Eleven barnyardgrass populations were assayed. The highest resistant population was Geqiushan R with RI 125.45 resulted from the seed assay and 87.29 resulted from the whole plant bioassay followed by 853 R with RI 2....Eleven barnyardgrass populations were assayed. The highest resistant population was Geqiushan R with RI 125.45 resulted from the seed assay and 87.29 resulted from the whole plant bioassay followed by 853 R with RI 2.79 resulted from the seed assay and 6.04 resulted from the whole plant bioassay. The resistance level of other nine populations was low with RI 1.13-2.61 resulted from the seed assay and 1.48-3.63 resulted from the whole plant bioassay. The activity of an important metabolic enzyme glutathione S-transferases （GSTs） and three protective enzymes （SOD, POD, and CAT） were determined in vivo for Geqiushan R, 853 R, and Wudalianchi R. Compared with the S controls, the activities of POD in Geqiushan R, GSTs in 853 R, and Wudalianchi R were increased.展开更多
Barnyard millet(Echinochloa spp.) is one of the most underresearched crops with respect to characterization of genetic resources and genetic enhancement. A total of 95 germplasm lines representing global collection we...Barnyard millet(Echinochloa spp.) is one of the most underresearched crops with respect to characterization of genetic resources and genetic enhancement. A total of 95 germplasm lines representing global collection were evaluated in two rainy seasons at Almora,Uttarakhand, India for qualitative and quantitative traits and the data were subjected to multivariate analysis. High variation was observed for days to maturity, five-ear grain weight, and yield components. The first three principal component axes explained 73% of the total multivariate variation. Three major groups were detected by projection of the accessions on the first two principal components. The separation of accessions was based mainly on trait morphology. Almost all Indian and origin-unknown accessions grouped together to form an Echinochloa frumentacea group. Japanese accessions grouped together except for a few outliers to form an Echinochloa esculenta group. The third group contained accessions from Russia, Japan, Cameroon, and Egypt. They formed a separate group on the scatterplot and represented accessions with lower values for all traits except basal tiller number. The interrelationships between the traits indicated that accessions with tall plants, long and broad leaves, longer inflorescences, and greater numbers of racemes should be given priority as donors or parents in varietal development initiatives. Cluster analysis identified two main clusters based on agro-morphological characters.展开更多
[ Objective] The paper was to study the resistance of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province of China. [ Method ] Using whole-plant determination method, the resistance of 36 biotyp...[ Objective] The paper was to study the resistance of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province of China. [ Method ] Using whole-plant determination method, the resistance of 36 biotypes of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province was studied. [ Result ] The biotype collected from Lijiaping Town of Shaoyang County was the most susceptible barnyard grass to quinclerac, and the EC50 value was 70. 253 1 g a. i./hm2 , so it was recognized as the sensitive biotype. The biotypes collected from Caowei Town of Yuanjiang County （ HN3 and HN4 from direct seeding rice fields） and Zhongyukou Town of Nanxian County presented very high resistance to quinclorac ; the ECho values were 1 999. 122 5, 1 664.544 6 and 1 022.739 5 g a. i./hm2, and their resistance indexes reached 28.46, 23.69 and 14.56, respectively, indicating that these throe biotypes hod high level of resistance to quinclo- rac. EC50 values of about 22 biotypes were ranged from 144. 837 3 to 408.289 4 g a. i./hm2, and resistance indexes were ranged from 2.06 to 5.81, indicating that these biotypes hod produced resistance to quinclorac. EC50 values of other 10 biotypes were ranged from 98.032 6 to 138. 660 9 g a. i./hm2, and the resistance in- dexes were ranged from 1.40 to 1.97, indicating that the sensitivity of barnyard grass in these places was decreasing. [ Conclusion] The paper provided guidance for scientific and rational use of quinclorac in paddy fields.展开更多
In order to explore the control effects of 10% metamifop EC and 20%cyhalofop-butyl OD on barnyard grass(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) as well as their safety to rice in rice direct-seeding paddy field, field effic...In order to explore the control effects of 10% metamifop EC and 20%cyhalofop-butyl OD on barnyard grass(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) as well as their safety to rice in rice direct-seeding paddy field, field efficacy experiments were carried out in Taoyuan County and Hanshou County of Hunan Province. The results showed that the control effect of different pesticide treatments on barnyard grass was good, and the control effect reached more than 93%. Of which, 10% metamifop EC 2 250 mL/hm^(2)+20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 500 mL/hm^(2)had the best control effect,exceeding 99% and each treatment had no significantly ponisonous to rice. However,considering cost-saving and effect-increasing, it was recommended to use 10%metamifop EC 1 050 mL/hm^(2)mixed with 20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 050 mL/hm^(2)for the control of barnyard grass, which not only had the effect of controlling barnyard grass, but also was safety to rice.展开更多
Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of 12 rice cultivars on barnyard grass. Polyethylene glycol （PEG） was used to determine the influence of osmotic potential on the...Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of 12 rice cultivars on barnyard grass. Polyethylene glycol （PEG） was used to determine the influence of osmotic potential on the bioassay materials. Effect of different concentrations of stem, root, and leaf extracts of rice cultivars on seed germination, radicle and primary shoot length of barnyard grass seedlings, and rate of respiration of root pieces were investigated in the laboratory experiments. Shoot height and dry weight of weed stands were studied in the greenhouse, Also total peroxidase activity, chlorophyll pigment and mitotic index were determined. Results indicated that, among rice cultivars, Mehr, Tarom-mahali, G3, Nemat, and Shahpasand caused the most inhibition effects on investigated factors. Amol-3 showed the least negative effects on growth of seedlings and stands of barnyard grass. In laboratory, the Mehr cultivar demonstrated the maximum inhibitory effects by reducing barnyard grass seed germination percentage （88%）, radicle length （100%）, primary shoot length （83%）, and root respiration （85%） Cell division, expressed as mitotic index, was significantly reduced in the presence of rice aqueous extracts. Mehr cultivar had higher inhibitory effect on mitosis compared to Amol-3. In greenhouse, the same cultivar showed the maximum inhibitory effect by reducing barnyard grass height （45%） and dry weight （64%）. With increase in extract concentration, the inhibitory effect increased. Leaf extract from rice plants was more effective compared with the root and stem extracts. Comparison of rice cultivars and PEG indicated that any reduction in germination and growth of barnyard grass using rice extract concentrations of 5% and 10% must have been the result of allelochemicals in the extracts. Lower extract concentrations showed a more pronounced inhibitory effect in the laboratory as compared to the greenhouse studies. These results suggest that rice leaf extracts may be a source of natural herbicide.展开更多
Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic c...Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.展开更多
Pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass were tested by universal testing machine controlled by WDW-5 type microcomputer to obtain the pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass.The measured pullout ...Pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass were tested by universal testing machine controlled by WDW-5 type microcomputer to obtain the pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass.The measured pullout force was used to improve the weeding rate and reduce the rice seedling damage rate caused by mechanical weeding device.According to the measured continuous curve of pullout forces of rice seeding and barnyard grasses in weeding period,the best range of force required to pull out barnyard grasses from soil with no injury and damage to rice seedlings was discussed.Reasons for the difference in the pulling force were analyzed.Results show that,with the increment of the number of single cell rice seedlings the pullout force increases.The pullout forces of single cell rice seedlings and barnyard grasses at first increased slowly reaching the maximum value followed by rapid drop and finally it remained steady.The minimum pullout forces recorded during rice seedlings at the first and the second weeding periods were 2.57 N and 9.70 N,respectively,while the minimum forces during the first and second weeding periods were recorded as 1.24 N and 7.51 N,respectively,for barnyard grasses.The results show that the pullout forces of weeding to rice seedlings and barnyard grasses should be within 1.24 N to 2.57 N and 7.51 N to 9.70 N respectively in the first and second weeding periods.展开更多
基金supported by the Ph D Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(20093702110003)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAD08A09)
文摘Eleven barnyardgrass populations were assayed. The highest resistant population was Geqiushan R with RI 125.45 resulted from the seed assay and 87.29 resulted from the whole plant bioassay followed by 853 R with RI 2.79 resulted from the seed assay and 6.04 resulted from the whole plant bioassay. The resistance level of other nine populations was low with RI 1.13-2.61 resulted from the seed assay and 1.48-3.63 resulted from the whole plant bioassay. The activity of an important metabolic enzyme glutathione S-transferases （GSTs） and three protective enzymes （SOD, POD, and CAT） were determined in vivo for Geqiushan R, 853 R, and Wudalianchi R. Compared with the S controls, the activities of POD in Geqiushan R, GSTs in 853 R, and Wudalianchi R were increased.
文摘Barnyard millet(Echinochloa spp.) is one of the most underresearched crops with respect to characterization of genetic resources and genetic enhancement. A total of 95 germplasm lines representing global collection were evaluated in two rainy seasons at Almora,Uttarakhand, India for qualitative and quantitative traits and the data were subjected to multivariate analysis. High variation was observed for days to maturity, five-ear grain weight, and yield components. The first three principal component axes explained 73% of the total multivariate variation. Three major groups were detected by projection of the accessions on the first two principal components. The separation of accessions was based mainly on trait morphology. Almost all Indian and origin-unknown accessions grouped together to form an Echinochloa frumentacea group. Japanese accessions grouped together except for a few outliers to form an Echinochloa esculenta group. The third group contained accessions from Russia, Japan, Cameroon, and Egypt. They formed a separate group on the scatterplot and represented accessions with lower values for all traits except basal tiller number. The interrelationships between the traits indicated that accessions with tall plants, long and broad leaves, longer inflorescences, and greater numbers of racemes should be given priority as donors or parents in varietal development initiatives. Cluster analysis identified two main clusters based on agro-morphological characters.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31201530)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201303031)
文摘[ Objective] The paper was to study the resistance of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province of China. [ Method ] Using whole-plant determination method, the resistance of 36 biotypes of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province was studied. [ Result ] The biotype collected from Lijiaping Town of Shaoyang County was the most susceptible barnyard grass to quinclerac, and the EC50 value was 70. 253 1 g a. i./hm2 , so it was recognized as the sensitive biotype. The biotypes collected from Caowei Town of Yuanjiang County （ HN3 and HN4 from direct seeding rice fields） and Zhongyukou Town of Nanxian County presented very high resistance to quinclorac ; the ECho values were 1 999. 122 5, 1 664.544 6 and 1 022.739 5 g a. i./hm2, and their resistance indexes reached 28.46, 23.69 and 14.56, respectively, indicating that these throe biotypes hod high level of resistance to quinclo- rac. EC50 values of about 22 biotypes were ranged from 144. 837 3 to 408.289 4 g a. i./hm2, and resistance indexes were ranged from 2.06 to 5.81, indicating that these biotypes hod produced resistance to quinclorac. EC50 values of other 10 biotypes were ranged from 98.032 6 to 138. 660 9 g a. i./hm2, and the resistance in- dexes were ranged from 1.40 to 1.97, indicating that the sensitivity of barnyard grass in these places was decreasing. [ Conclusion] The paper provided guidance for scientific and rational use of quinclorac in paddy fields.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province (2019NK4170)Project of Hunan Provincial Education Department (19K049, 20C1031)Youth Fund Project of Hunan University of Humanities,Science and Technology (2020QN02)。
文摘In order to explore the control effects of 10% metamifop EC and 20%cyhalofop-butyl OD on barnyard grass(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) as well as their safety to rice in rice direct-seeding paddy field, field efficacy experiments were carried out in Taoyuan County and Hanshou County of Hunan Province. The results showed that the control effect of different pesticide treatments on barnyard grass was good, and the control effect reached more than 93%. Of which, 10% metamifop EC 2 250 mL/hm^(2)+20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 500 mL/hm^(2)had the best control effect,exceeding 99% and each treatment had no significantly ponisonous to rice. However,considering cost-saving and effect-increasing, it was recommended to use 10%metamifop EC 1 050 mL/hm^(2)mixed with 20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 050 mL/hm^(2)for the control of barnyard grass, which not only had the effect of controlling barnyard grass, but also was safety to rice.
文摘Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of 12 rice cultivars on barnyard grass. Polyethylene glycol （PEG） was used to determine the influence of osmotic potential on the bioassay materials. Effect of different concentrations of stem, root, and leaf extracts of rice cultivars on seed germination, radicle and primary shoot length of barnyard grass seedlings, and rate of respiration of root pieces were investigated in the laboratory experiments. Shoot height and dry weight of weed stands were studied in the greenhouse, Also total peroxidase activity, chlorophyll pigment and mitotic index were determined. Results indicated that, among rice cultivars, Mehr, Tarom-mahali, G3, Nemat, and Shahpasand caused the most inhibition effects on investigated factors. Amol-3 showed the least negative effects on growth of seedlings and stands of barnyard grass. In laboratory, the Mehr cultivar demonstrated the maximum inhibitory effects by reducing barnyard grass seed germination percentage （88%）, radicle length （100%）, primary shoot length （83%）, and root respiration （85%） Cell division, expressed as mitotic index, was significantly reduced in the presence of rice aqueous extracts. Mehr cultivar had higher inhibitory effect on mitosis compared to Amol-3. In greenhouse, the same cultivar showed the maximum inhibitory effect by reducing barnyard grass height （45%） and dry weight （64%）. With increase in extract concentration, the inhibitory effect increased. Leaf extract from rice plants was more effective compared with the root and stem extracts. Comparison of rice cultivars and PEG indicated that any reduction in germination and growth of barnyard grass using rice extract concentrations of 5% and 10% must have been the result of allelochemicals in the extracts. Lower extract concentrations showed a more pronounced inhibitory effect in the laboratory as compared to the greenhouse studies. These results suggest that rice leaf extracts may be a source of natural herbicide.
文摘Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.
基金the financial support provided by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20102325110002,20112325110006)National Key Technology Support Program(2014BAD06B00)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund(LBH-Z13030).
文摘Pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass were tested by universal testing machine controlled by WDW-5 type microcomputer to obtain the pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass.The measured pullout force was used to improve the weeding rate and reduce the rice seedling damage rate caused by mechanical weeding device.According to the measured continuous curve of pullout forces of rice seeding and barnyard grasses in weeding period,the best range of force required to pull out barnyard grasses from soil with no injury and damage to rice seedlings was discussed.Reasons for the difference in the pulling force were analyzed.Results show that,with the increment of the number of single cell rice seedlings the pullout force increases.The pullout forces of single cell rice seedlings and barnyard grasses at first increased slowly reaching the maximum value followed by rapid drop and finally it remained steady.The minimum pullout forces recorded during rice seedlings at the first and the second weeding periods were 2.57 N and 9.70 N,respectively,while the minimum forces during the first and second weeding periods were recorded as 1.24 N and 7.51 N,respectively,for barnyard grasses.The results show that the pullout forces of weeding to rice seedlings and barnyard grasses should be within 1.24 N to 2.57 N and 7.51 N to 9.70 N respectively in the first and second weeding periods.
