According to our retrosynthesis, the main chain of the target molecule could be constructed using a C5 ＋ C7 ＋ C5 strategy. The key induction reaction afforded chiral methyl group moieties using different Evans templ...According to our retrosynthesis, the main chain of the target molecule could be constructed using a C5 ＋ C7 ＋ C5 strategy. The key induction reaction afforded chiral methyl group moieties using different Evans templates with different configurations. Li_2 Cu Cl_4was effectively employed in the Csp^3 Csp^3 coupling protocol. The target molecular was obtained in a 12.6% overall yield with nine steps in the longest linear route.展开更多
Lepidopteran insects produce cocoons with unique properties.The cocoons are made of silk produced in the larval tissue silk gland and our understanding of the silk genes is still very limited.Here,we investigated silk...Lepidopteran insects produce cocoons with unique properties.The cocoons are made of silk produced in the larval tissue silk gland and our understanding of the silk genes is still very limited.Here,we investigated silk genes in the bagworm moth Eumeta variegata,a species that has recently been found to produce extraordinarily strong and tough silk.Using short-read transcriptomic analysis,we identified a partial sequence of the fibroin heavy chain gene and its product was found to have a C-terminal structure that is conserved within nonsaturniid species.This is in accordance with the presence of fibroin light chain/fibrohexamerin genes and it is suggested that the bagworm moth is producing silk composed of fibroin ternary complex.This indicates that the fibroin structure has been evolutionarily conserved longer than previously thought.Other than fibroins we identified candidates for sericin genes,expressed strongly in the middle region of the silk gland and encoding serine-rich proteins,and other silk genes,that are structurally conserved with other lepidopteran homologues.The bagworm moth is thus considered to be producing conventional lepidopteran type of silk.We further found a number of genes expressed in a specific region of the silk gland and some genes showed conserved expression with Bombyx mori counterparts.This is the first study allowing comprehensive silk gene identification and expression analysis in the lepidopteran Psychidae family and should contribute to the understanding of silk gene evolution as well as to the development of novel types of silk.展开更多
Integrated pest management （IPM） is widely practiced in commercial oil palm agriculture. This management system is intended to minimize the number of attacks by pest insects such as bagworms on crops, as well as cur...Integrated pest management （IPM） is widely practiced in commercial oil palm agriculture. This management system is intended to minimize the number of attacks by pest insects such as bagworms on crops, as well as curb economic loss with less dependency on chemical pesticides. One practice in IPM is the use of biological control agents such as predatory insects. In this study, we assessed the response of predatory natural enemies to pest outbreak and water stress, and document the habitat associations of potential pest predators. The abundances of 2 predatory insect species, namely Sycanus dichotomus and Cosmolestes pictieeps （Hemiptera： Reduviidae）, were compared bagworm outbreak sites and nonoutbreak sites within oil palm plantations. We also examined habitat characteristics that influence the abundances of both predatory species. We found that the abundance of C. picticeps was significantly higher in bagworm outbreak sites than in nonoutbreak sites. There were no significant differences in the abundance ofS. dichotomus among outbreak and non-outbreak sites. Both species responded negatively to water stress in oil palm plantations. Concerning the relationship between predatory insect abundance and in situ habitat quality characteristics, our models explained 46.36% of variation for C. picticeps and 23.17% of variation for S. dichotomus. Both species of predatory insects thrived from the planting of multiple beneficial plants in oil palm plantations. The results suggest that C. picticeps can be used as a biological agent to control bagworm populations in oil palm plantations, but S. dichotomus has no or little potential for such ecosystem service.展开更多
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31301712)
文摘According to our retrosynthesis, the main chain of the target molecule could be constructed using a C5 ＋ C7 ＋ C5 strategy. The key induction reaction afforded chiral methyl group moieties using different Evans templates with different configurations. Li_2 Cu Cl_4was effectively employed in the Csp^3 Csp^3 coupling protocol. The target molecular was obtained in a 12.6% overall yield with nine steps in the longest linear route.
基金This work was supported by grants-in-aid from the JST/JICA,SATREPS(Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Devel Devel opment)and Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry,and Fisheries,Japan.
文摘Lepidopteran insects produce cocoons with unique properties.The cocoons are made of silk produced in the larval tissue silk gland and our understanding of the silk genes is still very limited.Here,we investigated silk genes in the bagworm moth Eumeta variegata,a species that has recently been found to produce extraordinarily strong and tough silk.Using short-read transcriptomic analysis,we identified a partial sequence of the fibroin heavy chain gene and its product was found to have a C-terminal structure that is conserved within nonsaturniid species.This is in accordance with the presence of fibroin light chain/fibrohexamerin genes and it is suggested that the bagworm moth is producing silk composed of fibroin ternary complex.This indicates that the fibroin structure has been evolutionarily conserved longer than previously thought.Other than fibroins we identified candidates for sericin genes,expressed strongly in the middle region of the silk gland and encoding serine-rich proteins,and other silk genes,that are structurally conserved with other lepidopteran homologues.The bagworm moth is thus considered to be producing conventional lepidopteran type of silk.We further found a number of genes expressed in a specific region of the silk gland and some genes showed conserved expression with Bombyx mori counterparts.This is the first study allowing comprehensive silk gene identification and expression analysis in the lepidopteran Psychidae family and should contribute to the understanding of silk gene evolution as well as to the development of novel types of silk.
文摘Integrated pest management （IPM） is widely practiced in commercial oil palm agriculture. This management system is intended to minimize the number of attacks by pest insects such as bagworms on crops, as well as curb economic loss with less dependency on chemical pesticides. One practice in IPM is the use of biological control agents such as predatory insects. In this study, we assessed the response of predatory natural enemies to pest outbreak and water stress, and document the habitat associations of potential pest predators. The abundances of 2 predatory insect species, namely Sycanus dichotomus and Cosmolestes pictieeps （Hemiptera： Reduviidae）, were compared bagworm outbreak sites and nonoutbreak sites within oil palm plantations. We also examined habitat characteristics that influence the abundances of both predatory species. We found that the abundance of C. picticeps was significantly higher in bagworm outbreak sites than in nonoutbreak sites. There were no significant differences in the abundance ofS. dichotomus among outbreak and non-outbreak sites. Both species responded negatively to water stress in oil palm plantations. Concerning the relationship between predatory insect abundance and in situ habitat quality characteristics, our models explained 46.36% of variation for C. picticeps and 23.17% of variation for S. dichotomus. Both species of predatory insects thrived from the planting of multiple beneficial plants in oil palm plantations. The results suggest that C. picticeps can be used as a biological agent to control bagworm populations in oil palm plantations, but S. dichotomus has no or little potential for such ecosystem service.
