Price Discrimination of film products is theoretically feasible and logically inevitable, and it has been used for a long time in film industry as well. However, there are practical paradoxes in the new environment du...Price Discrimination of film products is theoretically feasible and logically inevitable, and it has been used for a long time in film industry as well. However, there are practical paradoxes in the new environment due to market factors like popularization of Internet environment and Online to Offline(O2O) retailers between hierarchical markets. Compared with high-level markets, low-level markets are lack of conditions for differentiated lower price like cinema infrastructure, and environment for film consumption market, so that the consumption potential for market has not been motivated yet. Therefore, it is quite important to pay close attention to how to expand the market by clearer gradient pricing structures and Internet platform.展开更多
Women have been oppressed since the beginning of time;however,the past has earned women their rightful position in society.Despite that,there are still traces of sexism that we find in modern society–these traces can...Women have been oppressed since the beginning of time;however,the past has earned women their rightful position in society.Despite that,there are still traces of sexism that we find in modern society–these traces can be shown through direct or indirect means.One of the major areas that women are still vigorously oppressed in is gender-based pricing.The pink tax is an old phenomenon that has only gained global attention recently.The pink tax segregates women and often causes life-threatening consequences.This paper will analyze the effects of the pink tax through commodities being sold in the world-famous city of New York in the States.The New York City government is the only government that took action to undergo comprehensive research on such an important topic.In addition to that,the paper will also compare the pink tax while making notations on the gender wage gap to fully highlight the injustice women face today.To conclude this paper,policies and solutions will be recommended to work towards the abolishment of the pink tax trend.展开更多
This paper studies and enlightens mainly price discrimination;which is simply selling products for differentiated prices.First,a literature framework is detailed with all the theories and types of price discrimination...This paper studies and enlightens mainly price discrimination;which is simply selling products for differentiated prices.First,a literature framework is detailed with all the theories and types of price discrimination throughout the years.It is a strategy that is used worldwide by so many companies and firms,but this paper studies specifically the activity of the major player in the Egyptian steel industry;Ezz steel.The research resulted in;that there is no price discrimination,activities are implied in the industry currently by the companies due to the interference of the government.However,before that,the company applied some strategies that are illustrated in the paper in detail.展开更多
Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and t...Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to examinethe gender-based discrimination in car insurance ratesand whether the reasons provided by the car insurancecompanies for the different rates are valid or not. Thepaper studies th...The purpose of this paper is to examinethe gender-based discrimination in car insurance ratesand whether the reasons provided by the car insurancecompanies for the different rates are valid or not. Thepaper studies the average annual premiums paid bymen and women across different age groups from 16years old to over 56 years old along with the percentagedifferences. Additionally, the concept of big data andhow it is utilized by businesses to apply personalizeprice discrimination is investigated. The researchdesign is conclusive and secondary data is used in bothqualitative and quantitative forms. Qualitative data iscollected from articles for the literature review andas for the quantitative data it is in the form of reportsand surveys. The data shows that at lower age groupswomen pay less than men for car insurance but as theage increase men start paying less. The paper reaches aconclusion that gender is not necessarily a crucial riskfactoras the regular factors such as driving record canprovided accurate risk determinants.展开更多
Amidst the ongoing debate surrounding algorithmic price discrimination,the regulation of price discrimination in the platform economy has once again emerged as a prominent topic of discussion in various spheres.The ce...Amidst the ongoing debate surrounding algorithmic price discrimination,the regulation of price discrimination in the platform economy has once again emerged as a prominent topic of discussion in various spheres.The central focus and challenge of this matter lies in understanding the welfare implications of price discrimination,specifically how it impacts firms,consumers,and society as a whole.By comparing discriminatory pricing with uniform pricing(without price discrimination),we can find the changing laws of firms’profit,consumer surplus,and social welfare.Based on the complete information static game,we derive the analytical expressions for the profit increment,the consumer surplus increment,and the social welfare increment through a mathematical model.The study focuses on the third-degree price discrimination in two consumer groups of m(any positive integer)firms.Additionally,we prove the characteristics of these increments,whether they are positive,negative,or zero.The research results show that algorithmic price discrimination is beneficial to firms but detrimental to consumers.Its impact on the whole society is conditional and depends on the sum of the marginal costs of the m firms.The study examines this issue through the lens of four core values:consumer rights,social welfare,fair value,and competition protection.Based on the experiences of developed countries,regulatory countermeasures are proposed to address this issue,focusing on protecting personal information and civil rights.展开更多
Serious price discrimination emerges with the development of big data and mobile networks,which harms the interests of consumers.To solve this problem,we propose a blockchain-based price consensus protocol to solve th...Serious price discrimination emerges with the development of big data and mobile networks,which harms the interests of consumers.To solve this problem,we propose a blockchain-based price consensus protocol to solve the malicious price discrimination faced by consumers.We give a mathematical definition of price discrimination,which requires the system to satisfy consistency and timeliness.The distributed blockchain can make the different pricing of merchants transparent to consumers,thus satisfying the consistency.The aging window mechanism of our protocol ensures that there is no disagreement between any node on the consensus on price or price discrimination within a fixed period,which meets the timeliness.Moreover,we evaluate its performance through a prototype implementation and experiments with up to 100 user nodes.Experimental results show that our protocol achieves all the expected goals like price transparency,consistency,and timeliness,and it additionally guarantees the consensus of the optimal price with a high probability.展开更多
基金the phased research achievement of social science planning key project of Shandong Province—“cultural enterprise innovation of business model way and method study based on big data”(No:15BGLJ07)
文摘Price Discrimination of film products is theoretically feasible and logically inevitable, and it has been used for a long time in film industry as well. However, there are practical paradoxes in the new environment due to market factors like popularization of Internet environment and Online to Offline(O2O) retailers between hierarchical markets. Compared with high-level markets, low-level markets are lack of conditions for differentiated lower price like cinema infrastructure, and environment for film consumption market, so that the consumption potential for market has not been motivated yet. Therefore, it is quite important to pay close attention to how to expand the market by clearer gradient pricing structures and Internet platform.
文摘Women have been oppressed since the beginning of time;however,the past has earned women their rightful position in society.Despite that,there are still traces of sexism that we find in modern society–these traces can be shown through direct or indirect means.One of the major areas that women are still vigorously oppressed in is gender-based pricing.The pink tax is an old phenomenon that has only gained global attention recently.The pink tax segregates women and often causes life-threatening consequences.This paper will analyze the effects of the pink tax through commodities being sold in the world-famous city of New York in the States.The New York City government is the only government that took action to undergo comprehensive research on such an important topic.In addition to that,the paper will also compare the pink tax while making notations on the gender wage gap to fully highlight the injustice women face today.To conclude this paper,policies and solutions will be recommended to work towards the abolishment of the pink tax trend.
文摘This paper studies and enlightens mainly price discrimination;which is simply selling products for differentiated prices.First,a literature framework is detailed with all the theories and types of price discrimination throughout the years.It is a strategy that is used worldwide by so many companies and firms,but this paper studies specifically the activity of the major player in the Egyptian steel industry;Ezz steel.The research resulted in;that there is no price discrimination,activities are implied in the industry currently by the companies due to the interference of the government.However,before that,the company applied some strategies that are illustrated in the paper in detail.
文摘Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to examinethe gender-based discrimination in car insurance ratesand whether the reasons provided by the car insurancecompanies for the different rates are valid or not. Thepaper studies the average annual premiums paid bymen and women across different age groups from 16years old to over 56 years old along with the percentagedifferences. Additionally, the concept of big data andhow it is utilized by businesses to apply personalizeprice discrimination is investigated. The researchdesign is conclusive and secondary data is used in bothqualitative and quantitative forms. Qualitative data iscollected from articles for the literature review andas for the quantitative data it is in the form of reportsand surveys. The data shows that at lower age groupswomen pay less than men for car insurance but as theage increase men start paying less. The paper reaches aconclusion that gender is not necessarily a crucial riskfactoras the regular factors such as driving record canprovided accurate risk determinants.
文摘Amidst the ongoing debate surrounding algorithmic price discrimination,the regulation of price discrimination in the platform economy has once again emerged as a prominent topic of discussion in various spheres.The central focus and challenge of this matter lies in understanding the welfare implications of price discrimination,specifically how it impacts firms,consumers,and society as a whole.By comparing discriminatory pricing with uniform pricing(without price discrimination),we can find the changing laws of firms’profit,consumer surplus,and social welfare.Based on the complete information static game,we derive the analytical expressions for the profit increment,the consumer surplus increment,and the social welfare increment through a mathematical model.The study focuses on the third-degree price discrimination in two consumer groups of m(any positive integer)firms.Additionally,we prove the characteristics of these increments,whether they are positive,negative,or zero.The research results show that algorithmic price discrimination is beneficial to firms but detrimental to consumers.Its impact on the whole society is conditional and depends on the sum of the marginal costs of the m firms.The study examines this issue through the lens of four core values:consumer rights,social welfare,fair value,and competition protection.Based on the experiences of developed countries,regulatory countermeasures are proposed to address this issue,focusing on protecting personal information and civil rights.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62172385the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies under Grant No.AHY150300.
文摘Serious price discrimination emerges with the development of big data and mobile networks,which harms the interests of consumers.To solve this problem,we propose a blockchain-based price consensus protocol to solve the malicious price discrimination faced by consumers.We give a mathematical definition of price discrimination,which requires the system to satisfy consistency and timeliness.The distributed blockchain can make the different pricing of merchants transparent to consumers,thus satisfying the consistency.The aging window mechanism of our protocol ensures that there is no disagreement between any node on the consensus on price or price discrimination within a fixed period,which meets the timeliness.Moreover,we evaluate its performance through a prototype implementation and experiments with up to 100 user nodes.Experimental results show that our protocol achieves all the expected goals like price transparency,consistency,and timeliness,and it additionally guarantees the consensus of the optimal price with a high probability.
