This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geograph...This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.展开更多
Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To...Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To characterize the diversity of variable genes of HCAbs(VHHs),germline and rearranged VHH repertoires are constructed.Phylogenetics analysis shows that all camelid VHH genes are derived from a common ancestor and the nucleotide diversity of VHHs is similar across all camelid species.While species-specific hallmark sites are identified,the non-canonical cysteines specific to VHHs are distinct in Bactrian camels and dromedaries compared with alpacas.Though low divergence at the germline repertoire between wild and domestic Bactrian camels,higher expression of VHHs is observed in some wild Bactrian camels than that of domestic ones.This study not only adds our understanding of VHH repertoire diversity across camelids,but also provides useful resources for HCAb engineering.展开更多
A disease characterized by emaciation, pica, lameness and liability to fracture in bactrian camel from gravel desert pasture was described. Analyses of mineral elements in soil, water and forage from the affected and ...A disease characterized by emaciation, pica, lameness and liability to fracture in bactrian camel from gravel desert pasture was described. Analyses of mineral elements in soil, water and forage from the affected and normal areas as well as in blood, hair and parts of tissues from normal and diseased camel, together with a pathological study were carried out to define the nature and major causes of the disease. The related blood indices were also measured. The result indicated that copper and phosphorus in the soil and forage from the affected area were significantly lower than those of the normal area (P<0.01). The levels of phosphorus in the blood, hair and rib reduced significantly in affected camels. The concentrations of PTH, T3, T4, creat-inine(Crt) and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum rose markedly (P<0.01). Bone injury was characterized by osteoporosis. The degenerative and necrotic lesions of liver and kidney were common. In addition, slight demylination of brains and spinal cords were showed by histopathological and ultrastructural studies. It is concluded that the disease is caused mainly by phosphorus deficiency in the food chain.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to describe the basal nuclei of brain in Bactrian camel. Seven coronal slices of brain were uniformly taken between callosal genu and splenium, and six uniform sagittal slices of left cer...The purpose of this study was to describe the basal nuclei of brain in Bactrian camel. Seven coronal slices of brain were uniformly taken between callosal genu and splenium, and six uniform sagittal slices of left cerebral hemisphere of brain were examined. The results demonstrated that the basal nuclei of the brain include the caudata nucleus, putamen, putamen and pallidum, internal capsule and external capsule, claustrum and amygdaloid body. The study provides an elementary finding on the gross anatomy for further research on the comparative neuroanatomy, neu- rephysiology and the related behavior study of the camel.展开更多
With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune respon...With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune response before proceeding with immunization of foreign antigens that may be toxic to camels.In this study,we quantitatively determined the expression levels of T-helper 2(Th2) cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from Bactrian camels by real-time PCR.The recorded kinetic profiles resulting from the immunization of ovalbumin(OVA) indicated that after immunization,Th2 cytokines including interleukin(IL) families such as IL-4,IL-10,and IL-13 in the camels were up-regulated by a factor of 1.78,3.15,and 1.22,respectively,which was validated by traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methods.Unlike ELISA which requires specific enzyme-labeled antibodies,this established method based on the minimal amount of blood samples holds an advantage in the preliminary evaluation of camel humoral immune response with desirable precision,which is meaningful for biomedical explorations of camel-derived antibodies.展开更多
In this study, mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences of snow leopard, gray wolf, domestic horse and Bactrian camel inhabited or domesticated in Mongolian territory were obtained by using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） b...In this study, mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences of snow leopard, gray wolf, domestic horse and Bactrian camel inhabited or domesticated in Mongolian territory were obtained by using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） based on universal primers for 16S rRNA （F-5＇-AACGAGCCTGGTGATA-3＇ and R-5＇-CTCCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCACGTA-3＇）. The 16S rRNA sequence was 1,048 bp to 1,086 bp in length, and each sequence was compared to other related species （Felidae, Camelidae, Equidae and Canidae） by using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool （BLAST）. Results showed that sequences were highly similar to sequences in GenBank database （93%-99%）. Then phylogenetic analysis was performed based on about 1,100 bp sequence of 16S rRNA for Panthera uncia, Canis lupus, Equus caballus, Camelus bactrianus and other related species. The result revealed that P. uncia and P. leo were sister species, C. bactrianus and C. ferus were more closely related species, and wolf and dog were the almost similar species. This finding could be important for designing species specific primers for PCR based analysis of animal species identification and forensic veterinary medicine.展开更多
【目的】分析谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-5(glutathione peroxidase-5,GPx5)在正常及隐睾症双峰驼睾丸及附睾中的分布与表达,探索其在双峰驼隐睾时精子的抗氧化对生殖的调控作用。【方法】选取成年(5岁)双峰驼正常睾丸附睾10对及隐睾睾丸附睾6...【目的】分析谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-5(glutathione peroxidase-5,GPx5)在正常及隐睾症双峰驼睾丸及附睾中的分布与表达,探索其在双峰驼隐睾时精子的抗氧化对生殖的调控作用。【方法】选取成年(5岁)双峰驼正常睾丸附睾10对及隐睾睾丸附睾6对,利用HE染色、胶原染色、网状染色观察其组织学结构特征,通过免疫组织化学染色、Western blotting、免疫荧光染色结合Image Pro Plus 13.0图像分析研究GPx5的表达及分布。【结果】与正常组相比,隐睾组双峰驼生精小管发育不良且管腔直径极显著缩小(P<0.01),间质细胞减少,附睾管腔缩小且上皮形成空泡,睾丸及附睾间质网状纤维和胶原纤维较丰富。免疫组织化学结果显示,GPx5在正常组双峰驼睾丸中未见明显表达,在隐睾组支持细胞中可见明显表达。Western blotting结果显示,与正常组相比,GPx5在隐睾组双峰驼睾丸和附睾体中表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),在附睾头中表达量极显著降低(P<0.01),在附睾尾中表达量无显著差异(P>0.05)。免疫荧光定位显示,与正常组相比,GPx5在隐睾组双峰驼睾丸和附睾尾中表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),在附睾头中表达量极显著降低(P<0.01),在附睾体中表达量无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】双峰驼隐睾的睾丸及附睾趋向纤维化;GPx5蛋白表达量在双峰驼隐睾睾丸中显著增加,且在支持细胞中表达增强,生精小管中的氧化应激影响了精子的正常生成;在附睾头的主细胞表达微弱,提示附睾微环境的抗氧化异常,精子损伤明显。展开更多
基金supported by the Xinjiang Lop Nur Wild Camels National Reserve Comprehensive Scientific Research Projects by The Environmental Protection Agency of China (20100228)
文摘This study aimed to reveal the microbial diversity in the fecal samples of bactrian camels using the 16 S r RNA sequencing analysis on the Illumina Mi Seq platform. Three fecal samples were collected from two geographical regions in China. Operational taxonomic unit（OTU） clustering was performed by identifying an OTU at 97% sequence identity. The alpha and beta diversities were applied to estimate the differences in microbial diversity among the three fecal samples. Totally, 4409, 3151 and 4075 OTUs in the fecal samples were identified in the Lop Nor wild camel（Camelus ferus）, the domestic camel（C. bactrianus） and Dunhuang wild camel（C. ferus）, respectively. The majority of bactreria were affiliated with phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the three samples. The wild camels had higher gastrointestinal tract microbial diversity than the domestic one, while the microbial composition of the Lop Nor wild camel shared higher similarity with domestic camel at the genus and family levels than that of the Dunhuang wild camel did. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for assessing their health conditions and may thus be useful for protecting the critically endangered species of C. ferus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070570)the National Key Research and Development Project(2020YFE0203300)the Special Fund for Commercialization of Scientific and Research Findings in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2021CG0021)。
文摘Camelids are the only mammals that can produce functional heavy-chain antibodies(HCAbs).Although HCAbs were discovered over 30 years ago,the antibody gene repertoire of Bactrian camels remains largely underexplored.To characterize the diversity of variable genes of HCAbs(VHHs),germline and rearranged VHH repertoires are constructed.Phylogenetics analysis shows that all camelid VHH genes are derived from a common ancestor and the nucleotide diversity of VHHs is similar across all camelid species.While species-specific hallmark sites are identified,the non-canonical cysteines specific to VHHs are distinct in Bactrian camels and dromedaries compared with alpacas.Though low divergence at the germline repertoire between wild and domestic Bactrian camels,higher expression of VHHs is observed in some wild Bactrian camels than that of domestic ones.This study not only adds our understanding of VHH repertoire diversity across camelids,but also provides useful resources for HCAb engineering.
基金This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(39470546).
文摘A disease characterized by emaciation, pica, lameness and liability to fracture in bactrian camel from gravel desert pasture was described. Analyses of mineral elements in soil, water and forage from the affected and normal areas as well as in blood, hair and parts of tissues from normal and diseased camel, together with a pathological study were carried out to define the nature and major causes of the disease. The related blood indices were also measured. The result indicated that copper and phosphorus in the soil and forage from the affected area were significantly lower than those of the normal area (P<0.01). The levels of phosphorus in the blood, hair and rib reduced significantly in affected camels. The concentrations of PTH, T3, T4, creat-inine(Crt) and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum rose markedly (P<0.01). Bone injury was characterized by osteoporosis. The degenerative and necrotic lesions of liver and kidney were common. In addition, slight demylination of brains and spinal cords were showed by histopathological and ultrastructural studies. It is concluded that the disease is caused mainly by phosphorus deficiency in the food chain.
文摘The purpose of this study was to describe the basal nuclei of brain in Bactrian camel. Seven coronal slices of brain were uniformly taken between callosal genu and splenium, and six uniform sagittal slices of left cerebral hemisphere of brain were examined. The results demonstrated that the basal nuclei of the brain include the caudata nucleus, putamen, putamen and pallidum, internal capsule and external capsule, claustrum and amygdaloid body. The study provides an elementary finding on the gross anatomy for further research on the comparative neuroanatomy, neu- rephysiology and the related behavior study of the camel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1703118)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20181364)+6 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.19KJA310003)Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangsu health and Health Committee(No.H2018087)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),Jiangsu Shuangchuang ProgramOpen Funds of the State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics(2016015)Open project of the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules(2017kf05)the cooperative project between Southeast University and Nanjing Medical University(2018DN0004)Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor project,China。
文摘With the increasing immunological studies on camels due to the advantage of their single-chain antibodies for humanizations,it is demanding to develop an easy-to-handle evaluation method of their humoral immune response before proceeding with immunization of foreign antigens that may be toxic to camels.In this study,we quantitatively determined the expression levels of T-helper 2(Th2) cytokines in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from Bactrian camels by real-time PCR.The recorded kinetic profiles resulting from the immunization of ovalbumin(OVA) indicated that after immunization,Th2 cytokines including interleukin(IL) families such as IL-4,IL-10,and IL-13 in the camels were up-regulated by a factor of 1.78,3.15,and 1.22,respectively,which was validated by traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) methods.Unlike ELISA which requires specific enzyme-labeled antibodies,this established method based on the minimal amount of blood samples holds an advantage in the preliminary evaluation of camel humoral immune response with desirable precision,which is meaningful for biomedical explorations of camel-derived antibodies.
文摘In this study, mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences of snow leopard, gray wolf, domestic horse and Bactrian camel inhabited or domesticated in Mongolian territory were obtained by using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） based on universal primers for 16S rRNA （F-5＇-AACGAGCCTGGTGATA-3＇ and R-5＇-CTCCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCACGTA-3＇）. The 16S rRNA sequence was 1,048 bp to 1,086 bp in length, and each sequence was compared to other related species （Felidae, Camelidae, Equidae and Canidae） by using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool （BLAST）. Results showed that sequences were highly similar to sequences in GenBank database （93%-99%）. Then phylogenetic analysis was performed based on about 1,100 bp sequence of 16S rRNA for Panthera uncia, Canis lupus, Equus caballus, Camelus bactrianus and other related species. The result revealed that P. uncia and P. leo were sister species, C. bactrianus and C. ferus were more closely related species, and wolf and dog were the almost similar species. This finding could be important for designing species specific primers for PCR based analysis of animal species identification and forensic veterinary medicine.
文摘【目的】分析谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶-5(glutathione peroxidase-5,GPx5)在正常及隐睾症双峰驼睾丸及附睾中的分布与表达,探索其在双峰驼隐睾时精子的抗氧化对生殖的调控作用。【方法】选取成年(5岁)双峰驼正常睾丸附睾10对及隐睾睾丸附睾6对,利用HE染色、胶原染色、网状染色观察其组织学结构特征,通过免疫组织化学染色、Western blotting、免疫荧光染色结合Image Pro Plus 13.0图像分析研究GPx5的表达及分布。【结果】与正常组相比,隐睾组双峰驼生精小管发育不良且管腔直径极显著缩小(P<0.01),间质细胞减少,附睾管腔缩小且上皮形成空泡,睾丸及附睾间质网状纤维和胶原纤维较丰富。免疫组织化学结果显示,GPx5在正常组双峰驼睾丸中未见明显表达,在隐睾组支持细胞中可见明显表达。Western blotting结果显示,与正常组相比,GPx5在隐睾组双峰驼睾丸和附睾体中表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),在附睾头中表达量极显著降低(P<0.01),在附睾尾中表达量无显著差异(P>0.05)。免疫荧光定位显示,与正常组相比,GPx5在隐睾组双峰驼睾丸和附睾尾中表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),在附睾头中表达量极显著降低(P<0.01),在附睾体中表达量无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】双峰驼隐睾的睾丸及附睾趋向纤维化;GPx5蛋白表达量在双峰驼隐睾睾丸中显著增加,且在支持细胞中表达增强,生精小管中的氧化应激影响了精子的正常生成;在附睾头的主细胞表达微弱,提示附睾微环境的抗氧化异常,精子损伤明显。
