The rapid growth in available network bandwidth has directly contributed to an exponential increase in mobile data traffic,creating significant challenges for network energy consumption.Also,with the extraordinary gro...The rapid growth in available network bandwidth has directly contributed to an exponential increase in mobile data traffic,creating significant challenges for network energy consumption.Also,with the extraordinary growth of mobile communications,the data traffic has dramatically expanded,which has led to massive grid power consumption and incurred high operating expenditure(OPEX).However,the majority of current network designs struggle to efficientlymanage a massive amount of data using little power,which degrades energy efficiency performance.Thereby,it is necessary to have an efficient mechanism to reduce power consumption when processing large amounts of data in network data centers.Utilizing renewable energy sources to power the Cloud Radio Access Network(C-RAN)greatly reduces the need to purchase energy from the utility grid.In this paper,we propose a bandwidth-aware hybrid energypowered C-RAN that focuses on throughput and energy efficiency(EE)by lowering grid usage,aiming to enhance the EE.This paper examines the energy efficiency,spectral efficiency(SE),and average on-grid energy consumption,dealing with the major challenges of the temporal and spatial nature of traffic and renewable energy generation across various network setups.To assess the effectiveness of the suggested network by changing the transmission bandwidth,a comprehensive simulation has been conducted.The numerical findings support the efficacy of the suggested approach.展开更多
Time Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Networks(TDM-PONs)play a vital role in Fiberto-the-Home(FTTH)deployments.To improve the service quality of home networks,FTTH is expanding to the Fiber-to-the-Room(FTTR)scena...Time Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Networks(TDM-PONs)play a vital role in Fiberto-the-Home(FTTH)deployments.To improve the service quality of home networks,FTTH is expanding to the Fiber-to-the-Room(FTTR)scenario,where fibers are deployed to connect individual rooms(i.e.,Fiber In-premises Network(FIN)in the ITU-T G.9940 standard).In this scenario,a point-to-multipoint(P2MP)fiber network is deployed as FTTR FIN to offer gigabit access to each room,which forms a two-tier cascaded network together with the FTTH segment.To optimize the capacity utilization of the cascaded network and reduce the overall system cost,a centralized architecture,known as Centralized Fixed Access Network(C-FAN),has been introduced.C-FAN centralizes the medium access control(MAC)modules of both the FTTH and FTTR networks at the FTTH’s Optical Line Terminal(OLT)for unified control and management of the cascaded network.We develop a unified bandwidth scheduling protocol by extending the ITU-T PON standard for both the upstream and downstream directions of C-FAN.We also propose a unified dynamic bandwidth allocation(UDBA)algorithm for efficient bandwidth allocation for multiple traffic flows in the two-tier cascaded network.Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed control protocol and the UDBA algorithm.The results show that,in comparison to the conventional DBA algorithm,the UDBA algorithm can utilize upstream bandwidth more efficiently to reduce packet delay and loss,without adversely impacting downstream transmission performance.展开更多
Following publication of the original article[1],the authors found that they pasted the same data when drawing XRD for sample NCO-1 and NCO-2 in Fig.2a,however,the XRD of all four samples in the manuscript was tested,...Following publication of the original article[1],the authors found that they pasted the same data when drawing XRD for sample NCO-1 and NCO-2 in Fig.2a,however,the XRD of all four samples in the manuscript was tested,and XRD raw data were kept and can be offered.The correct Fig.2 has been provided in this Correction.展开更多
In recent years,two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides-based multicomponent com-posites(MCCs)acting as electromagnetic wave(EMW)materials have received intensive investiga-tions.However,the vulcanica...In recent years,two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides-based multicomponent com-posites(MCCs)acting as electromagnetic wave(EMW)materials have received intensive investiga-tions.However,the vulcanication of metal greatly hindered their enhancement of EMW absorption per-formances(EMWAPs).Herein,a combined metal-organic frameworks-derived and hydrothermal strat-egy was presented to produce yolk-shell structure(YSS)CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs.The results showed that the thermal and hydrothermal treatments resulted in the generation of YSS and two-dimensional MoS_(2) nanosheets,which maintained the original morphology of CoNi Prussian blue analogues.The pro-tection of thick C layer well inhibited the vulcanization of inner CoNi alloy.The formed sheet-like MoS_(2) further optimized impedance matching characteristics,which led to the satisfactory EMWAPs of CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs.Furthermore,the EMWAPs could be further improved by optimizing the Ni:Co atom ratios CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs,which stemmed from their boosted impedance matching perfor-mances,EMW attention and polarization loss abilities.The absorption bandwidth and reflection loss val-ues for YSS CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs are 8 GHz and−60.83 dB,which covered almost all C-Ku bands.In general,our research work provided a valid strategy to produce YSS magnetic CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs with high efficiency,which well avoided the vulcanization of metal nanoparticles,made best of hollow engineering and atomic ratio optimization strategy to boost the comprehensive EMWAPs.展开更多
Ultra-narrow bandwidth mode-locked lasers with tunable pulse duration can be versatile light sources for diverse applications.However,the spectral-temporal control of a narrow bandwidth mode-locked laser is challengin...Ultra-narrow bandwidth mode-locked lasers with tunable pulse duration can be versatile light sources for diverse applications.However,the spectral-temporal control of a narrow bandwidth mode-locked laser is challenging due to limited gain and nonlinearity,hindering practical applications of such lasers.We demonstrate a pulse duration widely tunable mode-locked ultra-narrow bandwidth laser using a composite filtering mechanism and a single-wall carbon nanotube.The laser pulse duration can be adjusted from 481 ps to 1.38 ns,which is the widest tuning range achieved in narrow-bandwidth passively mode-locked lasers.When the pulse duration is 1.38 ns,the corresponding spectral width reaches 4 pm(502 MHz).Numerical simulations support the experimental results and show that the evolution of long pulses in the laser cavity behaves similarly to a quasi-continuous wave with a low breathing ratio.We have not only designed a simple and flexible tunable scheme for the dilemma of spectral-temporal control in narrow-bandwidth mode-locked fiber lasers but also provided a unique and idealized light source for various applications that takes into account robust output.展开更多
Terahertz(THz)switches are essential components of THz communication systems.THz switches based on conventional waveguides and photonic crystal structures are sensitive to manufacturing defects and sharp bending,resul...Terahertz(THz)switches are essential components of THz communication systems.THz switches based on conventional waveguides and photonic crystal structures are sensitive to manufacturing defects and sharp bending,resulting in high scattering losses.In addition,THz switches with tunable working bandwidths have not yet been demonstrated.Here,we design THz switches based on a topological valley photonic crystal(VPC)structure using magnetic materials,which can achieve high forward transmittance based on the unique spin–valley locking effect.The broad working bandwidth allows selective turning on and off at a designed wavelength region by controlling the applied magnetic field.The designed THz switch can achieve an extinction ratio of up to 31.66 dB with an insertion loss of less than 0.13 dB.The 3-dB bandwidth is up to 49 GHz.This tunable THz switch can be experimentally fabricated by current fabrication techniques and thus can find broad applications in THz communication systems.展开更多
Maximize the resource utilization efficiency and guarantee the quality of service(QoS)of users by selecting the network are the key issues for heterogeneous network operators,but the resources occupied by users in dif...Maximize the resource utilization efficiency and guarantee the quality of service(QoS)of users by selecting the network are the key issues for heterogeneous network operators,but the resources occupied by users in different networks cannot be compared directly.This paper proposes a network selection algorithm for heterogeneous network.Firstly,the concept of equivalent bandwidth is proposed,through which the actual resources occupied by users with certain QoS requirements in different networks can be compared directly.Then the concept of network applicability is defined to express the abilities of networks to support different services.The proposed network selection algorithm first evaluates whether the network has enough equivalent bandwidth required by the user and then prioritizes network with poor applicability to avoid the situation that there are still residual resources in entire network,but advanced services can not be admitted.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm obtained better performance than the baselines in terms of reducing call blocking probability and improving network resource utilization efficiency.展开更多
With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence algorithms and neural networks,online learning and adaptive methods for updating the bandwidth have become increasingly prevalent.However,the conditions required to...With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence algorithms and neural networks,online learning and adaptive methods for updating the bandwidth have become increasingly prevalent.However,the conditions required to ensure closed-loop stability when employing a time-varying bandwidth,as well as the supporting mathematical foundations,remain insufficiently studied.This paper investigates the stability condition for active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)with a time-varying bandwidth extended state observer(ESO).A new stability condition is derived,which means that the upper bound of rate of change for ESO bandwidth should be restricted.Moreover,under the proposed condition,the closed-loop stability of ADRC with a time-varying bandwidth observer is rigorously proved for nonlinear uncertainties.In simulations,the necessity of the proposed condition is illustrated,demonstrating that the rate of change of ESO bandwidth is crucial for closed-loop stability.展开更多
The explosive growth of data traffic and heterogeneous service requirements of 5G networks—covering Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB),Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC),and Massive Machine Type Communicati...The explosive growth of data traffic and heterogeneous service requirements of 5G networks—covering Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB),Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC),and Massive Machine Type Communication(mMTC)—present tremendous challenges to conventional methods of bandwidth allocation.A new deep reinforcement learning-based(DRL-based)bandwidth allocation system for real-time,dynamic management of 5G radio access networks is proposed in this paper.Unlike rule-based and static strategies,the proposed system dynamically updates itself according to shifting network conditions such as traffic load and channel conditions to maximize the achievable throughput,fairness,and compliance with QoS requirements.By using extensive simulations mimicking real-world 5G scenarios,the proposed DRL model outperforms current baselines like Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),linear regression,round-robin,and greedy algorithms.It attains 90%–95%of the maximum theoretical achievable throughput and nearly twice the conventional equal allocation.It is also shown to react well under delay and reliability constraints,outperforming round-robin(hindered by excessive delay and packet loss)and proving to be more efficient than greedy approaches.In conclusion,the efficiency of DRL in optimizing the allocation of bandwidth is highlighted,and its potential to realize self-optimizing,Artificial Intelligence-assisted(AI-assisted)resource management in 5G as well as upcoming 6G networks is revealed.展开更多
To meet the bandwidth requirement for the multicasting data flow in ad hoc networks, a distributed on- demand bandwidth-constrained multicast routing （BCMR） protocol for wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. With th...To meet the bandwidth requirement for the multicasting data flow in ad hoc networks, a distributed on- demand bandwidth-constrained multicast routing （BCMR） protocol for wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. With this protocol, the resource reservation table of each node will record the bandwidth requirements of data flows, which access itself, its neighbor nodes and hidden nodes, and every node calculates the remaining available bandwidth by deducting the bandwidth reserved in the resource reservation table from the total available bandwidth of the node. Moreover, the BCMR searches in a distributed manner for the paths with the shortest delay conditioned by the bandwidth constraint. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of BCMR in terms of packet delivery reliability and the delay. BCMR can meet the requirements of real time communication and can be used in the multicast applications with low mobility in wireless ad hoc networks.展开更多
A multicast routing algorithm of multiple QoS constraints based on widest-bandwidth （MRQW） which takes available bandwidth as the prime metric, considering the constraints of the surplus energy of the node, delay an...A multicast routing algorithm of multiple QoS constraints based on widest-bandwidth （MRQW） which takes available bandwidth as the prime metric, considering the constraints of the surplus energy of the node, delay and delay jitter, is presented. The process of routing based on MRQW is provided for as well. Correctness proof and the complexity analysis of the MRQW are also given in the paper. Simulation results show that the MRQW has a good performance in creating multicast trees. It not only satisfys multiple QoS constraints but also makes multicast links have larger available bandwidth展开更多
文摘The rapid growth in available network bandwidth has directly contributed to an exponential increase in mobile data traffic,creating significant challenges for network energy consumption.Also,with the extraordinary growth of mobile communications,the data traffic has dramatically expanded,which has led to massive grid power consumption and incurred high operating expenditure(OPEX).However,the majority of current network designs struggle to efficientlymanage a massive amount of data using little power,which degrades energy efficiency performance.Thereby,it is necessary to have an efficient mechanism to reduce power consumption when processing large amounts of data in network data centers.Utilizing renewable energy sources to power the Cloud Radio Access Network(C-RAN)greatly reduces the need to purchase energy from the utility grid.In this paper,we propose a bandwidth-aware hybrid energypowered C-RAN that focuses on throughput and energy efficiency(EE)by lowering grid usage,aiming to enhance the EE.This paper examines the energy efficiency,spectral efficiency(SE),and average on-grid energy consumption,dealing with the major challenges of the temporal and spatial nature of traffic and renewable energy generation across various network setups.To assess the effectiveness of the suggested network by changing the transmission bandwidth,a comprehensive simulation has been conducted.The numerical findings support the efficacy of the suggested approach.
基金supported by National Nature Science Founding of China(62101372)Open Fund of IPOC(BUPT,IPOC2022A07)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks(2023GZKF11)Leading Youth Talents of Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Gusu(ZXL2023162).
文摘Time Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Networks(TDM-PONs)play a vital role in Fiberto-the-Home(FTTH)deployments.To improve the service quality of home networks,FTTH is expanding to the Fiber-to-the-Room(FTTR)scenario,where fibers are deployed to connect individual rooms(i.e.,Fiber In-premises Network(FIN)in the ITU-T G.9940 standard).In this scenario,a point-to-multipoint(P2MP)fiber network is deployed as FTTR FIN to offer gigabit access to each room,which forms a two-tier cascaded network together with the FTTH segment.To optimize the capacity utilization of the cascaded network and reduce the overall system cost,a centralized architecture,known as Centralized Fixed Access Network(C-FAN),has been introduced.C-FAN centralizes the medium access control(MAC)modules of both the FTTH and FTTR networks at the FTTH’s Optical Line Terminal(OLT)for unified control and management of the cascaded network.We develop a unified bandwidth scheduling protocol by extending the ITU-T PON standard for both the upstream and downstream directions of C-FAN.We also propose a unified dynamic bandwidth allocation(UDBA)algorithm for efficient bandwidth allocation for multiple traffic flows in the two-tier cascaded network.Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed control protocol and the UDBA algorithm.The results show that,in comparison to the conventional DBA algorithm,the UDBA algorithm can utilize upstream bandwidth more efficiently to reduce packet delay and loss,without adversely impacting downstream transmission performance.
文摘Following publication of the original article[1],the authors found that they pasted the same data when drawing XRD for sample NCO-1 and NCO-2 in Fig.2a,however,the XRD of all four samples in the manuscript was tested,and XRD raw data were kept and can be offered.The correct Fig.2 has been provided in this Correction.
基金supported by the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects for Platform and Talent Team Plan(No.GCC[2023]007)the Innovation Group of Guizhou University(No.[2024]08)+1 种基金Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation(No.171095)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11964006).
文摘In recent years,two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides-based multicomponent com-posites(MCCs)acting as electromagnetic wave(EMW)materials have received intensive investiga-tions.However,the vulcanication of metal greatly hindered their enhancement of EMW absorption per-formances(EMWAPs).Herein,a combined metal-organic frameworks-derived and hydrothermal strat-egy was presented to produce yolk-shell structure(YSS)CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs.The results showed that the thermal and hydrothermal treatments resulted in the generation of YSS and two-dimensional MoS_(2) nanosheets,which maintained the original morphology of CoNi Prussian blue analogues.The pro-tection of thick C layer well inhibited the vulcanization of inner CoNi alloy.The formed sheet-like MoS_(2) further optimized impedance matching characteristics,which led to the satisfactory EMWAPs of CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs.Furthermore,the EMWAPs could be further improved by optimizing the Ni:Co atom ratios CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs,which stemmed from their boosted impedance matching perfor-mances,EMW attention and polarization loss abilities.The absorption bandwidth and reflection loss val-ues for YSS CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs are 8 GHz and−60.83 dB,which covered almost all C-Ku bands.In general,our research work provided a valid strategy to produce YSS magnetic CoNi@Air@C@MoS_(2) MCCs with high efficiency,which well avoided the vulcanization of metal nanoparticles,made best of hollow engineering and atomic ratio optimization strategy to boost the comprehensive EMWAPs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61975107)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant Nos.24ZR1422000 and 20ZR1471500),and the“111”Project(Grant No.D20031).
文摘Ultra-narrow bandwidth mode-locked lasers with tunable pulse duration can be versatile light sources for diverse applications.However,the spectral-temporal control of a narrow bandwidth mode-locked laser is challenging due to limited gain and nonlinearity,hindering practical applications of such lasers.We demonstrate a pulse duration widely tunable mode-locked ultra-narrow bandwidth laser using a composite filtering mechanism and a single-wall carbon nanotube.The laser pulse duration can be adjusted from 481 ps to 1.38 ns,which is the widest tuning range achieved in narrow-bandwidth passively mode-locked lasers.When the pulse duration is 1.38 ns,the corresponding spectral width reaches 4 pm(502 MHz).Numerical simulations support the experimental results and show that the evolution of long pulses in the laser cavity behaves similarly to a quasi-continuous wave with a low breathing ratio.We have not only designed a simple and flexible tunable scheme for the dilemma of spectral-temporal control in narrow-bandwidth mode-locked fiber lasers but also provided a unique and idealized light source for various applications that takes into account robust output.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1404201)Australia Research Council(Grant Nos.DP220100603 and FT220100559)+7 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A20375)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202403021211011)Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(Grant No.2024-032)Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province(Grant No.20240006)the Program of State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices(Grant No.KF202402)Basic Scientific Research Conditions and Major Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development of Anhui Science and Technology Department(Grant No.2023YFF0715700)Key Research Project of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202302150101001)Linkage Project Scheme(Grant Nos.LP210200345 and LP210100467).
文摘Terahertz(THz)switches are essential components of THz communication systems.THz switches based on conventional waveguides and photonic crystal structures are sensitive to manufacturing defects and sharp bending,resulting in high scattering losses.In addition,THz switches with tunable working bandwidths have not yet been demonstrated.Here,we design THz switches based on a topological valley photonic crystal(VPC)structure using magnetic materials,which can achieve high forward transmittance based on the unique spin–valley locking effect.The broad working bandwidth allows selective turning on and off at a designed wavelength region by controlling the applied magnetic field.The designed THz switch can achieve an extinction ratio of up to 31.66 dB with an insertion loss of less than 0.13 dB.The 3-dB bandwidth is up to 49 GHz.This tunable THz switch can be experimentally fabricated by current fabrication techniques and thus can find broad applications in THz communication systems.
文摘Maximize the resource utilization efficiency and guarantee the quality of service(QoS)of users by selecting the network are the key issues for heterogeneous network operators,but the resources occupied by users in different networks cannot be compared directly.This paper proposes a network selection algorithm for heterogeneous network.Firstly,the concept of equivalent bandwidth is proposed,through which the actual resources occupied by users with certain QoS requirements in different networks can be compared directly.Then the concept of network applicability is defined to express the abilities of networks to support different services.The proposed network selection algorithm first evaluates whether the network has enough equivalent bandwidth required by the user and then prioritizes network with poor applicability to avoid the situation that there are still residual resources in entire network,but advanced services can not be admitted.The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm obtained better performance than the baselines in terms of reducing call blocking probability and improving network resource utilization efficiency.
基金supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation(No.62473344)the T-Flight Laboratory in ShanXi Provincial(No.GSFC2024NBKY05)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2025JC-YBQN-035)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92471204).
文摘With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence algorithms and neural networks,online learning and adaptive methods for updating the bandwidth have become increasingly prevalent.However,the conditions required to ensure closed-loop stability when employing a time-varying bandwidth,as well as the supporting mathematical foundations,remain insufficiently studied.This paper investigates the stability condition for active disturbance rejection control(ADRC)with a time-varying bandwidth extended state observer(ESO).A new stability condition is derived,which means that the upper bound of rate of change for ESO bandwidth should be restricted.Moreover,under the proposed condition,the closed-loop stability of ADRC with a time-varying bandwidth observer is rigorously proved for nonlinear uncertainties.In simulations,the necessity of the proposed condition is illustrated,demonstrating that the rate of change of ESO bandwidth is crucial for closed-loop stability.
文摘The explosive growth of data traffic and heterogeneous service requirements of 5G networks—covering Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB),Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication(URLLC),and Massive Machine Type Communication(mMTC)—present tremendous challenges to conventional methods of bandwidth allocation.A new deep reinforcement learning-based(DRL-based)bandwidth allocation system for real-time,dynamic management of 5G radio access networks is proposed in this paper.Unlike rule-based and static strategies,the proposed system dynamically updates itself according to shifting network conditions such as traffic load and channel conditions to maximize the achievable throughput,fairness,and compliance with QoS requirements.By using extensive simulations mimicking real-world 5G scenarios,the proposed DRL model outperforms current baselines like Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),linear regression,round-robin,and greedy algorithms.It attains 90%–95%of the maximum theoretical achievable throughput and nearly twice the conventional equal allocation.It is also shown to react well under delay and reliability constraints,outperforming round-robin(hindered by excessive delay and packet loss)and proving to be more efficient than greedy approaches.In conclusion,the efficiency of DRL in optimizing the allocation of bandwidth is highlighted,and its potential to realize self-optimizing,Artificial Intelligence-assisted(AI-assisted)resource management in 5G as well as upcoming 6G networks is revealed.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.Y1090232)
文摘To meet the bandwidth requirement for the multicasting data flow in ad hoc networks, a distributed on- demand bandwidth-constrained multicast routing （BCMR） protocol for wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. With this protocol, the resource reservation table of each node will record the bandwidth requirements of data flows, which access itself, its neighbor nodes and hidden nodes, and every node calculates the remaining available bandwidth by deducting the bandwidth reserved in the resource reservation table from the total available bandwidth of the node. Moreover, the BCMR searches in a distributed manner for the paths with the shortest delay conditioned by the bandwidth constraint. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of BCMR in terms of packet delivery reliability and the delay. BCMR can meet the requirements of real time communication and can be used in the multicast applications with low mobility in wireless ad hoc networks.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90304018)and the Natural ScienceFoundation of Hubei Province of China (2004ABA023)
文摘A multicast routing algorithm of multiple QoS constraints based on widest-bandwidth （MRQW） which takes available bandwidth as the prime metric, considering the constraints of the surplus energy of the node, delay and delay jitter, is presented. The process of routing based on MRQW is provided for as well. Correctness proof and the complexity analysis of the MRQW are also given in the paper. Simulation results show that the MRQW has a good performance in creating multicast trees. It not only satisfys multiple QoS constraints but also makes multicast links have larger available bandwidth
