performance HOR electrocatalysts towards the production of clean renewable energies.展开更多
文摘The universal grammar was firstly promoted by the American linguist Noam Chomsky. It is about the general ideas onlanguage. One of the meanings of universal grammar is as the following. It stands for universal grammar"the system of principles,conditions, and that are elements of all human language …the essence of the human language."The Binding Theory is one of theprinciples in the universal grammar.As one of the human language, French is well-known by its specially rigorous grammar. Thepronominal form is one of the grammar phenomenon of French. The speciality makes this grammar phenomenon a proper materialfor the analysis of the Binding Theory. This thesis will analyze the Binding Theory from the perspective of the pronominal form. Theexamples will be selected and analyzed in the thesis, and the limitation of the Binding Theory, the potential reasons which causesthe limitation, and the significance of the limitation will be analyzed. The meticulous analysis on the examples of the pronominalform from the perspective of the Binding Theory will help people in deepening the understanding and arouse further study in theuniversal grammar.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant No.51574085)the Natural Science Founaation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.F2015020)the Science and Technology Research Project of Department of Education of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.12521059)
文摘The polymer solution for polymer flooding is a viscoelastic fluid. There exist both shear flow and elongational flow when the polymer solution flows in a porous medium, where an additional dissipation is involved. The additional dissipation caused by elongational deformation is often ignored while studying the flow of the fluid in a porous medium. For a complex polymer solution, the generated elongational pressure drop cannot be ignored. In a capillary of fixed diameter, the polymer solution is only impacted by the shear force, and its rheological property is pseudoplastic. Therefore the variable diameter capillary and the converging-diverging flow model with different cross sections are required to describe the flow characteristics of the polymer solution in porous media more accurately. When the polymer solution flows through the port, we have the elongational flow and the polymer molecules undergo elongational deformation elastically. By using the mechanical energy balance principle and the minimum energy principle, a mathematical model of non-Newtonian fluid inlet flow was established by Binding. On the basis of the Binding theory, with the application of the theory of viscoelastic fluid flow in the circular capillary and the contraction-expansion tube, the relations between the viscoelastic fluid flow rate and the pressure drop are obtained.
文摘The thesis is designed to investigate what the Chinese reflexive transfer is and how it works on the basis of behaviorism.Through the analysis of binding theory, mismatches between Chinese reflexive and English reflexive would be discussed in two main aspects, namely, long-distance binding and subject orientation. To test and support the argument, more sufficient teaching data would be processed from questionnaire. At the end of the analysis, it is supposed to put forward suggestions for teaching English reflexive to Chinese students.
基金support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179034 and 22279030)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.ZD2023B002).
文摘To achieve the goals of the peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutral,the development and utilization of sustainable clean energy are extremely important.Hydrogen fuel cells are an important system for converting hydrogen energy into electrical energy.However,the slow hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)kinetics under alkaline conditions has limited its development.Therefore,elucidating the catalytic mechanism of HOR in acidic and alkaline media is of great significance for the construction of highly active and stable catalysts.In terms of practicality,Pt is still the primary choice for commercialization of fuel cells.On the above basis,we first introduced the hydrogen binding energy theory and bifunctional theory used to describe the HOR activity,as well as the pH dependence.After that,the rational design strategies of Pt-based HOR catalysts were systematically classified and summarized from the perspective of activity descriptors.In addition,we further emphasized the importance of theoretical simulations and in situ characterization in revealing the HOR mechanism,which is crucial for the rational design of catalysts.Moreover,the practical application of Pt-based HOR catalysts in fuel cells was also presented.In closing,the current challenges and future development directions of HOR catalysts were discussed.This review will provide a deep understanding for exploring the mechanism of highly efficient HOR catalysts and the development of fuel cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22234005 and 21974070)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20222015)Young Academic Leaders of the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province(SUJIAOSHIHAN[2022]No.29).
文摘Hydrogen energy is an important energy carrier,which is an ideal choice to meet energy demand and reduce harmful gas emissions.The green recycling of hydrogen energy depends on water electrolysis and hydrogen fuel cells,which involves hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The activity of HER/HOR in alkaline electrolyte,however,exhibits a significantly lower magnitude(2–3 orders)compared to that observed in an acidic medium,which hinders the development of alkaline water electrolysis and alkaline membrane fuel cells.Therefore,comprehending the characteristics of HOR/HER activity in alkaline electrolytes and elucidating its underlyingmechanismis a prerequisite for the designof advanced electrocatalysts.Based on this background,this reviewwill briefly summarize the explanations and controversies about the basic HOR mechanism,including bifunctional mechanismand hydrogen binding energy theory.Moreover,the crucial affecting factors of theHOR kinetics,such as dband center theory,interfacial water recombination,alkali metal cations and electronic effects,are discussed.Thus,based on the above theories,the design principle,catalytic performance,and latest progress ofHOR electrocatalysts are summarized.An outlook and future research perspectives of advanced catalysts for hydrogen energy recycling are addressed.This reviewis helpful to understand the latest development ofHORmechanismand design cost-effective and high-performance HOR electrocatalysts towards the production of clean renewable energies.
