In the era of large-scale retirement of power batteries,there are information barriers and high recovery costs in their recycling.In view of this,in this study we constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of th...In the era of large-scale retirement of power batteries,there are information barriers and high recovery costs in their recycling.In view of this,in this study we constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of the cooperation between power battery production and recycling enterprises and government participation.We analyzed the strategic choice of the three parties in the process of power battery recycling and simulated the influence of participants'willingness and information barriers on the strategic choices of the parties.The results showed that power battery production and recycling enterprises,and the government are affected by each other's willingness to participate at different degrees.The willingness of power battery manufacturers and recycling enterprises to cooperate with each other decreased with increases in information barriers.By analyzing the impact of information barrier on power battery recycling,some suggestions are put forward to provide decision-making reference for promoting the sustainable development of power battery industry.展开更多
Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide（Zn–MnO2）batteries are widely used in everyday life. Recycling of waste alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries has always been a hot environmental concern. In this study, a simple and costeffect...Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide（Zn–MnO2）batteries are widely used in everyday life. Recycling of waste alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries has always been a hot environmental concern. In this study, a simple and costeffective process for synthesizing Mn3O4/carbon nanotube（CNT） nanocomposites from recycled alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries is presented. Manganese oxide was recovered from spent Zn–MnO2 battery cathodes. The Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were produced by ball milling the recovered manganese oxide in a commercial multi-wall carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis demonstrates that the nanocomposite has a unique three-dimensional（3D） bird nest structure. Mn3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed on MWCNT framework. Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting a highly reversible specific capacitance of -580 mA h·g^-1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposite also shows a fairly positive onset potential of -0.15 V and quite high oxygen reducibility when considered as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction.展开更多
This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometal...This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.展开更多
The recycling and resource utilization of high-value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is a critical challenge for achieving sustainable development.While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgic...The recycling and resource utilization of high-value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is a critical challenge for achieving sustainable development.While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods dominate the industry,they suffer from significantdrawbacks,including high pollution,excessive energy consumption,and suboptimal metal purity.In contrast,electrochemical recycling technology,leveraging electro-driven chemical reactions and selective ion migration,offers a promising alternative by minimizing acid/alkali usage and simplifying recovery processes,thereby enabling greener,more efficient,and energy-saving metal extraction.Based on the structural integrity of cathode materials during recycling,this review categorizes electrochemical approaches into indirect and direct recycling methods.Key aspects such as production purity,ion separation efficiency,and energy consumption in spent LIB recycling are critically examined.Furthermore,this review systematically evaluates electrodialysis and electrolysis techniques,highlighting their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,from a green production perspective,we discuss prospects for cost-effective and environmentally benign LIB recycling strategies,providing insights to guide the advancement of sustainable battery recycling technologies.展开更多
Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development,with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization.This review provides a comprehensive summary of re...Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development,with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements across various battery systems,including lithium-ion,sodium-ion,potassium-ion,and multivalent metal-ion batteries such as magnesium,zinc,calcium,and aluminum.Emerging technologies,including dual-ion,redox flow,and anion batteries,are also discussed.Particular attention is given to alkali metal rechargeable systems,such as lithium-sulfur,lithium-air,sodium-sulfur,sodium-selenium,potassium-sulfur,potassium-selenium,potassium-air,and zinc-air batteries,which have shown significant promise for high-energy applications.The optimization of key components—cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and interfaces—is extensively analyzed,supported by advanced characterization techniques like time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS),synchrotron radiation,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),and in-situ spectroscopy.Moreover,sustainable strategies for recycling spent batteries,including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct recycling,are critically evaluated to mitigate environmental impacts and resource scarcity.This review not only highlights the latest technological breakthroughs but also identifies key challenges in reaction mechanisms,material design,system integration,and waste battery recycling,and presents a roadmap for advancing high-performance and sustainable battery technologies.展开更多
Lithium iron phosphate(LFP)has found many applications in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.However,the increasing volume of end-of-life LFP batteries poses an urgent challenge in terms of envi...Lithium iron phosphate(LFP)has found many applications in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.However,the increasing volume of end-of-life LFP batteries poses an urgent challenge in terms of environmental sustainability and resource management.Therefore,the development and implementation of efficient LFP battery recycling methods are crucial to address these challenges.This article presents a novel,comprehensive evaluation framework for comparing different lithium iron phosphate relithiation techniques.The framework includes three main sets of criteria:direct production cost,electrochemical performance,and environmental impact.Each criterion is scored on a scale of 0–100,with higher scores indicating better performance.The direct production cost is rated based on material costs,energy consumption,key equipment costs,process duration and space requirements.Electrochemical performance is assessed by rate capability and cycle stability.Environmental impact is assessed based on CO_(2)emissions.The framework provides a standardized technique for researchers and industry professionals to objectively compare relithiation methods,facilitating the identification of the most promising approaches for further development and scale-up.The total average score across the three criterion groups for electrochemical,chemical,and hydrothermal relithiation methods was approximately 60 points,while sintering scored 39 points,making it the least attractive relithiation technique.Combining approaches outlined in publications with scores exceeding 60,a relithiation scheme was proposed to achieve optimal electrochemical performance with minimal resource consumption and environmental impact.The results demonstrate the framework’s applicability and highlight areas for future research and optimization in lithium iron phosphate cathode recycling.展开更多
Conventional hydrometallurgy recycling process for treating wasted lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)typically results in the consumption of large amounts of corrosive leachates.Recent research on reusable leachate is expect...Conventional hydrometallurgy recycling process for treating wasted lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)typically results in the consumption of large amounts of corrosive leachates.Recent research on reusable leachate is expected to significantly improve the economic and environmental benefits,but is usually limited to specific and unique chemical reactions which could only apply to one type of metal elements.Herein,we report the co-extraction of multiple metal elements can be extracted without adding precipitates by mixed crystal co-precipitation,which enables the reusability of the leachate.We show that an oxalic acid(OA):choline chloride(ChCl):ethylene glycol(EG)type DES leachate system can leach transition metals from wasted LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)(NCM)cathode materials with satisfactory efficiency(The time required for complete leaching at 120℃ is 1.5 h).The transition metals were then efficiently extracted(with a recovery efficiency of over 96%for all elements)by directly adding water without precipitants.Noteworthy,the leachate can be efficiently recovered by directly evaporating the added water.The successful realization of reusability of leachate for the synergistic extraction of multiple elements relies on the regulation of the mixed crystal co-precipitation coefficient,which is realized by rationally design the reaction condition(composition of leachate,temperature and time)and induces the extraction of originally soluble manganese element.Our strategy is expected to be generally applicable and highly competent for industrial applications.展开更多
The unprecedented growth of electric vehicles featuring lithium-ion batteries has led to a significant increase in the amount of waste generated,posing pressing waste management challenges for both industry professio ...The unprecedented growth of electric vehicles featuring lithium-ion batteries has led to a significant increase in the amount of waste generated,posing pressing waste management challenges for both industry professio nals and environmental regulators.To address these issues,conventio nal pyrometallurgical,hydrometallurgical,and direct recycling methods are commonly employed to promote sustainable battery development.However,these methods are often hindered by laborious purification processes and the generation of low-profit products such as Li_(2)CO_(3),CoSO_(4),NiSO_(4),etc.Herein,an upcycling technology involving a low-temperature solid-to-solid reaction and water leaching procedures is introduced to transform spent LiCoO_(2)cathode materials into value-added cobalt sulfide-based electrocatalysts.The regenerated electrocatalysts exhibit exceptional performance in the oxygen evolution reaction,surpassing that of the benchmark RuO_(2)catalyst.This proposed upcycling method provides researchers with an alternative way to convert the metallic components of waste lithium-ion batteries into high-value Co-,Ni-,Fe-,and Mn-based catalysts.展开更多
Recycling electric vehicle batteries has become a priority in China.NEW stationary power storage cabinets have been set up beside the parking lots of the Green Eco Manufacture(GEM)Industrial Park in Wuhan,Hubei Provin...Recycling electric vehicle batteries has become a priority in China.NEW stationary power storage cabinets have been set up beside the parking lots of the Green Eco Manufacture(GEM)Industrial Park in Wuhan,Hubei Province,to charge electric vehicles(EVs).展开更多
Efficient recycling technology for the rapid growth of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is essential to tackle the resources and environmental crisis.Hydrometallurgical approach has attracted extensive research due to...Efficient recycling technology for the rapid growth of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is essential to tackle the resources and environmental crisis.Hydrometallurgical approach has attracted extensive research due to its potential to reduce the consumption of energy and threat to the environment.However,the simultaneous realization of green,efficient and closed-loop recycling is still challenging.Herein,we report a closed-loop and highly efficient approach to recycle lithium cobalt oxide from spent LIBs based on a choline chloride:oxalic acid(ChCl:OA)type deep eutectic solvent(DES).An ultrafast leaching process is observed at 180°C for 10 s with no observable residues.The energy barrier during leaching is calculated to be 113.9 kJ/mol.Noteworthy,the solubility of cobalt ions can be reversibly tuned by simply adding/evaporating deionized water,thus avoiding the addition of precipitant and enabling the easy recovery of the leaching solvent for realizing a closed-loop recycling process.The simultaneous realization of high efficiency,green and closed-loop process is expected to push the DES into practical application for recycling the electrodes of LIBs.展开更多
Recycling millions of metric tons of spent LiFePO_(4) batteries would benefit human health while reducing resource depletion and environmental pollution.However,recovering individual elements from the spent batteries ...Recycling millions of metric tons of spent LiFePO_(4) batteries would benefit human health while reducing resource depletion and environmental pollution.However,recovering individual elements from the spent batteries without generating waste is challenging.Here,we present a distinctive approach for recycling spent LiFePO_(4) batteries at room temperature,where water is the only leaching agent consumed.FePO_(4) and lithium intercalated graphite act as a precursor material for selectively extracting lithium,iron,and phosphorus through charging the LiFePO_(4) batteries to the delithiated state.NaOH solution extracted Fe from FePO_(4) within 30 min and regenerated without consumption,similar to a catalyst.Under the optimal leaching conditions(1 mol·L^(-1) NaOH,0.5 h,NaOH/Fe molar ratio of 4.5),Fe and P leaching efficiencies achieved 89.1%and 99.2%,respectively.The methodology reflected in this research reduced the material cost per kg cathode material to a fraction of previously published reports,only occupies 6.13%of previous reports.In addition,the method improved the battery recycling revenue calculated by the EverBatt model by 2.31 times and 1.94 times over pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods.The proposed method allows for the convenient recovery of the elemental components of spent LiFePO_(4) batteries.展开更多
Spent Li-ion battery(LIB)recycling has become a challenge with the rapidly developing electric vehicle(EV)industry.To address the problems of high cost and low recovery of Li in the recycling of spent LIBs using tradi...Spent Li-ion battery(LIB)recycling has become a challenge with the rapidly developing electric vehicle(EV)industry.To address the problems of high cost and low recovery of Li in the recycling of spent LIBs using traditional hydrometallurgical processes,we developed an alkali metal catalytic carbothermic reduction method to recover spent LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM).Using alkali metal catalysts,such as NaOH,significantly reduced the temperature required for carbothermic NCM material reduction and realized targeted control of the phase of the reduction product,where Li was first separated by prior water leaching,followed by Ni,Co,and Mn recycling by acid leaching.The optimized carbothermic reduction conditions were a reaction time of 3 h,temperature of 550℃,NaOH dosage of 15 wt%,and graphite dosage of 15 wt%.The Li leaching efficiency reached 78.5 wt%during water leaching.And during acid leaching,the Ni,Co and Mn leaching efficiencies were 99.8 wt%,99.7 wt%,and 99.5wt%,respectively.This study provides strong technical support for the development of LIB industry.展开更多
The recycling of spent batteries has become increasingly important owing to their wide applications,abundant raw material supply,and sustainable development.Compared with the degraded cathode,spent anode graphite ofte...The recycling of spent batteries has become increasingly important owing to their wide applications,abundant raw material supply,and sustainable development.Compared with the degraded cathode,spent anode graphite often has a relatively intact structure with few defects after long cycling.Yet,most spent graphite is simply burned or discarded due to its limited value and inferior performance on using conventional recycling methods that are complex,have low efficiency,and fail in performance restoration.Herein,we propose a fast,efficient,and“intelligent”strategy to regenerate and upcycle spent graphite based on defect‐driven targeted remediation.Using Sn as a nanoscale healant,we used rapid heating(~50 ms)to enable dynamic Sn droplets to automatically nucleate around the surface defects on the graphite upon cooling owing to strong binding to the defects(~5.84 eV/atom),thus simultaneously achieving Sn dispersion and graphite remediation.As a result,the regenerated graphite showed enhanced capacity and cycle stability(458.9 mAh g^(−1) at 0.2 A g^(−1) after 100 cycles),superior to those of commercial graphite.Benefiting from the self‐adaption of Sn dispersion,spent graphite with different degrees of defects can be regenerated to similar structures and performance.EverBatt analysis indicates that targeted regeneration and upcycling have significantly lower energy consumption(~99%reduction)and near‐zero CO_(2) emission,and yield much higher profit than hydrometallurgy,which opens a new avenue for direct upcycling of spend graphite in an efficient,green,and profitable manner for sustainable battery manufacture.展开更多
Anticipating the imminent surge of retired lithium-ion batteries(R-LIBs)from electric vehicles,the need for safe,cost-effective and environmentally friendly disposal technologies has escalated.This paper seeks to offe...Anticipating the imminent surge of retired lithium-ion batteries(R-LIBs)from electric vehicles,the need for safe,cost-effective and environmentally friendly disposal technologies has escalated.This paper seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the entire disposal framework for R-LIBs,encompassing a broad spectrum of activities,including screening,repurposing and recycling.Firstly,we delve deeply into a thorough examination of current screening technologies,shifting the focus from a mere enumeration of screening methods to the exploration of the strategies for enhancing screening efficiency.Secondly,we outline battery repurposing with associated key factors,summarizing stationary applications and sizing methods for R-LIBs in their second life.A particular light is shed on available reconditioning solutions,demonstrating their great potential in facilitating battery safety and lifetime in repurposing scenarios and identifying their techno-economic issues.In the realm of battery recycling,we present an extensive survey of pre-treatment options and subsequent material recovery technologies.Particularly,we introduce several global leading recyclers to illustrate their industrial processes and technical intricacies.Furthermore,relevant challenges and evolving trends are investigated in pursuit of a sustainable end-of-life management and disposal framework.We hope that this study can serve as a valuable resource for researchers,industry professionals and policymakers in this field,ultimately facilitating the adoption of proper disposal practices.展开更多
Lithium recovery from end-of-life Li-ion batteries(LIBs)through pyro-and hydrometallurgical recycling processes involves several refining stages,with high consumption of reagents and energy.A competitive technological...Lithium recovery from end-of-life Li-ion batteries(LIBs)through pyro-and hydrometallurgical recycling processes involves several refining stages,with high consumption of reagents and energy.A competitive technological alternative is the electrochemical oxidation of the cathode materials,whereby lithium can be deintercalated and transferred to an electrolyte solution without the aid of chemical extracting compounds.This article investigates the potential to selectively recover Li from LIB cathode materials by direct electrochemical extraction in aqueous solutions.The process allowed to recovering up to 98%of Li from high-purity commercial cathode materials(LiMn_(2)O_(4),LiCoO_(2),and Li Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)O_(2))with a faradaic efficiency of 98%and negligible co-extraction of Co,Ni,and Mn.The process was then applied to recover Li from the real waste LIBs black mass obtained by the physical treatment of electric vehicle battery packs.This black mass contained graphite,conductive carbon,and metal impurities from current collectors and steel cases,which significantly influenced the evolution and performances of Li electrochemical extraction.Particularly,due to concomitant oxidation of impurities,lithium extraction yields and faradaic efficiencies were lower than those obtained with high-purity cathode materials.Copper oxidation was found to occur within the voltage range investigated,but it could not quantitatively explain the reduced Li extraction performances.In fact,a detailed investigation revealed that above 1.3 V vs.Ag/Ag Cl,conductive carbon can be oxidized,contributing to the decreased Li extraction.Based on the reported experimental results,guidelines were provided that quantitatively enable the extraction of Li from the black mass,while preventing the simultaneous oxidation of impurities and,consequently,reducing the energy consumption of the proposed Li recovery method.展开更多
The escalating global energy demand increasingly conflicts with finite fossil fuel reserves,necessitating urgent transitions to renewable energy for sustainable development.To enable this transition,energy storage sys...The escalating global energy demand increasingly conflicts with finite fossil fuel reserves,necessitating urgent transitions to renewable energy for sustainable development.To enable this transition,energy storage systems have become strategically vital by mitigating the intermittency of renewable energy.As the dominant electrochemical energy storage technology,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have shown exponential growth in production over the past two decades,leading to a surge in the number of retired LIBs recently.These spent LIBs contain many heavy metal elements and organic solvents,which will cause serious environmental pollution if not properly handled.展开更多
As the eruption of the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)market will result in the generation of an unprecedented volume of end-of-life LIBs,the development of a LIBs recycling process is necessary for sustainable critical m...As the eruption of the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)market will result in the generation of an unprecedented volume of end-of-life LIBs,the development of a LIBs recycling process is necessary for sustainable critical metal utilization and minimizing the negative environmental impacts.Here,a green and highly efficient LIBs recycling method was developed to recycle critical metals from cathode materials at room temperature by combiningmicroplasma electrochemistry and deep eutectic solvent(MIPEC-DES).The MIPECDES method generates radicals to promote metal leaching with greatly enhanced dissolution kinetics.For lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)cathode materials,theMIPEC-DES method has shown a leaching efficiency as high as 100%for lithium and 91.4%for cobalt within 180 min,which is dramatically enhanced compared to electrochemical leaching and pure DES chemical leaching.Consequently,the MIPEC-DES method resulted in a 400-fold energy saving compared to the DES chemical leaching at 220℃,with the same leaching efficiency.This MIPEC-DES strategy also showed universal applicability formetal recovery from lithium manganese oxide(LMO),lithium iron phosphate(LFP),lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide(NMC),and NMC blackmass.The economic and environmental impacts of the MIPEC-DES process make it a green and economically attractive method for end-of-life LIBs processing.展开更多
As a distributed ledger technology,blockchain demonstrates broad prospects in battery recycling due to its decentralized,transparent,and secure characteristics.However,practical implementation faces challenges includi...As a distributed ledger technology,blockchain demonstrates broad prospects in battery recycling due to its decentralized,transparent,and secure characteristics.However,practical implementation faces challenges including technical barriers,cost investments,regulatory adjustments,and data privacy protection.This paper comprehensively introduces blockchain applications in battery recycling,explaining its principles,advantages,and real-world deployment.It analyzes existing problems in current recycling systems,such as data fragmentation,inefficient reverse logistics,and regulatory failures.Furthermore,blockchain-IoT integration applications,including full lifecycle data management,intelligent monitoring,and logistics optimization,are discussed.Innovative business models are proposed,such as decentralized recycling platforms,data-driven frameworks,and sharing economy models.The importance of establishing unified industry standards is emphasized,along with an outlook on future development directions.Through systematic analysis,this study offers insights for researchers and practitioners and serves as a reference for promoting sustainable development in the battery recycling industry.展开更多
Battery recycling is indispensable for alleviating critical material shortages and enabling sustainable battery applications.However,current methods mostly focus on spent batteries,which not only require sophisticated...Battery recycling is indispensable for alleviating critical material shortages and enabling sustainable battery applications.However,current methods mostly focus on spent batteries,which not only require sophisticated disassembly and material extraction but also have unknown chemistries and states of health,resulting in high costs and extreme challenges to achieve regeneration.Here,we propose the direct recycling and effective regeneration of air-degraded LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2)(NCM523)cathode directly from battery scraps generated during battery manufacturing.The NCM523 shows surface degradation only a few nanometers deep and accordingly can be regenerated without adding Li,achieving restored properties(170 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 C,92.7%retention after 1000 cycles)similar to those of fresh commercial materials.EverBatt analysis shows that scrap recycling has a profit of$1.984 kg^(-1),which is~10 times higher than conventional recycling,making it practical and economical to rejuvenate slightly degraded electrode materials for sustainable battery manufacturing.展开更多
Liquid-liquid solvent extraction,commonly used for high purity Co(Ⅱ)extraction,suffers from drawbacks such as environmental pollution and high cost.To overcome these challenges,a novel Cyanex 272(bis(2,4,4-trimethyl ...Liquid-liquid solvent extraction,commonly used for high purity Co(Ⅱ)extraction,suffers from drawbacks such as environmental pollution and high cost.To overcome these challenges,a novel Cyanex 272(bis(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl)phosphinic acid,HCyanex)adsorptive membrane(CAM)was synthesized using the phase inversion method with varied Cyanex 272 loadings(0–52.5%)to extract Co(Ⅱ)from cobalt-nickel mixed sulfate solution.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometer,Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)of asprepared CAMs confirmed the successful and homogeneous blending of Cyanex 272 with poly(vinylidenefluoride)(PVDF),and increased pore sizes were observed with the addition of Cyanex 272.The highest Co(Ⅱ)removal was achieved by the CAMs containing 33.2%weight percentage of Cyanex 272 to PVDF with a Langmuir sorption capacity of 1.42 mg/g.The extraction process for Co(Ⅱ)and Ni(Ⅱ)by CAMs was sensitive to pH and temperature,with an optimal separation factor of 209.5 at pH 6.8 and 75°C.The adsorption process is endothermic.Additionally,the membrane exhibited excellent stability and durability,maintaining around 98%adsorption capacity after 20 cycles in the recycling process.These findings suggest that the as-prepared CAMs are a promising technology for the separation of Co(Ⅱ)from Ni(Ⅱ)in the recycling process of lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the science and technology research project of Chongqing Education Commission“Research on the renewable effect of China's renewable resources industry in the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution”[Grant No.KJQN202000532]the humanities and Social Sciences Planning Project of Chongqing Education Commission“Research on supporting policies of power battery producer responsibility extension system un‐der the new development pattern of double cycle”[Grant No.21SKGH039].
文摘In the era of large-scale retirement of power batteries,there are information barriers and high recovery costs in their recycling.In view of this,in this study we constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of the cooperation between power battery production and recycling enterprises and government participation.We analyzed the strategic choice of the three parties in the process of power battery recycling and simulated the influence of participants'willingness and information barriers on the strategic choices of the parties.The results showed that power battery production and recycling enterprises,and the government are affected by each other's willingness to participate at different degrees.The willingness of power battery manufacturers and recycling enterprises to cooperate with each other decreased with increases in information barriers.By analyzing the impact of information barrier on power battery recycling,some suggestions are put forward to provide decision-making reference for promoting the sustainable development of power battery industry.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21671096 and 21603094)the Shenzhen Peacock Plan(No.KQCX2014052215 0815065)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen(Nos.JCYJ20150630145302231 and JCYJ20150331101823677)the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation for the Undergraduates of South University of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2016S10,2016S20,2015x19 and 2015x12)
文摘Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide（Zn–MnO2）batteries are widely used in everyday life. Recycling of waste alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries has always been a hot environmental concern. In this study, a simple and costeffective process for synthesizing Mn3O4/carbon nanotube（CNT） nanocomposites from recycled alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries is presented. Manganese oxide was recovered from spent Zn–MnO2 battery cathodes. The Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were produced by ball milling the recovered manganese oxide in a commercial multi-wall carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis demonstrates that the nanocomposite has a unique three-dimensional（3D） bird nest structure. Mn3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed on MWCNT framework. Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting a highly reversible specific capacitance of -580 mA h·g^-1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposite also shows a fairly positive onset potential of -0.15 V and quite high oxygen reducibility when considered as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction.
文摘This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.
基金supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2022YFB3805300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20411)+1 种基金Major Science and Technology Innovation Projects in Shandong Province(2022CXGC020415)the support provided by the Joint-Laboratory of the University of Science and Technology of China and East China Engineering Science and Technology Co.,Ltd
文摘The recycling and resource utilization of high-value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is a critical challenge for achieving sustainable development.While conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods dominate the industry,they suffer from significantdrawbacks,including high pollution,excessive energy consumption,and suboptimal metal purity.In contrast,electrochemical recycling technology,leveraging electro-driven chemical reactions and selective ion migration,offers a promising alternative by minimizing acid/alkali usage and simplifying recovery processes,thereby enabling greener,more efficient,and energy-saving metal extraction.Based on the structural integrity of cathode materials during recycling,this review categorizes electrochemical approaches into indirect and direct recycling methods.Key aspects such as production purity,ion separation efficiency,and energy consumption in spent LIB recycling are critically examined.Furthermore,this review systematically evaluates electrodialysis and electrolysis techniques,highlighting their respective advantages and limitations.Finally,from a green production perspective,we discuss prospects for cost-effective and environmentally benign LIB recycling strategies,providing insights to guide the advancement of sustainable battery recycling technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20311 and 22409147)。
文摘Energy storage plays a critical role in sustainable development,with secondary batteries serving as vital technologies for efficient energy conversion and utilization.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements across various battery systems,including lithium-ion,sodium-ion,potassium-ion,and multivalent metal-ion batteries such as magnesium,zinc,calcium,and aluminum.Emerging technologies,including dual-ion,redox flow,and anion batteries,are also discussed.Particular attention is given to alkali metal rechargeable systems,such as lithium-sulfur,lithium-air,sodium-sulfur,sodium-selenium,potassium-sulfur,potassium-selenium,potassium-air,and zinc-air batteries,which have shown significant promise for high-energy applications.The optimization of key components—cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and interfaces—is extensively analyzed,supported by advanced characterization techniques like time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS),synchrotron radiation,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),and in-situ spectroscopy.Moreover,sustainable strategies for recycling spent batteries,including pyrometallurgy,hydrometallurgy,and direct recycling,are critically evaluated to mitigate environmental impacts and resource scarcity.This review not only highlights the latest technological breakthroughs but also identifies key challenges in reaction mechanisms,material design,system integration,and waste battery recycling,and presents a roadmap for advancing high-performance and sustainable battery technologies.
基金state assignments of Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry,Russian Academy of Sciences(No.124013000692-4 and 122112100037-4).
文摘Lithium iron phosphate(LFP)has found many applications in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.However,the increasing volume of end-of-life LFP batteries poses an urgent challenge in terms of environmental sustainability and resource management.Therefore,the development and implementation of efficient LFP battery recycling methods are crucial to address these challenges.This article presents a novel,comprehensive evaluation framework for comparing different lithium iron phosphate relithiation techniques.The framework includes three main sets of criteria:direct production cost,electrochemical performance,and environmental impact.Each criterion is scored on a scale of 0–100,with higher scores indicating better performance.The direct production cost is rated based on material costs,energy consumption,key equipment costs,process duration and space requirements.Electrochemical performance is assessed by rate capability and cycle stability.Environmental impact is assessed based on CO_(2)emissions.The framework provides a standardized technique for researchers and industry professionals to objectively compare relithiation methods,facilitating the identification of the most promising approaches for further development and scale-up.The total average score across the three criterion groups for electrochemical,chemical,and hydrothermal relithiation methods was approximately 60 points,while sintering scored 39 points,making it the least attractive relithiation technique.Combining approaches outlined in publications with scores exceeding 60,a relithiation scheme was proposed to achieve optimal electrochemical performance with minimal resource consumption and environmental impact.The results demonstrate the framework’s applicability and highlight areas for future research and optimization in lithium iron phosphate cathode recycling.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52262030)Natural Science Research Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(No.[2022]041).
文摘Conventional hydrometallurgy recycling process for treating wasted lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)typically results in the consumption of large amounts of corrosive leachates.Recent research on reusable leachate is expected to significantly improve the economic and environmental benefits,but is usually limited to specific and unique chemical reactions which could only apply to one type of metal elements.Herein,we report the co-extraction of multiple metal elements can be extracted without adding precipitates by mixed crystal co-precipitation,which enables the reusability of the leachate.We show that an oxalic acid(OA):choline chloride(ChCl):ethylene glycol(EG)type DES leachate system can leach transition metals from wasted LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)(NCM)cathode materials with satisfactory efficiency(The time required for complete leaching at 120℃ is 1.5 h).The transition metals were then efficiently extracted(with a recovery efficiency of over 96%for all elements)by directly adding water without precipitants.Noteworthy,the leachate can be efficiently recovered by directly evaporating the added water.The successful realization of reusability of leachate for the synergistic extraction of multiple elements relies on the regulation of the mixed crystal co-precipitation coefficient,which is realized by rationally design the reaction condition(composition of leachate,temperature and time)and induces the extraction of originally soluble manganese element.Our strategy is expected to be generally applicable and highly competent for industrial applications.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21702143,52303092)Talent Recruitment Project of Guangdong Province(No.2023QN10X078)+1 种基金Open Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co.,Ltd(No.YPML-2023050278)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation Special Projects——GuangdongShenzhen Joint Funds(2022A1515110027)。
文摘The unprecedented growth of electric vehicles featuring lithium-ion batteries has led to a significant increase in the amount of waste generated,posing pressing waste management challenges for both industry professio nals and environmental regulators.To address these issues,conventio nal pyrometallurgical,hydrometallurgical,and direct recycling methods are commonly employed to promote sustainable battery development.However,these methods are often hindered by laborious purification processes and the generation of low-profit products such as Li_(2)CO_(3),CoSO_(4),NiSO_(4),etc.Herein,an upcycling technology involving a low-temperature solid-to-solid reaction and water leaching procedures is introduced to transform spent LiCoO_(2)cathode materials into value-added cobalt sulfide-based electrocatalysts.The regenerated electrocatalysts exhibit exceptional performance in the oxygen evolution reaction,surpassing that of the benchmark RuO_(2)catalyst.This proposed upcycling method provides researchers with an alternative way to convert the metallic components of waste lithium-ion batteries into high-value Co-,Ni-,Fe-,and Mn-based catalysts.
文摘Recycling electric vehicle batteries has become a priority in China.NEW stationary power storage cabinets have been set up beside the parking lots of the Green Eco Manufacture(GEM)Industrial Park in Wuhan,Hubei Province,to charge electric vehicles(EVs).
基金supported by the Talented Program of Guizhou University(702759203301)the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Science and Technology Department(QKHJC-ZK[2021]-YB257)。
文摘Efficient recycling technology for the rapid growth of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is essential to tackle the resources and environmental crisis.Hydrometallurgical approach has attracted extensive research due to its potential to reduce the consumption of energy and threat to the environment.However,the simultaneous realization of green,efficient and closed-loop recycling is still challenging.Herein,we report a closed-loop and highly efficient approach to recycle lithium cobalt oxide from spent LIBs based on a choline chloride:oxalic acid(ChCl:OA)type deep eutectic solvent(DES).An ultrafast leaching process is observed at 180°C for 10 s with no observable residues.The energy barrier during leaching is calculated to be 113.9 kJ/mol.Noteworthy,the solubility of cobalt ions can be reversibly tuned by simply adding/evaporating deionized water,thus avoiding the addition of precipitant and enabling the easy recovery of the leaching solvent for realizing a closed-loop recycling process.The simultaneous realization of high efficiency,green and closed-loop process is expected to push the DES into practical application for recycling the electrodes of LIBs.
基金the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B090919003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51872157)+2 种基金Shenzhen Technical Plan Project(Nos.JCYJ20170412170911187 and JCYJ20170817161753629)Guangdong Technical Plan Project(No.2017B090907005)the Key Project of Core Technology Tackling of Guangdong City of Dongguan(No.2019622119003)。
文摘Recycling millions of metric tons of spent LiFePO_(4) batteries would benefit human health while reducing resource depletion and environmental pollution.However,recovering individual elements from the spent batteries without generating waste is challenging.Here,we present a distinctive approach for recycling spent LiFePO_(4) batteries at room temperature,where water is the only leaching agent consumed.FePO_(4) and lithium intercalated graphite act as a precursor material for selectively extracting lithium,iron,and phosphorus through charging the LiFePO_(4) batteries to the delithiated state.NaOH solution extracted Fe from FePO_(4) within 30 min and regenerated without consumption,similar to a catalyst.Under the optimal leaching conditions(1 mol·L^(-1) NaOH,0.5 h,NaOH/Fe molar ratio of 4.5),Fe and P leaching efficiencies achieved 89.1%and 99.2%,respectively.The methodology reflected in this research reduced the material cost per kg cathode material to a fraction of previously published reports,only occupies 6.13%of previous reports.In addition,the method improved the battery recycling revenue calculated by the EverBatt model by 2.31 times and 1.94 times over pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods.The proposed method allows for the convenient recovery of the elemental components of spent LiFePO_(4) batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1902205)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51834008 and 52104398)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022T150371)。
文摘Spent Li-ion battery(LIB)recycling has become a challenge with the rapidly developing electric vehicle(EV)industry.To address the problems of high cost and low recovery of Li in the recycling of spent LIBs using traditional hydrometallurgical processes,we developed an alkali metal catalytic carbothermic reduction method to recover spent LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM).Using alkali metal catalysts,such as NaOH,significantly reduced the temperature required for carbothermic NCM material reduction and realized targeted control of the phase of the reduction product,where Li was first separated by prior water leaching,followed by Ni,Co,and Mn recycling by acid leaching.The optimized carbothermic reduction conditions were a reaction time of 3 h,temperature of 550℃,NaOH dosage of 15 wt%,and graphite dosage of 15 wt%.The Li leaching efficiency reached 78.5 wt%during water leaching.And during acid leaching,the Ni,Co and Mn leaching efficiencies were 99.8 wt%,99.7 wt%,and 99.5wt%,respectively.This study provides strong technical support for the development of LIB industry.
基金The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,HUST,Grant/Award Number:2021GCRC046The Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies,Grant/Award Number:FZ2022005Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China,Grant/Award Number:2022CFA031。
文摘The recycling of spent batteries has become increasingly important owing to their wide applications,abundant raw material supply,and sustainable development.Compared with the degraded cathode,spent anode graphite often has a relatively intact structure with few defects after long cycling.Yet,most spent graphite is simply burned or discarded due to its limited value and inferior performance on using conventional recycling methods that are complex,have low efficiency,and fail in performance restoration.Herein,we propose a fast,efficient,and“intelligent”strategy to regenerate and upcycle spent graphite based on defect‐driven targeted remediation.Using Sn as a nanoscale healant,we used rapid heating(~50 ms)to enable dynamic Sn droplets to automatically nucleate around the surface defects on the graphite upon cooling owing to strong binding to the defects(~5.84 eV/atom),thus simultaneously achieving Sn dispersion and graphite remediation.As a result,the regenerated graphite showed enhanced capacity and cycle stability(458.9 mAh g^(−1) at 0.2 A g^(−1) after 100 cycles),superior to those of commercial graphite.Benefiting from the self‐adaption of Sn dispersion,spent graphite with different degrees of defects can be regenerated to similar structures and performance.EverBatt analysis indicates that targeted regeneration and upcycling have significantly lower energy consumption(~99%reduction)and near‐zero CO_(2) emission,and yield much higher profit than hydrometallurgy,which opens a new avenue for direct upcycling of spend graphite in an efficient,green,and profitable manner for sustainable battery manufacture.
基金supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship offered to the first author of this study。
文摘Anticipating the imminent surge of retired lithium-ion batteries(R-LIBs)from electric vehicles,the need for safe,cost-effective and environmentally friendly disposal technologies has escalated.This paper seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of the entire disposal framework for R-LIBs,encompassing a broad spectrum of activities,including screening,repurposing and recycling.Firstly,we delve deeply into a thorough examination of current screening technologies,shifting the focus from a mere enumeration of screening methods to the exploration of the strategies for enhancing screening efficiency.Secondly,we outline battery repurposing with associated key factors,summarizing stationary applications and sizing methods for R-LIBs in their second life.A particular light is shed on available reconditioning solutions,demonstrating their great potential in facilitating battery safety and lifetime in repurposing scenarios and identifying their techno-economic issues.In the realm of battery recycling,we present an extensive survey of pre-treatment options and subsequent material recovery technologies.Particularly,we introduce several global leading recyclers to illustrate their industrial processes and technical intricacies.Furthermore,relevant challenges and evolving trends are investigated in pursuit of a sustainable end-of-life management and disposal framework.We hope that this study can serve as a valuable resource for researchers,industry professionals and policymakers in this field,ultimately facilitating the adoption of proper disposal practices.
基金the Horizon Europe Project“Batteries reuse and direct production of high performances cathodic and anodic materials and other raw materials from batteries recycling using low cost and environmentally friendly technologies” (RHINOCEROS project,grant no.101069685)。
文摘Lithium recovery from end-of-life Li-ion batteries(LIBs)through pyro-and hydrometallurgical recycling processes involves several refining stages,with high consumption of reagents and energy.A competitive technological alternative is the electrochemical oxidation of the cathode materials,whereby lithium can be deintercalated and transferred to an electrolyte solution without the aid of chemical extracting compounds.This article investigates the potential to selectively recover Li from LIB cathode materials by direct electrochemical extraction in aqueous solutions.The process allowed to recovering up to 98%of Li from high-purity commercial cathode materials(LiMn_(2)O_(4),LiCoO_(2),and Li Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)O_(2))with a faradaic efficiency of 98%and negligible co-extraction of Co,Ni,and Mn.The process was then applied to recover Li from the real waste LIBs black mass obtained by the physical treatment of electric vehicle battery packs.This black mass contained graphite,conductive carbon,and metal impurities from current collectors and steel cases,which significantly influenced the evolution and performances of Li electrochemical extraction.Particularly,due to concomitant oxidation of impurities,lithium extraction yields and faradaic efficiencies were lower than those obtained with high-purity cathode materials.Copper oxidation was found to occur within the voltage range investigated,but it could not quantitatively explain the reduced Li extraction performances.In fact,a detailed investigation revealed that above 1.3 V vs.Ag/Ag Cl,conductive carbon can be oxidized,contributing to the decreased Li extraction.Based on the reported experimental results,guidelines were provided that quantitatively enable the extraction of Li from the black mass,while preventing the simultaneous oxidation of impurities and,consequently,reducing the energy consumption of the proposed Li recovery method.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1504100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22125903 and 22439003)+3 种基金Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program-Leading Talents(XLYC2402032)Liaoning Province Applied Basic Research Program(2025JH2/101330026)DICP(DICP I202324 and DICP I202471)the State Key Laboratory of Catalysis(2024SKL-A-001).
文摘The escalating global energy demand increasingly conflicts with finite fossil fuel reserves,necessitating urgent transitions to renewable energy for sustainable development.To enable this transition,energy storage systems have become strategically vital by mitigating the intermittency of renewable energy.As the dominant electrochemical energy storage technology,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have shown exponential growth in production over the past two decades,leading to a surge in the number of retired LIBs recently.These spent LIBs contain many heavy metal elements and organic solvents,which will cause serious environmental pollution if not properly handled.
基金supported by the Brain Pool program funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT through the National Research Foundation of Korea(grant no.NRF-2022H1D3A2A02051548)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.22422606)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(grant no.RS-2023-00261543).
文摘As the eruption of the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)market will result in the generation of an unprecedented volume of end-of-life LIBs,the development of a LIBs recycling process is necessary for sustainable critical metal utilization and minimizing the negative environmental impacts.Here,a green and highly efficient LIBs recycling method was developed to recycle critical metals from cathode materials at room temperature by combiningmicroplasma electrochemistry and deep eutectic solvent(MIPEC-DES).The MIPECDES method generates radicals to promote metal leaching with greatly enhanced dissolution kinetics.For lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)cathode materials,theMIPEC-DES method has shown a leaching efficiency as high as 100%for lithium and 91.4%for cobalt within 180 min,which is dramatically enhanced compared to electrochemical leaching and pure DES chemical leaching.Consequently,the MIPEC-DES method resulted in a 400-fold energy saving compared to the DES chemical leaching at 220℃,with the same leaching efficiency.This MIPEC-DES strategy also showed universal applicability formetal recovery from lithium manganese oxide(LMO),lithium iron phosphate(LFP),lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide(NMC),and NMC blackmass.The economic and environmental impacts of the MIPEC-DES process make it a green and economically attractive method for end-of-life LIBs processing.
文摘As a distributed ledger technology,blockchain demonstrates broad prospects in battery recycling due to its decentralized,transparent,and secure characteristics.However,practical implementation faces challenges including technical barriers,cost investments,regulatory adjustments,and data privacy protection.This paper comprehensively introduces blockchain applications in battery recycling,explaining its principles,advantages,and real-world deployment.It analyzes existing problems in current recycling systems,such as data fragmentation,inefficient reverse logistics,and regulatory failures.Furthermore,blockchain-IoT integration applications,including full lifecycle data management,intelligent monitoring,and logistics optimization,are discussed.Innovative business models are proposed,such as decentralized recycling platforms,data-driven frameworks,and sharing economy models.The importance of establishing unified industry standards is emphasized,along with an outlook on future development directions.Through systematic analysis,this study offers insights for researchers and practitioners and serves as a reference for promoting sustainable development in the battery recycling industry.
基金This project was supported by the fund from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB2404303,2021YFA1202300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.5202780089,52107224)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,HUST:2021GCRC046.
文摘Battery recycling is indispensable for alleviating critical material shortages and enabling sustainable battery applications.However,current methods mostly focus on spent batteries,which not only require sophisticated disassembly and material extraction but also have unknown chemistries and states of health,resulting in high costs and extreme challenges to achieve regeneration.Here,we propose the direct recycling and effective regeneration of air-degraded LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2)(NCM523)cathode directly from battery scraps generated during battery manufacturing.The NCM523 shows surface degradation only a few nanometers deep and accordingly can be regenerated without adding Li,achieving restored properties(170 mAh g^(-1) at 0.1 C,92.7%retention after 1000 cycles)similar to those of fresh commercial materials.EverBatt analysis shows that scrap recycling has a profit of$1.984 kg^(-1),which is~10 times higher than conventional recycling,making it practical and economical to rejuvenate slightly degraded electrode materials for sustainable battery manufacturing.
基金partially supported by the U.S.Department of Agriculture Grants:2018-68011-28371 and 2022-05735.Lastly。
文摘Liquid-liquid solvent extraction,commonly used for high purity Co(Ⅱ)extraction,suffers from drawbacks such as environmental pollution and high cost.To overcome these challenges,a novel Cyanex 272(bis(2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl)phosphinic acid,HCyanex)adsorptive membrane(CAM)was synthesized using the phase inversion method with varied Cyanex 272 loadings(0–52.5%)to extract Co(Ⅱ)from cobalt-nickel mixed sulfate solution.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometer,Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)of asprepared CAMs confirmed the successful and homogeneous blending of Cyanex 272 with poly(vinylidenefluoride)(PVDF),and increased pore sizes were observed with the addition of Cyanex 272.The highest Co(Ⅱ)removal was achieved by the CAMs containing 33.2%weight percentage of Cyanex 272 to PVDF with a Langmuir sorption capacity of 1.42 mg/g.The extraction process for Co(Ⅱ)and Ni(Ⅱ)by CAMs was sensitive to pH and temperature,with an optimal separation factor of 209.5 at pH 6.8 and 75°C.The adsorption process is endothermic.Additionally,the membrane exhibited excellent stability and durability,maintaining around 98%adsorption capacity after 20 cycles in the recycling process.These findings suggest that the as-prepared CAMs are a promising technology for the separation of Co(Ⅱ)from Ni(Ⅱ)in the recycling process of lithium-ion batteries.
