A large number of basic dikes, which indicate an important tectonic-magmatic event in the eastern part of the Central Qilian （祁连） orogenic belt, were found from Maxianshan （马衔山） rock group, Yongjing （永靖） ...A large number of basic dikes, which indicate an important tectonic-magmatic event in the eastern part of the Central Qilian （祁连） orogenic belt, were found from Maxianshan （马衔山） rock group, Yongjing （永靖） county, Gansu （甘肃） Province, China. According to the research on the characteristics of geology and petrology, the basic dike swarms, widely intruded in Maxianshan rock group, are divided into two phases by the authors. U-Pb isotope of zircons from the basic dikes above two phases is separately determined by LA-ICP-MS in the Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Northwest University, China and the causes of formation of the zircons are studied using CL images. The formation age of the earlier phase of metagabbro dikes is （441.1±1.4） Ma （corresponding to the early stage of Early Silurian）, and the age of the main metamorphic period is （414.3±1.2） Ma （corresponding to the early stage of Early Devonian）. The formation age of the later phase of diabase dike swarms is （434±1.0） Ma （corresponding to the late stage of Early Silurian）. The cap- tured-zircons from diabase dike swarms saved some information of material interfusion by Maxianshan rock group （^207pb/206pb apparent ages are （2 325±3）-（2 573 ±6） Ma）, and some zircons from diabase dike swarms also saved impacted information by tectonic thermal event during the late period of Caledonian movement （^206pb/^238U apparent ages are （400±2）-（429±2） Ma）. By combining the results of the related studies, the basic dikes within Maxianshan rock group were considered to be formed in the transfer period, from subductional orogeny towards collisional orogeny, which represents geological records of NW-SE extension during regional NE-SW towards intense compression in the Central Qilian block.展开更多
Recently discovered intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Devonian strata at Dachang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are dominated by basalts and andesites. Most of them belong to the calc-alkali and alkali serie...Recently discovered intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Devonian strata at Dachang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are dominated by basalts and andesites. Most of them belong to the calc-alkali and alkali series. Petrology and geochemistry data indicate that the volcanic rocks may be formed in a continental rift environment. The volcanic rocks are in conformable contact with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, with such typical sedimentary structures as laminated and striped ones, and the host rocks of the volcanic rocks contain lots of marine fossils such as tentaculite. Many pieces of evidence indicate that the eruption environment of the volcanic rocks is a sea-facies one. The volcanic rocks are of the LREE-enrichment type, with high ratios of light rare-earth elements to heavy rare-earth elements. In addition, they display moderately negative δEu anomalies and moderately negative δCe anomalies with a higher degree of LREE and HREE fractionation. Through the Q-cluster analysis of the REE samples, it is indicated that the ores have a closer relation with the layered volcanic rocks, and also possess a certain inheritance-consistency relationship with the layered volcanic rocks. The source of ore-forming materials may be related with volcanism. It is proposed that the ore deposit in the study area should be genetically explained as the result of marine volcano-sedimentary exhalation of hot water and late superposition-reworking.展开更多
In accordance with the confusion on classification of source rocks, the authors raised a source rock classification for its enriched and dispersed organic matter types based on both Alpern’s idea and maceral genesis/...In accordance with the confusion on classification of source rocks, the authors raised a source rock classification for its enriched and dispersed organic matter types based on both Alpern’s idea and maceral genesis/composition. The determined rock type is roughly similar to palynofacies of Combaz , whereas it is "rock maceral facies (for coal viz. coal facies)" in strictly speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to use the organic ingredients classification proposed by the authors so that it can be used for both maceral analysis and environment research . This source rock classification not only shows sedimentology and diagenetic changes but also acquires organic matter type even if hydrocarbon potential derived from maceral’s geochemical parameters. So, it is considered as genetic classification. The "rock maceral facies" may be transformed to sedimentary organic facies , which is used as quantitative evaluation means if research being perfect.Now, there are many models in terms of structure either for coal or for kerogen. In our opinion, whatever coal or kerogen ought be polymer, then we follow Combaz’s thought and study structure of amorphous kerogens which are accordance with genetic mechanism showing biochemical and geochemical process perfectly. Here, we use the time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS) to expand Combaz’s models from three to five. They are also models for coal.展开更多
Based on thermal simulation experiment, interactions between volcanic fluids and source rocks were studied. Gas generations in the dry system and fluid system under different temperatures were analyzed. The results sh...Based on thermal simulation experiment, interactions between volcanic fluids and source rocks were studied. Gas generations in the dry system and fluid system under different temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the various types of source rocks are similar in composition, containing gaseous C1-C5 hydrocarbons, H2 and CO2 whose gas yields increase with increasing temperature. The gas yield of source rocks of type is Ⅰ the highest, followed by type Ⅱ, and that of source rocks of type is Ⅲ the lowest, indicating that the yield of hydrocarbon gases is related to their hydrocarbon generating potential. Although the generating potential of type is Ⅲ the lowest, it can still be regarded as a useful gas source when it is buried deeply enough. The basic volcanic fluid restrains the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons in different types of source rocks, but promotes the generation of inorganic gases.展开更多
The geochemistry of the basic volcanic rocks at the south margin of the Qinling orogenic belt (SMQOB) suggests that they were formed in an intraplate tectonic setting. The REE distribution patterns show these rocks ar...The geochemistry of the basic volcanic rocks at the south margin of the Qinling orogenic belt (SMQOB) suggests that they were formed in an intraplate tectonic setting. The REE distribution patterns show these rocks are strongly enriched in LREE with high ΣREE, and their trace elements geochemistry is similar to that of continental flood basalt. All the above evidence suggests that the Caledonian basic volcanic rocks in the SMQOB were tholeiitic basalts formed in an intraplate spreading initial rift tectonic setting. The characteristics of regional geology and geochemistry indicate that there was an intraplate spreading rift tectonic setting between the South Qinling block and the Yangtze block in the Caledonian epoch. The dynamic spreading in this district began in the Early Caledonian and then the intraplate spreading initial rifts were formed in the Late Caledonian. As a result of spreading of the Tethys and geodynamic processes in deep mantle, the Mianlue Huashan oceanic basin was formed between the Qinling block and the Yangtze block in Devonian, and the Qinling microplate was separated from the northern part of the Yangtze plate.展开更多
Recent geological study and survey on the scale of 1: 50000 in northern Guangxi have made some advancements: meta-basic-ultrabasic rocks which occured as bedding injection sheets in the Sanrnenjie formation of the Pro...Recent geological study and survey on the scale of 1: 50000 in northern Guangxi have made some advancements: meta-basic-ultrabasic rocks which occured as bedding injection sheets in the Sanrnenjie formation of the Proterozoic Danzhou group and caused contact metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration in adjacent wallrocks, were originated in extensional environment. Basic rocks belong to deep-sea tholeiite. TLe meta-basic -ultrabasic rocks sufferred intense deformation partitioning, resulting in lenticular network which was composed of mylonite zones in highly de formed field and lensoids in less- or non-deformed field. This structural pattern was explained as "melange" or "non-rooted cool intrusion " by previous workers. The deformation partitioning was mainly pure shearing in the early stage plus simple shearing in the later stage. This evolution was closely related to progressive deformation of the Guangxi orogeny.展开更多
The evaluation of rock mass quality and its mechanical properties is crucial for tunnel construction.The basic quality(BQ)method is the national standard for rock mass classification in China,with the BQ value determi...The evaluation of rock mass quality and its mechanical properties is crucial for tunnel construction.The basic quality(BQ)method is the national standard for rock mass classification in China,with the BQ value determined by the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and the integrity index(Kv).However,traditional rock mechanics testing methods have inherent limitations,which complicate the rapid evaluation of rock mass quality at tunnel sites.Digital drilling process monitoring(DPM)offers a novel approach for evaluating rock mass quality and its mechanical properties.A hydraulic rotary drilling rig,equipped with the DPM system,was used to conduct digital drilling tests at the tunnel face.The DPM data for the net drilling process and each sub-process were then analyzed.The correlations between DPM parameter indices and rock mechanical parameters were investigated.Finally,the rock mass quality and its mechanical properties along three boreholes were evaluated.The results indicate that drilling speed in the linear zone(V_(DPM))is quantitatively correlated with rock UCS.Higher UCS values of the drilled rocks correspond to lower V_(DPM) values of the drilling rig.The variability in specific energy is associated with structural disturbances within the rock mass.There is an approximately linear relationship between the standard deviation of normalized specific energy and rock mass K_(v) across the three boreholes.The rock mass quality along drilling depth generally ranges from good(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)to poor(Ⅲ-Ⅴ).This digitalization method provides more detailed information for tunnel stability analysis and design optimization than geological survey data.展开更多
As an active back-arc basin, the Okinawa Trough is located in the southeastern region of the East China Sea shelf and is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Major element, trace element ...As an active back-arc basin, the Okinawa Trough is located in the southeastern region of the East China Sea shelf and is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Major element, trace element and Sr-NdPb isotopic composition data are presented for volcanic rocks from the Iheya Ridge（IR）, the middle Okinawa Trough. The IR rocks record large variations in major elements and range from basalts to rhyolites. Similar trace element distribution characteristics together with small variations in ^87Sr/^86Sr（0.703 862–0.704 884）, ^144Nd/^143Nd（0.512 763–0.512 880） and Pb isotopic ratios, demonstrate that the IR rocks are derived from a similar magma source. The fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole, as well as accessory minerals, can reasonably explain the compositional variations of these IR rocks. The simulations suggest that approximately 60% and 75% fractionation of an evolved basaltic magma can produce trace element compositions similar to those of the intermediate rocks and acid rocks, respectively. The analysis of their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic content ratios suggest that the source of the rocks from the IR is close to the depleted mantle（DM） but extends to the enriched mantle（EMII）, indicating that the mantle source of these rocks is a mixture between the DM and EMII end members. The simulations show that the source of the IR volcanic rocks can be best interpreted as the result of the mixing of approximately 0.8%–2.0% subduction sediment components and 98.0%–99.2% mantlederived melts.展开更多
The rock mass in nature is in most cases anisotropic,while the existing classifications are mostly developed with the assumption of isotropic conditions that not always meet the engineering requirements.In this study,...The rock mass in nature is in most cases anisotropic,while the existing classifications are mostly developed with the assumption of isotropic conditions that not always meet the engineering requirements.In this study,an anisotropic system based on China National Standard of BQ,named as A-BQ,is developed to address the classification of anisotropic rock mass incorporating the anisotropy degree as well as the quality of rock mass.Two series of basic rating factors are incorporated including inherent anisotropy and structure anisotropy.The anisotropy degree of rock mass is characterized by the ratio of maximum to minimum quality score and adjusted by the confining stress.The quality score of rock mass is determined by the key factors of anisotropic structure occurrence and the correction factors of stress state and groundwater condition.The quality of rock mass is characterized by a quality score and classified in five grades.The assessment of stability status and probable failure modes are also suggested for tunnel and slope engineering for different quality grades.Finally,two cases of tunnel and slope are presented to illustrate the application of the developed classification system into the rock masses under varied stress state.展开更多
The Panxi Rift Zone is a famous metallogenic province in Southwest China. Continental rifting developed in Hercynian period (P 2, 260～250Ma) accompany with a series of basic\|ultrabasic rocks. Various in lithologies,...The Panxi Rift Zone is a famous metallogenic province in Southwest China. Continental rifting developed in Hercynian period (P 2, 260～250Ma) accompany with a series of basic\|ultrabasic rocks. Various in lithologies, such as layered intrusions (V\|Ti\|Fe formation), small\|sized mafic\|ultramafic bodies (stocks) and large\|scale basalt (Emeishan Basalt) are constituted of a complete melanocratic rock system.Most of Cu\|Ni\|PGE sulfide deposits are related to small\|sized ultramafic rock bodies. It is a perfect possibility for them to be an affinity of basic eruptive lava and for the neck facies. But in ① Panzhihua\|Center Yunnan Province, the Gaojiacun, also Jinbaoshan, as large stratiform basic\|ultrabasic complex used to be thought that is older one intruded to basement rocks in Precambrian. However, new evidences suggest it is similar with the small\|sized ultramafic rock bodies containing Cu\|Ni\|PGE, and also the both are affinity of the Emeishan Basalt; ② Miyi district, Cu\|Pt mineralization was discovered in the Xinjie bedded basic complex, and in where ophitic olivine\|pyroxenite\|peridotite facies are exactly Pt\|bearing layers; ③ Longzhoushan district, we have recently researched basic\|ultrabasic clusters which intruded into fracture zones, and Cu\|Ni\|Pt, Pd mineralization developed at the salbands.Generally, the basalt is poor in PGE and rich in Cu. It is suggested as the result of PGE dispersion\|concentration processing in the melanocratic rock system when rifting happened.展开更多
As natural gas exploration expands to deep,ultra-deep and unconventional areas,more and more complex exploration targets are encountered.In this circumstance,it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas g...As natural gas exploration expands to deep,ultra-deep and unconventional areas,more and more complex exploration targets are encountered.In this circumstance,it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas geological theories for guiding the exploration and discovery of more giant gas fields.In this paper,the researches on basic natural gas geological theories since the beginning of the 12th Five-Year Plan were engaged,and then the key exploration target zones were analyzed.Some results were obtained.(1)The theory of whole-process hydrocarbon generation of organic matters was improved and the geologic theories of organic matter hydrocarbon generation(e.g.the thermal evolution model of kerogen degradation and the successive gas generation of organic matters)were developed.(2)Multi-element natural gas genesis identification method,quantitative evaluation method for different types of seals/caprocks,tight sandstone gas accumulation theory for low hydrocarbon generation intensity region,and hydrocarbon accumulation theory for giant ancient carbonate gas field were established,and the geological theories of gas generation,genesis identification and hydrocarbon accumulation were developed to provide the effective guidance for the exploration breakthrough and discovery of giant gas fields in the key basins of China recently.Four conclusions were reached:(1)ancient carbonate rock,tight sandstone,foreland region,shale and volcanic rock are primary exploration targets for discovering giant gas fields;(2)craton and foreland basins are still the key exploration areas,and ancient uplift,gentle slope and thrust belt are the main enrichment zones;(3)ancient strata and deep formations are critical gas exploration targets in the future;(4)oil cracking gas in marine basins,tight sandstone gas and shale gas are the important replacement resources for future gas reserves and production growth.展开更多
基金This paper is supported by the China Geological Survey (No. 1212010510416)
文摘A large number of basic dikes, which indicate an important tectonic-magmatic event in the eastern part of the Central Qilian （祁连） orogenic belt, were found from Maxianshan （马衔山） rock group, Yongjing （永靖） county, Gansu （甘肃） Province, China. According to the research on the characteristics of geology and petrology, the basic dike swarms, widely intruded in Maxianshan rock group, are divided into two phases by the authors. U-Pb isotope of zircons from the basic dikes above two phases is separately determined by LA-ICP-MS in the Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of Northwest University, China and the causes of formation of the zircons are studied using CL images. The formation age of the earlier phase of metagabbro dikes is （441.1±1.4） Ma （corresponding to the early stage of Early Silurian）, and the age of the main metamorphic period is （414.3±1.2） Ma （corresponding to the early stage of Early Devonian）. The formation age of the later phase of diabase dike swarms is （434±1.0） Ma （corresponding to the late stage of Early Silurian）. The cap- tured-zircons from diabase dike swarms saved some information of material interfusion by Maxianshan rock group （^207pb/206pb apparent ages are （2 325±3）-（2 573 ±6） Ma）, and some zircons from diabase dike swarms also saved impacted information by tectonic thermal event during the late period of Caledonian movement （^206pb/^238U apparent ages are （400±2）-（429±2） Ma）. By combining the results of the related studies, the basic dikes within Maxianshan rock group were considered to be formed in the transfer period, from subductional orogeny towards collisional orogeny, which represents geological records of NW-SE extension during regional NE-SW towards intense compression in the Central Qilian block.
基金financially supported by the Applied Basic Research Projects(General Program)of Yunnan Province(2011FB015)
文摘Recently discovered intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Devonian strata at Dachang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are dominated by basalts and andesites. Most of them belong to the calc-alkali and alkali series. Petrology and geochemistry data indicate that the volcanic rocks may be formed in a continental rift environment. The volcanic rocks are in conformable contact with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, with such typical sedimentary structures as laminated and striped ones, and the host rocks of the volcanic rocks contain lots of marine fossils such as tentaculite. Many pieces of evidence indicate that the eruption environment of the volcanic rocks is a sea-facies one. The volcanic rocks are of the LREE-enrichment type, with high ratios of light rare-earth elements to heavy rare-earth elements. In addition, they display moderately negative δEu anomalies and moderately negative δCe anomalies with a higher degree of LREE and HREE fractionation. Through the Q-cluster analysis of the REE samples, it is indicated that the ores have a closer relation with the layered volcanic rocks, and also possess a certain inheritance-consistency relationship with the layered volcanic rocks. The source of ore-forming materials may be related with volcanism. It is proposed that the ore deposit in the study area should be genetically explained as the result of marine volcano-sedimentary exhalation of hot water and late superposition-reworking.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(4 9672 13 1)
文摘In accordance with the confusion on classification of source rocks, the authors raised a source rock classification for its enriched and dispersed organic matter types based on both Alpern’s idea and maceral genesis/composition. The determined rock type is roughly similar to palynofacies of Combaz , whereas it is "rock maceral facies (for coal viz. coal facies)" in strictly speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to use the organic ingredients classification proposed by the authors so that it can be used for both maceral analysis and environment research . This source rock classification not only shows sedimentology and diagenetic changes but also acquires organic matter type even if hydrocarbon potential derived from maceral’s geochemical parameters. So, it is considered as genetic classification. The "rock maceral facies" may be transformed to sedimentary organic facies , which is used as quantitative evaluation means if research being perfect.Now, there are many models in terms of structure either for coal or for kerogen. In our opinion, whatever coal or kerogen ought be polymer, then we follow Combaz’s thought and study structure of amorphous kerogens which are accordance with genetic mechanism showing biochemical and geochemical process perfectly. Here, we use the time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS) to expand Combaz’s models from three to five. They are also models for coal.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2009CB219306)
文摘Based on thermal simulation experiment, interactions between volcanic fluids and source rocks were studied. Gas generations in the dry system and fluid system under different temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the various types of source rocks are similar in composition, containing gaseous C1-C5 hydrocarbons, H2 and CO2 whose gas yields increase with increasing temperature. The gas yield of source rocks of type is Ⅰ the highest, followed by type Ⅱ, and that of source rocks of type is Ⅲ the lowest, indicating that the yield of hydrocarbon gases is related to their hydrocarbon generating potential. Although the generating potential of type is Ⅲ the lowest, it can still be regarded as a useful gas source when it is buried deeply enough. The basic volcanic fluid restrains the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons in different types of source rocks, but promotes the generation of inorganic gases.
文摘The geochemistry of the basic volcanic rocks at the south margin of the Qinling orogenic belt (SMQOB) suggests that they were formed in an intraplate tectonic setting. The REE distribution patterns show these rocks are strongly enriched in LREE with high ΣREE, and their trace elements geochemistry is similar to that of continental flood basalt. All the above evidence suggests that the Caledonian basic volcanic rocks in the SMQOB were tholeiitic basalts formed in an intraplate spreading initial rift tectonic setting. The characteristics of regional geology and geochemistry indicate that there was an intraplate spreading rift tectonic setting between the South Qinling block and the Yangtze block in the Caledonian epoch. The dynamic spreading in this district began in the Early Caledonian and then the intraplate spreading initial rifts were formed in the Late Caledonian. As a result of spreading of the Tethys and geodynamic processes in deep mantle, the Mianlue Huashan oceanic basin was formed between the Qinling block and the Yangtze block in Devonian, and the Qinling microplate was separated from the northern part of the Yangtze plate.
文摘Recent geological study and survey on the scale of 1: 50000 in northern Guangxi have made some advancements: meta-basic-ultrabasic rocks which occured as bedding injection sheets in the Sanrnenjie formation of the Proterozoic Danzhou group and caused contact metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration in adjacent wallrocks, were originated in extensional environment. Basic rocks belong to deep-sea tholeiite. TLe meta-basic -ultrabasic rocks sufferred intense deformation partitioning, resulting in lenticular network which was composed of mylonite zones in highly de formed field and lensoids in less- or non-deformed field. This structural pattern was explained as "melange" or "non-rooted cool intrusion " by previous workers. The deformation partitioning was mainly pure shearing in the early stage plus simple shearing in the later stage. This evolution was closely related to progressive deformation of the Guangxi orogeny.
基金The support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42277160)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2021CFA081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2042023kf0210)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The evaluation of rock mass quality and its mechanical properties is crucial for tunnel construction.The basic quality(BQ)method is the national standard for rock mass classification in China,with the BQ value determined by the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)and the integrity index(Kv).However,traditional rock mechanics testing methods have inherent limitations,which complicate the rapid evaluation of rock mass quality at tunnel sites.Digital drilling process monitoring(DPM)offers a novel approach for evaluating rock mass quality and its mechanical properties.A hydraulic rotary drilling rig,equipped with the DPM system,was used to conduct digital drilling tests at the tunnel face.The DPM data for the net drilling process and each sub-process were then analyzed.The correlations between DPM parameter indices and rock mechanical parameters were investigated.Finally,the rock mass quality and its mechanical properties along three boreholes were evaluated.The results indicate that drilling speed in the linear zone(V_(DPM))is quantitatively correlated with rock UCS.Higher UCS values of the drilled rocks correspond to lower V_(DPM) values of the drilling rig.The variability in specific energy is associated with structural disturbances within the rock mass.There is an approximately linear relationship between the standard deviation of normalized specific energy and rock mass K_(v) across the three boreholes.The rock mass quality along drilling depth generally ranges from good(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)to poor(Ⅲ-Ⅴ).This digitalization method provides more detailed information for tunnel stability analysis and design optimization than geological survey data.
基金The National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China under contract No.2013CB429700the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41325021 and 41706052+9 种基金the National Program on Global Change and AirSea Interaction under contract No.GASI-GEOGE-02the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA11030302the Special Fund for the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province under contract No.ts201511061the AoShan Talents Program supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract No.2015ASTP-0S17the Innovative Talent Promotion Program under contract No.2012RA2191the Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province under contract No.2013GRC31502the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project Financially supported by Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology under contract Nos 2015ASKJ03 and2016ASKJ13the National High Level Talent Special Support Programthe CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research TeamsQingdao Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology
文摘As an active back-arc basin, the Okinawa Trough is located in the southeastern region of the East China Sea shelf and is strongly influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Major element, trace element and Sr-NdPb isotopic composition data are presented for volcanic rocks from the Iheya Ridge（IR）, the middle Okinawa Trough. The IR rocks record large variations in major elements and range from basalts to rhyolites. Similar trace element distribution characteristics together with small variations in ^87Sr/^86Sr（0.703 862–0.704 884）, ^144Nd/^143Nd（0.512 763–0.512 880） and Pb isotopic ratios, demonstrate that the IR rocks are derived from a similar magma source. The fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and amphibole, as well as accessory minerals, can reasonably explain the compositional variations of these IR rocks. The simulations suggest that approximately 60% and 75% fractionation of an evolved basaltic magma can produce trace element compositions similar to those of the intermediate rocks and acid rocks, respectively. The analysis of their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic content ratios suggest that the source of the rocks from the IR is close to the depleted mantle（DM） but extends to the enriched mantle（EMII）, indicating that the mantle source of these rocks is a mixture between the DM and EMII end members. The simulations show that the source of the IR volcanic rocks can be best interpreted as the result of the mixing of approximately 0.8%–2.0% subduction sediment components and 98.0%–99.2% mantlederived melts.
基金Projects(41702345,41825018)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2019QZKK0904)supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP),ChinaProject(KFZD-SW-422)supported by the Key Deployment Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘The rock mass in nature is in most cases anisotropic,while the existing classifications are mostly developed with the assumption of isotropic conditions that not always meet the engineering requirements.In this study,an anisotropic system based on China National Standard of BQ,named as A-BQ,is developed to address the classification of anisotropic rock mass incorporating the anisotropy degree as well as the quality of rock mass.Two series of basic rating factors are incorporated including inherent anisotropy and structure anisotropy.The anisotropy degree of rock mass is characterized by the ratio of maximum to minimum quality score and adjusted by the confining stress.The quality score of rock mass is determined by the key factors of anisotropic structure occurrence and the correction factors of stress state and groundwater condition.The quality of rock mass is characterized by a quality score and classified in five grades.The assessment of stability status and probable failure modes are also suggested for tunnel and slope engineering for different quality grades.Finally,two cases of tunnel and slope are presented to illustrate the application of the developed classification system into the rock masses under varied stress state.
文摘The Panxi Rift Zone is a famous metallogenic province in Southwest China. Continental rifting developed in Hercynian period (P 2, 260～250Ma) accompany with a series of basic\|ultrabasic rocks. Various in lithologies, such as layered intrusions (V\|Ti\|Fe formation), small\|sized mafic\|ultramafic bodies (stocks) and large\|scale basalt (Emeishan Basalt) are constituted of a complete melanocratic rock system.Most of Cu\|Ni\|PGE sulfide deposits are related to small\|sized ultramafic rock bodies. It is a perfect possibility for them to be an affinity of basic eruptive lava and for the neck facies. But in ① Panzhihua\|Center Yunnan Province, the Gaojiacun, also Jinbaoshan, as large stratiform basic\|ultrabasic complex used to be thought that is older one intruded to basement rocks in Precambrian. However, new evidences suggest it is similar with the small\|sized ultramafic rock bodies containing Cu\|Ni\|PGE, and also the both are affinity of the Emeishan Basalt; ② Miyi district, Cu\|Pt mineralization was discovered in the Xinjie bedded basic complex, and in where ophitic olivine\|pyroxenite\|peridotite facies are exactly Pt\|bearing layers; ③ Longzhoushan district, we have recently researched basic\|ultrabasic clusters which intruded into fracture zones, and Cu\|Ni\|Pt, Pd mineralization developed at the salbands.Generally, the basalt is poor in PGE and rich in Cu. It is suggested as the result of PGE dispersion\|concentration processing in the melanocratic rock system when rifting happened.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project(No.2016ZX05007-003)Type“A”Special Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA14010403)PetroChina Special Major Science and Technology Project(No.2016B-0601).
文摘As natural gas exploration expands to deep,ultra-deep and unconventional areas,more and more complex exploration targets are encountered.In this circumstance,it is necessary to improve the existing basic natural gas geological theories for guiding the exploration and discovery of more giant gas fields.In this paper,the researches on basic natural gas geological theories since the beginning of the 12th Five-Year Plan were engaged,and then the key exploration target zones were analyzed.Some results were obtained.(1)The theory of whole-process hydrocarbon generation of organic matters was improved and the geologic theories of organic matter hydrocarbon generation(e.g.the thermal evolution model of kerogen degradation and the successive gas generation of organic matters)were developed.(2)Multi-element natural gas genesis identification method,quantitative evaluation method for different types of seals/caprocks,tight sandstone gas accumulation theory for low hydrocarbon generation intensity region,and hydrocarbon accumulation theory for giant ancient carbonate gas field were established,and the geological theories of gas generation,genesis identification and hydrocarbon accumulation were developed to provide the effective guidance for the exploration breakthrough and discovery of giant gas fields in the key basins of China recently.Four conclusions were reached:(1)ancient carbonate rock,tight sandstone,foreland region,shale and volcanic rock are primary exploration targets for discovering giant gas fields;(2)craton and foreland basins are still the key exploration areas,and ancient uplift,gentle slope and thrust belt are the main enrichment zones;(3)ancient strata and deep formations are critical gas exploration targets in the future;(4)oil cracking gas in marine basins,tight sandstone gas and shale gas are the important replacement resources for future gas reserves and production growth.
