The wireless signals emitted by base stations serve as a vital link connecting people in today’s society and have been occupying an increasingly important role in real life.The development of the Internet of Things(I...The wireless signals emitted by base stations serve as a vital link connecting people in today’s society and have been occupying an increasingly important role in real life.The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)relies on the support of base stations,which provide a solid foundation for achieving a more intelligent way of living.In a specific area,achieving higher signal coverage with fewer base stations has become an urgent problem.Therefore,this article focuses on the effective coverage area of base station signals and proposes a novel Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization(EPSO)algorithm based on collective prediction,referred to herein as ECPPSO.Introducing a new strategy called neighbor-based evolution prediction(NEP)addresses the issue of premature convergence often encountered by PSO.ECPPSO also employs a strengthening evolution(SE)strategy to enhance the algorithm’s global search capability and efficiency,ensuring enhanced robustness and a faster convergence speed when solving complex optimization problems.To better adapt to the actual communication needs of base stations,this article conducts simulation experiments by changing the number of base stations.The experimental results demonstrate thatunder the conditionof 50 ormore base stations,ECPPSOconsistently achieves the best coverage rate exceeding 95%,peaking at 99.4400%when the number of base stations reaches 80.These results validate the optimization capability of the ECPPSO algorithm,proving its feasibility and effectiveness.Further ablative experiments and comparisons with other algorithms highlight the advantages of ECPPSO.展开更多
Aiming at the problem of mobile data traffic surge in 5G networks,this paper proposes an effective solution combining massive multiple-input multiple-output techniques with Ultra-Dense Network(UDN)and focuses on solvi...Aiming at the problem of mobile data traffic surge in 5G networks,this paper proposes an effective solution combining massive multiple-input multiple-output techniques with Ultra-Dense Network(UDN)and focuses on solving the resulting challenge of increased energy consumption.A base station control algorithm based on Multi-Agent Proximity Policy Optimization(MAPPO)is designed.In the constructed 5G UDN model,each base station is considered as an agent,and the MAPPO algorithm enables inter-base station collaboration and interference management to optimize the network performance.To reduce the extra power consumption due to frequent sleep mode switching of base stations,a sleep mode switching decision algorithm is proposed.The algorithm reduces unnecessary power consumption by evaluating the network state similarity and intelligently adjusting the agent’s action strategy.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the power consumption by 24.61% compared to the no-sleep strategy and further reduces the power consumption by 5.36% compared to the traditional MAPPO algorithm under the premise of guaranteeing the quality of service of users.展开更多
The currently available compilation techniques are for general computing and are not optimized for physical layer computing in 5G micro base stations.In such cases,the foreseeable data sizes and small code size are ap...The currently available compilation techniques are for general computing and are not optimized for physical layer computing in 5G micro base stations.In such cases,the foreseeable data sizes and small code size are application specific opportunities for baseband algorithm optimizations.Therefore,the special attention can be paid,for example,the specific register allocation algorithm has not been studied so far.The compilation for kernel sub-routines of baseband in 5G micro base stations is our focusing point.For applications of known and fixed data size,we proposed a compilation scheme of parallel data accessing,while operands can be mainly allocated and stored in registers.Based on a small register group(48×32b),the target of our compilation scheme is the optimization of baseband algorithms based on 4×4 or smaller matrices,maximizing the utilization of register files,and eliminating the extra register data exchanging.Meanwhile,when data is allocated into register files,we used VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word)machine to hide the time of data accessing and minimize the cost of data accessing,thus the total execution time is minimum.Experiments indicate that for algorithms with small data size,the cost of data accessing and extra addressing can be minimized.展开更多
Estimation of peak power density due to simultaneous exposure of non ionizing radiation for 2G and 3G base stations and the comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public,offers the opportunity to kn...Estimation of peak power density due to simultaneous exposure of non ionizing radiation for 2G and 3G base stations and the comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public,offers the opportunity to know the safety distance from these antennas,when they operate simultaneously with 2G 900,2G 1800 and 3G 2100MHz.In this paper,the authors present the results of estimates of peak power density of radiation from antennas by eliminating or not taking into consideration the waves reflected from various surfaces.This method is used to estimate the peak power density of non-ionizing radiation due to simultaneous exposure to 2G and 3G base station antennas,installed on the territory of Albania.The results obtained from estimations give us the possibility of determining the safety distance,from base stations that operate simultaneously with 2G 900,2G 1800 and 3G 2100MHz.Estimations are performed for all the Albanian territory,in order to create a clear idea of the safety distance in the vicinity of cellular base stations due to simultaneous exposure of 2G and 3G.展开更多
A dense heterogeneous cellular network can effectively increase the system capacity and enhance the network coverage.It is a key technology for the new generation of the mobile communication system.The dense deploymen...A dense heterogeneous cellular network can effectively increase the system capacity and enhance the network coverage.It is a key technology for the new generation of the mobile communication system.The dense deployment of small base stations not only improves the quality of network service,but also brings about a significant increase in network energy consumption.This paper mainly studies the energy efficiency optimization of the Macro-Femto heterogeneous cellular network.Considering the dynamic random changes of the access users in the network,the sleep process of the Femto Base Stations(FBSs)is modeled as a Semi-Markov Decision Process(SMDP)model in order to save the network energy consumption.And further,this paper gives the dynamic sleep algorithm of the FBS based on the value iteration.The simulation results show that the proposed SMDP-based adaptive sleep strategy of the FBS can effectively reduce the network energy consumption.展开更多
This paper describes the advances and features of future cellular base stations.Software defined radio(SDR)evolves to cognitive radio(CR),which is smart and has wideband,and multiband radio(MBR)with reconfigurable wid...This paper describes the advances and features of future cellular base stations.Software defined radio(SDR)evolves to cognitive radio(CR),which is smart and has wideband,and multiband radio(MBR)with reconfigurable wideband can be regarded as the basis of CR and an advanced level of SDR.Based on the SDR platform,several radio frequency(RF)solutions for implementing MBR systems are proposed,and some challenges to MBR implementation are discussed.展开更多
This paper proposes a flexible eight-mode high parallel Galois SIMD ASIP(Application Specific Instruction Set Processor).It supports parallel executions of Gold,Scrambling,CRC,CC,Turbo,RM,PSS,SSS encoding LFSR(linear ...This paper proposes a flexible eight-mode high parallel Galois SIMD ASIP(Application Specific Instruction Set Processor).It supports parallel executions of Gold,Scrambling,CRC,CC,Turbo,RM,PSS,SSS encoding LFSR(linear feedback shift registers)algorithms with high performance and flexibility.It can perform also general bit processing and m-sequence.Our design is based on proposed table conversion and a datapath for unified eight-mode encoding.Based on 28 nm digital CMOS technology,the total area is 0.177 mm2 and the clock frequency can be up to 1 GHz.The throughputs of Gold,Scrambling,CRC32,CRC24,CRC16,CRC8,CC,Turbo are 64 Gb/s,64 Gb/s,128 Gb/s,168 Gb/s,256 Gb/s,512 Gb/s,3×80 Gb/s,and 72 Gb/s,respectively.展开更多
A multistandard software-defined radio base station must perform non-uniform channelization of multiplexed frequency bands. Non-uniform channelization accounts for a significant portion of the digital signal processin...A multistandard software-defined radio base station must perform non-uniform channelization of multiplexed frequency bands. Non-uniform channelization accounts for a significant portion of the digital signal processing workload in the base station receiver and can be difficult to realize in a physical implementation. In non-uniform channelization methods based on generalized DFT filter banks, large prototype filter orders are a significant issue for implementation. In this paper, a multistage filter design is applied to two different non-uniform generalized DFT-based channelizers in order to reduce their filter orders. To evaluate the approach, a TETRA and TEDS base station is used. Experimental results show that the new multistage design reduces both the number of coefficients and operations and leads to a more feasible design and practical physical implementation.展开更多
Estimation of peak power density in the vicinity of cellular base stations and comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public,offers the possibility of knowing the safety distance from those antennas...Estimation of peak power density in the vicinity of cellular base stations and comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public,offers the possibility of knowing the safety distance from those antennas.In this paper,we present results of estimations for the peak power density radiated from antennas,by eliminating or not considering reflected waves from different surfaces.This method is used to estimate the peak power density of non ionizing radiation of cellular antennas,installed in 12 regions of Albanian territory by a cellular operator.We have estimated the safety distances from all types of installed antennas,in order to have a clear idea for the safety distances from cellular base station at 900 MHz.展开更多
A dual-polarized multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)antenna is proposed for 5G base stations.Each antenna element consists of two orthogonally placed fan-shaped dipole elements and45°dual-polarized feed-ing str...A dual-polarized multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)antenna is proposed for 5G base stations.Each antenna element consists of two orthogonally placed fan-shaped dipole elements and45°dual-polarized feed-ing structures are used to achieve broadband operation.The resonant frequency of the array element is from 3.3 to 4.2 GHz,which covers the mainstream spectrum allocations of 5G mobile networks.H-shaped coupling elements are used to improve the isolation between the neighboring antenna elements and the mutual coupling is reduced by over 4 dB.The envelope correlation of a 2×2 array is provided for verification.展开更多
Knowledge of the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of 5G base stations under diferent circumstances is useful for risk prevention,assessment,and management.This paper selects several typical scenes(Open spaces...Knowledge of the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of 5G base stations under diferent circumstances is useful for risk prevention,assessment,and management.This paper selects several typical scenes(Open spaces,building concentration areas,user and building intensive areas)for electromagnetic radiation monitoring,and analyzes the relationship between ambient radiated power density and base station background.The results show that the factors that have signifcant impacts on the environmental radiation power density of 5G base stations including transmission distance,base station distribution,user density,building refection superposition and so on.The radiation energy decays rapidly with distance.When the density of the building distribution is too large,the superposition efect caused by the refected wave is concentrated at the distance of 50-70 meters.When the user density decreases(the superposition efect of refected waves decreases),the 5G monitoring value follows the direct wave attenuation law and decreases rapidly with the increase of distance.Points with higher measured radiation in the simple access condition also had higher measured radiation in the high-speed download condition.With the popularization of 5G mobile phones and the increase of user density,the resource utilization of a single user will decline to the normal operation state,and the radiation environmental impact will be further reduced.展开更多
CHINA.5G Base Stations See Strong Growth.China witnessed substantial growth in the number of 5G base stations in 2025,according to data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.As of the end of October...CHINA.5G Base Stations See Strong Growth.China witnessed substantial growth in the number of 5G base stations in 2025,according to data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.As of the end of October 2025,the total number of 5G base stations in the country reached around 4.76 million,with a net increase of 507,000 from the end of last year,accounting for 37 percent of all mobile base stations.展开更多
This paper begins with an overview of base station antennas,focusing on their structure and basic technical parameters.It then investigates the technical characteristics of three types of antennas—panel,Luneburg lens...This paper begins with an overview of base station antennas,focusing on their structure and basic technical parameters.It then investigates the technical characteristics of three types of antennas—panel,Luneburg lens,and innovative integrated antennas—in the context of railway 5G-R base station specifications.The advantages and disadvantages of these antenna types are compared and analyzed,and recommendations for the selection of 5G-R base station antennas are provided.Based on the special application scenarios of railway 5G-R base stations,this paper proposes connection methods between antennas and RRUs,and conducts a comparative analysis of antenna interface types.Furthermore,recommendations are provided for configuring the antenna information management module to meet the intelligent operation and maintenance requirements of the 5G-R system.The findings can serve as a reference for the selection and operation of antennas at railway 5G-R base stations.展开更多
This paper studies the sensing base station(SBS)that has great potential to improve the safety of vehicles and pedestrians on roads.SBS can detect the targets on the road with communication signals using the integrate...This paper studies the sensing base station(SBS)that has great potential to improve the safety of vehicles and pedestrians on roads.SBS can detect the targets on the road with communication signals using the integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)technique.Compared with vehicle-mounted radar,SBS has a better sensing field due to its higher deployment position,which can help solve the problem of sensing blind areas.In this paper,key technologies of SBS are studied,including the beamforming algorithm,beam scanning scheme,and interference cancellation algorithm.To transmit and receive ISAC signals simultaneously,a double-coupling antenna array is applied.The free detection beam and directional communication beam are proposed for joint communication and sensing to meet the requirements of beamwidth and pointing directions.The joint timespace-frequency domain division multiple access algorithm is proposed to cancel the interference of SBS,including multiuser interference and duplex interference between sensing and communication.Finally,the sensing and communication performance of SBS under the industrial scientific medical power limitation is analyzed and simulated.Simulation results show that the communication rate of SBS can reach over 100 Mbps and the range of sensing and communication can reach about 500 m.展开更多
In the context of security systems,adequate signal coverage is paramount for the communication between security personnel and the accurate positioning of personnel.Most studies focus on optimizing base station deploym...In the context of security systems,adequate signal coverage is paramount for the communication between security personnel and the accurate positioning of personnel.Most studies focus on optimizing base station deployment under the assumption of static obstacles,aiming to maximize the perception coverage of wireless RF(Radio Frequency)signals and reduce positioning blind spots.However,in practical security systems,obstacles are subject to change,necessitating the consideration of base station deployment in dynamic environments.Nevertheless,research in this area still needs to be conducted.This paper proposes a Dynamic Indoor Environment Beacon Deployment Algorithm(DIE-BDA)to address this problem.This algorithm considers the dynamic alterations in obstacle locations within the designated area.It determines the requisite number of base stations,the requisite time,and the area’s practical and overall signal coverage rates.The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can calculate the deployment strategy in 0.12 s following a change in obstacle positions.Experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper requires 0.12 s to compute the deployment strategy after the positions of obstacles change.With 13 base stations,it achieves an effective coverage rate of 93.5%and an overall coverage rate of 97.75%.The algorithm can rapidly compute a revised deployment strategy in response to changes in obstacle positions within security systems,thereby ensuring the efficacy of signal coverage.展开更多
Objective The present study aimed to test whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields （RF-EMF） emitted by mobile phone base stations may have effects on salivary alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A （IgA）...Objective The present study aimed to test whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields （RF-EMF） emitted by mobile phone base stations may have effects on salivary alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A （IgA）, and cortisol levels. Methods Fifty seven participants were randomly allocated to one of three different experimental scenarios （22 participants to scenario 1, 26 to scenario 2, and 9 to scenario 3）. Each participant went through five 50-minute exposure sessions. The main RF-EMF source was a GSM-900-MHz antenna located at the outer wall of the building. In scenarios 1 and 2, the first, third, and fifth sessions were ＂low＂ （median power flux density 5.2 μW/m^2） exposure. The second session was ＂high＂ （2126.8 μW/m^2）, and the fourth session was ＂medium＂ （153.6 μW/m^2） in scenario 1, and vice versa in scenario 2. Scenario 3 had four ＂low＂ exposure conditions, followed by a ＂high＂ exposure condition. Biomedical parameters were collected by saliva samples three times a session. Exposure levels were created by shielding curtains. Results In scenario 3 from session 4 to session 5 （from ＂low＂ to ＂high＂ exposure）, an increase of cortisol was detected, while in scenarios 1 and 2, a higher concentration of alpha-amylase related to the baseline was identified as compared to that in scenario 3. IgA concentration was not significantly related to the exposure. Conclusions RF-EMF in considerably lower field densities than ICNIRP-gnidelines may influence certain psychobiological stress markers.展开更多
There are already several power models to estimate the power consumption of base stations at system level. However, there is so far no model that can predict power consumption of the future base station designs based ...There are already several power models to estimate the power consumption of base stations at system level. However, there is so far no model that can predict power consumption of the future base station designs based on algorithms and hardware selections with insufficient physical information. We present such an energy model for typical base stations. This model can help designers in estimating, evaluating and optimizing energy/power consumption of candidate designs in early design stages. The proposed model is verified by an LTE extreme scenario. The estimated results show that digital front-end, channel equalization and channel decoding are three major power greedy modules(consuming 39.4%, 16.3%, 13.4%) in a digital baseband subsystem. The power estimation error of the proposed power amplifier(PA) power model is 3.5%(macro cell). The major contribution of this paper is that the proposed models can rapidly estimate energy/power consumption of 4G and the future base stations(such as 5G) in early design stages with well acceptable precision, even without sufficient implementation information.展开更多
An approach of multiple-frequency millimeter-wave(mm-wave)signal generation is proposed for radio-over-fiber(RoF)system with multiple-frequency basestations(MFBSs).Two groups of orthogonally polarized signals are inje...An approach of multiple-frequency millimeter-wave(mm-wave)signal generation is proposed for radio-over-fiber(RoF)system with multiple-frequency basestations(MFBSs).Two groups of orthogonally polarized signals are injected into a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA),and subsequently ten new different wavelengths are generated via four-wave mix-ing(FWM)effect.At each MFBS,different wavelengths are filtered out using demultiplexer and then input to a photodiode(PD)to generate the mm-wave signals with the frequencies from 52 GHz to 68 GHz at the interval of 2 GHz.Simulation results verify that the proposed multiple-frequency generation for MFBS RoF system can work properly.展开更多
For the dense macro-femto coexistence networks scenario, a long-term-based handover（LTBH） algorithm is proposed. The handover decision algorithm is jointly determined by the angle of handover（AHO） and the time-tos...For the dense macro-femto coexistence networks scenario, a long-term-based handover（LTBH） algorithm is proposed. The handover decision algorithm is jointly determined by the angle of handover（AHO） and the time-tostay（TTS） to reduce the unnecessary handover numbers.First, the proposed AHO parameter is used to decrease the computation complexity in multiple candidate base stations（CBSs） scenario. Then, two types of TTS parameters are given for the fixed base stations and mobile base stations to make handover decisions among multiple CBSs. The simulation results show that the proposed LTBH algorithm can not only maintain the required transmission rate of users, but also effectively reduce the unnecessary numbers of handover in the dense macro-femto networks with the coexisting mobile BSs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62272418,62102058)Basic Public Welfare Research Program of Zhejiang Province(No.LGG18E050011)the Major Open Project of Key Laboratory for Advanced Design and Intelligent Computing of the Ministry of Education under Grant ADIC2023ZD001,National Undergraduate Training Program on Innovation and Entrepreneurship(No.202410345054).
文摘The wireless signals emitted by base stations serve as a vital link connecting people in today’s society and have been occupying an increasingly important role in real life.The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)relies on the support of base stations,which provide a solid foundation for achieving a more intelligent way of living.In a specific area,achieving higher signal coverage with fewer base stations has become an urgent problem.Therefore,this article focuses on the effective coverage area of base station signals and proposes a novel Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization(EPSO)algorithm based on collective prediction,referred to herein as ECPPSO.Introducing a new strategy called neighbor-based evolution prediction(NEP)addresses the issue of premature convergence often encountered by PSO.ECPPSO also employs a strengthening evolution(SE)strategy to enhance the algorithm’s global search capability and efficiency,ensuring enhanced robustness and a faster convergence speed when solving complex optimization problems.To better adapt to the actual communication needs of base stations,this article conducts simulation experiments by changing the number of base stations.The experimental results demonstrate thatunder the conditionof 50 ormore base stations,ECPPSOconsistently achieves the best coverage rate exceeding 95%,peaking at 99.4400%when the number of base stations reaches 80.These results validate the optimization capability of the ECPPSO algorithm,proving its feasibility and effectiveness.Further ablative experiments and comparisons with other algorithms highlight the advantages of ECPPSO.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271096,U20A20157)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0134)+3 种基金University Innovation Research Group of Chongqing(CXQT20017)Youth Innovation Group Support Program of ICE Discipline of CQUPT(SCIE-QN-2022-04)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202300632)the Chongqing Postdoctoral Special Funding Project(2022CQBSHTB2057).
文摘Aiming at the problem of mobile data traffic surge in 5G networks,this paper proposes an effective solution combining massive multiple-input multiple-output techniques with Ultra-Dense Network(UDN)and focuses on solving the resulting challenge of increased energy consumption.A base station control algorithm based on Multi-Agent Proximity Policy Optimization(MAPPO)is designed.In the constructed 5G UDN model,each base station is considered as an agent,and the MAPPO algorithm enables inter-base station collaboration and interference management to optimize the network performance.To reduce the extra power consumption due to frequent sleep mode switching of base stations,a sleep mode switching decision algorithm is proposed.The algorithm reduces unnecessary power consumption by evaluating the network state similarity and intelligently adjusting the agent’s action strategy.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the power consumption by 24.61% compared to the no-sleep strategy and further reduces the power consumption by 5.36% compared to the traditional MAPPO algorithm under the premise of guaranteeing the quality of service of users.
基金supported by the research funding KYQD(ZR)1974 from Hainan University.
文摘The currently available compilation techniques are for general computing and are not optimized for physical layer computing in 5G micro base stations.In such cases,the foreseeable data sizes and small code size are application specific opportunities for baseband algorithm optimizations.Therefore,the special attention can be paid,for example,the specific register allocation algorithm has not been studied so far.The compilation for kernel sub-routines of baseband in 5G micro base stations is our focusing point.For applications of known and fixed data size,we proposed a compilation scheme of parallel data accessing,while operands can be mainly allocated and stored in registers.Based on a small register group(48×32b),the target of our compilation scheme is the optimization of baseband algorithms based on 4×4 or smaller matrices,maximizing the utilization of register files,and eliminating the extra register data exchanging.Meanwhile,when data is allocated into register files,we used VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word)machine to hide the time of data accessing and minimize the cost of data accessing,thus the total execution time is minimum.Experiments indicate that for algorithms with small data size,the cost of data accessing and extra addressing can be minimized.
文摘Estimation of peak power density due to simultaneous exposure of non ionizing radiation for 2G and 3G base stations and the comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public,offers the opportunity to know the safety distance from these antennas,when they operate simultaneously with 2G 900,2G 1800 and 3G 2100MHz.In this paper,the authors present the results of estimates of peak power density of radiation from antennas by eliminating or not taking into consideration the waves reflected from various surfaces.This method is used to estimate the peak power density of non-ionizing radiation due to simultaneous exposure to 2G and 3G base station antennas,installed on the territory of Albania.The results obtained from estimations give us the possibility of determining the safety distance,from base stations that operate simultaneously with 2G 900,2G 1800 and 3G 2100MHz.Estimations are performed for all the Albanian territory,in order to create a clear idea of the safety distance in the vicinity of cellular base stations due to simultaneous exposure of 2G and 3G.
基金This work was supported by the Program for the National Science Foundation of China(61671096)the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Science and Frontier Technology(cstc2017jcyjBX0005)+1 种基金Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Support Program(CSTCCXLJRC201710)Venture and Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnee.
文摘A dense heterogeneous cellular network can effectively increase the system capacity and enhance the network coverage.It is a key technology for the new generation of the mobile communication system.The dense deployment of small base stations not only improves the quality of network service,but also brings about a significant increase in network energy consumption.This paper mainly studies the energy efficiency optimization of the Macro-Femto heterogeneous cellular network.Considering the dynamic random changes of the access users in the network,the sleep process of the Femto Base Stations(FBSs)is modeled as a Semi-Markov Decision Process(SMDP)model in order to save the network energy consumption.And further,this paper gives the dynamic sleep algorithm of the FBS based on the value iteration.The simulation results show that the proposed SMDP-based adaptive sleep strategy of the FBS can effectively reduce the network energy consumption.
文摘This paper describes the advances and features of future cellular base stations.Software defined radio(SDR)evolves to cognitive radio(CR),which is smart and has wideband,and multiband radio(MBR)with reconfigurable wideband can be regarded as the basis of CR and an advanced level of SDR.Based on the SDR platform,several radio frequency(RF)solutions for implementing MBR systems are proposed,and some challenges to MBR implementation are discussed.
基金supported in part by the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61961014)supported by the Hainan University project funding KYQD(ZR)1974。
文摘This paper proposes a flexible eight-mode high parallel Galois SIMD ASIP(Application Specific Instruction Set Processor).It supports parallel executions of Gold,Scrambling,CRC,CC,Turbo,RM,PSS,SSS encoding LFSR(linear feedback shift registers)algorithms with high performance and flexibility.It can perform also general bit processing and m-sequence.Our design is based on proposed table conversion and a datapath for unified eight-mode encoding.Based on 28 nm digital CMOS technology,the total area is 0.177 mm2 and the clock frequency can be up to 1 GHz.The throughputs of Gold,Scrambling,CRC32,CRC24,CRC16,CRC8,CC,Turbo are 64 Gb/s,64 Gb/s,128 Gb/s,168 Gb/s,256 Gb/s,512 Gb/s,3×80 Gb/s,and 72 Gb/s,respectively.
文摘A multistandard software-defined radio base station must perform non-uniform channelization of multiplexed frequency bands. Non-uniform channelization accounts for a significant portion of the digital signal processing workload in the base station receiver and can be difficult to realize in a physical implementation. In non-uniform channelization methods based on generalized DFT filter banks, large prototype filter orders are a significant issue for implementation. In this paper, a multistage filter design is applied to two different non-uniform generalized DFT-based channelizers in order to reduce their filter orders. To evaluate the approach, a TETRA and TEDS base station is used. Experimental results show that the new multistage design reduces both the number of coefficients and operations and leads to a more feasible design and practical physical implementation.
文摘Estimation of peak power density in the vicinity of cellular base stations and comparison of theoretical values with exposure limits for public,offers the possibility of knowing the safety distance from those antennas.In this paper,we present results of estimations for the peak power density radiated from antennas,by eliminating or not considering reflected waves from different surfaces.This method is used to estimate the peak power density of non ionizing radiation of cellular antennas,installed in 12 regions of Albanian territory by a cellular operator.We have estimated the safety distances from all types of installed antennas,in order to have a clear idea for the safety distances from cellular base station at 900 MHz.
文摘A dual-polarized multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)antenna is proposed for 5G base stations.Each antenna element consists of two orthogonally placed fan-shaped dipole elements and45°dual-polarized feed-ing structures are used to achieve broadband operation.The resonant frequency of the array element is from 3.3 to 4.2 GHz,which covers the mainstream spectrum allocations of 5G mobile networks.H-shaped coupling elements are used to improve the isolation between the neighboring antenna elements and the mutual coupling is reduced by over 4 dB.The envelope correlation of a 2×2 array is provided for verification.
基金supported by the Ecological Environment Research Project of Jiangsu Province:5G Base station radiation environment monitoring technology and environmental impact research(No.2020014).
文摘Knowledge of the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of 5G base stations under diferent circumstances is useful for risk prevention,assessment,and management.This paper selects several typical scenes(Open spaces,building concentration areas,user and building intensive areas)for electromagnetic radiation monitoring,and analyzes the relationship between ambient radiated power density and base station background.The results show that the factors that have signifcant impacts on the environmental radiation power density of 5G base stations including transmission distance,base station distribution,user density,building refection superposition and so on.The radiation energy decays rapidly with distance.When the density of the building distribution is too large,the superposition efect caused by the refected wave is concentrated at the distance of 50-70 meters.When the user density decreases(the superposition efect of refected waves decreases),the 5G monitoring value follows the direct wave attenuation law and decreases rapidly with the increase of distance.Points with higher measured radiation in the simple access condition also had higher measured radiation in the high-speed download condition.With the popularization of 5G mobile phones and the increase of user density,the resource utilization of a single user will decline to the normal operation state,and the radiation environmental impact will be further reduced.
文摘CHINA.5G Base Stations See Strong Growth.China witnessed substantial growth in the number of 5G base stations in 2025,according to data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.As of the end of October 2025,the total number of 5G base stations in the country reached around 4.76 million,with a net increase of 507,000 from the end of last year,accounting for 37 percent of all mobile base stations.
文摘This paper begins with an overview of base station antennas,focusing on their structure and basic technical parameters.It then investigates the technical characteristics of three types of antennas—panel,Luneburg lens,and innovative integrated antennas—in the context of railway 5G-R base station specifications.The advantages and disadvantages of these antenna types are compared and analyzed,and recommendations for the selection of 5G-R base station antennas are provided.Based on the special application scenarios of railway 5G-R base stations,this paper proposes connection methods between antennas and RRUs,and conducts a comparative analysis of antenna interface types.Furthermore,recommendations are provided for configuring the antenna information management module to meet the intelligent operation and maintenance requirements of the 5G-R system.The findings can serve as a reference for the selection and operation of antennas at railway 5G-R base stations.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U21B2014,Grant 92267202,and Grant 62271081.
文摘This paper studies the sensing base station(SBS)that has great potential to improve the safety of vehicles and pedestrians on roads.SBS can detect the targets on the road with communication signals using the integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)technique.Compared with vehicle-mounted radar,SBS has a better sensing field due to its higher deployment position,which can help solve the problem of sensing blind areas.In this paper,key technologies of SBS are studied,including the beamforming algorithm,beam scanning scheme,and interference cancellation algorithm.To transmit and receive ISAC signals simultaneously,a double-coupling antenna array is applied.The free detection beam and directional communication beam are proposed for joint communication and sensing to meet the requirements of beamwidth and pointing directions.The joint timespace-frequency domain division multiple access algorithm is proposed to cancel the interference of SBS,including multiuser interference and duplex interference between sensing and communication.Finally,the sensing and communication performance of SBS under the industrial scientific medical power limitation is analyzed and simulated.Simulation results show that the communication rate of SBS can reach over 100 Mbps and the range of sensing and communication can reach about 500 m.
文摘In the context of security systems,adequate signal coverage is paramount for the communication between security personnel and the accurate positioning of personnel.Most studies focus on optimizing base station deployment under the assumption of static obstacles,aiming to maximize the perception coverage of wireless RF(Radio Frequency)signals and reduce positioning blind spots.However,in practical security systems,obstacles are subject to change,necessitating the consideration of base station deployment in dynamic environments.Nevertheless,research in this area still needs to be conducted.This paper proposes a Dynamic Indoor Environment Beacon Deployment Algorithm(DIE-BDA)to address this problem.This algorithm considers the dynamic alterations in obstacle locations within the designated area.It determines the requisite number of base stations,the requisite time,and the area’s practical and overall signal coverage rates.The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can calculate the deployment strategy in 0.12 s following a change in obstacle positions.Experimental results show that the algorithm in this paper requires 0.12 s to compute the deployment strategy after the positions of obstacles change.With 13 base stations,it achieves an effective coverage rate of 93.5%and an overall coverage rate of 97.75%.The algorithm can rapidly compute a revised deployment strategy in response to changes in obstacle positions within security systems,thereby ensuring the efficacy of signal coverage.
基金funded by the Land Salzburg Federal Government,Science Department,and Mr.Daniell Porsche,Chairman of the Paracelsus-School at St.Jakob am Thurn,Salzburg,Austria.
文摘Objective The present study aimed to test whether exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields （RF-EMF） emitted by mobile phone base stations may have effects on salivary alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A （IgA）, and cortisol levels. Methods Fifty seven participants were randomly allocated to one of three different experimental scenarios （22 participants to scenario 1, 26 to scenario 2, and 9 to scenario 3）. Each participant went through five 50-minute exposure sessions. The main RF-EMF source was a GSM-900-MHz antenna located at the outer wall of the building. In scenarios 1 and 2, the first, third, and fifth sessions were ＂low＂ （median power flux density 5.2 μW/m^2） exposure. The second session was ＂high＂ （2126.8 μW/m^2）, and the fourth session was ＂medium＂ （153.6 μW/m^2） in scenario 1, and vice versa in scenario 2. Scenario 3 had four ＂low＂ exposure conditions, followed by a ＂high＂ exposure condition. Biomedical parameters were collected by saliva samples three times a session. Exposure levels were created by shielding curtains. Results In scenario 3 from session 4 to session 5 （from ＂low＂ to ＂high＂ exposure）, an increase of cortisol was detected, while in scenarios 1 and 2, a higher concentration of alpha-amylase related to the baseline was identified as compared to that in scenario 3. IgA concentration was not significantly related to the exposure. Conclusions RF-EMF in considerably lower field densities than ICNIRP-gnidelines may influence certain psychobiological stress markers.
基金supporting from National High Technical Research and Development Program of China (863 program) 2014AA01A705
文摘There are already several power models to estimate the power consumption of base stations at system level. However, there is so far no model that can predict power consumption of the future base station designs based on algorithms and hardware selections with insufficient physical information. We present such an energy model for typical base stations. This model can help designers in estimating, evaluating and optimizing energy/power consumption of candidate designs in early design stages. The proposed model is verified by an LTE extreme scenario. The estimated results show that digital front-end, channel equalization and channel decoding are three major power greedy modules(consuming 39.4%, 16.3%, 13.4%) in a digital baseband subsystem. The power estimation error of the proposed power amplifier(PA) power model is 3.5%(macro cell). The major contribution of this paper is that the proposed models can rapidly estimate energy/power consumption of 4G and the future base stations(such as 5G) in early design stages with well acceptable precision, even without sufficient implementation information.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61171045)the Key Youth Science and Technology Project of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(No.JX0801)
文摘An approach of multiple-frequency millimeter-wave(mm-wave)signal generation is proposed for radio-over-fiber(RoF)system with multiple-frequency basestations(MFBSs).Two groups of orthogonally polarized signals are injected into a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA),and subsequently ten new different wavelengths are generated via four-wave mix-ing(FWM)effect.At each MFBS,different wavelengths are filtered out using demultiplexer and then input to a photodiode(PD)to generate the mm-wave signals with the frequencies from 52 GHz to 68 GHz at the interval of 2 GHz.Simulation results verify that the proposed multiple-frequency generation for MFBS RoF system can work properly.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61471164)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Scientific Innovation Research of College Graduates in Jiangsu Province(No.KYLX-0133)
文摘For the dense macro-femto coexistence networks scenario, a long-term-based handover（LTBH） algorithm is proposed. The handover decision algorithm is jointly determined by the angle of handover（AHO） and the time-tostay（TTS） to reduce the unnecessary handover numbers.First, the proposed AHO parameter is used to decrease the computation complexity in multiple candidate base stations（CBSs） scenario. Then, two types of TTS parameters are given for the fixed base stations and mobile base stations to make handover decisions among multiple CBSs. The simulation results show that the proposed LTBH algorithm can not only maintain the required transmission rate of users, but also effectively reduce the unnecessary numbers of handover in the dense macro-femto networks with the coexisting mobile BSs.
