Food sharing is a prosocial behavior consisting of the unresisted transfer of monopolizable food from a possessor to another individual(Feistner and McGrew 1989;Stevens and Gilby 2004).Despite the cost for donors(i.e....Food sharing is a prosocial behavior consisting of the unresisted transfer of monopolizable food from a possessor to another individual(Feistner and McGrew 1989;Stevens and Gilby 2004).Despite the cost for donors(i.e.,loss of the food),intraspecifc food sharing occurs in various insects,fsh,birds,and aquatic,terrestrial,and arboreal mammals(Liévin‐Bazin et al.2019;Carter et al.2020).By far,most food sharing is intraspecifc,and takes place while possessors are in the process of eating.Here,we describe the remarkable case of a captive chimpanzee,Pan troglodytes,regularly dispensing food to another primate species(baboons,Papio hamadryas)in a neighboring enclosure.We discuss likely causes and functions of this interspecifc altruistic act.Observations were made in Xi’an Qinling Wildlife Park,Shaanxi Province,China(34°02ʹ56.22″N,108°51ʹ48.60″E),where two adult chimpanzees and a group of around 40-50 baboons lived in adjacent enclosures.The female chimpanzee(AiAi)was the elderly mother of the male(DuoDuo,or DD).At feeding times,AiAi usually ate near the door to the chimpanzees’indoor area,and she almost never interacted with the baboon group.The baboon group consisted of two one-male units.We recorded behaviors using focal-animal sampling(for information about subjects and methods,see Supplementary Materials).展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The numb...The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The number of plots/ha, stripped trees/ plot and stripped trees/ha was recorded during the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons from August 2006 to May 2007. During data collection, altitude, aspect, season and other site predictor variables （e. g., roads and fire traces, water points, indigenous vegetation conservation areas, crop felds, human settlements, wattle scrubs, rocky areas, open grasslands, earlier stripped sites and roost sites） were recorded for each plot in association with selected predictor variables within plantation estates. Data on the number of stripped plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha were analysed as dependent variables using the Generalised Linear Model （GLM） through SPSS version 15 （2006） to determine which predictor variables were significantly related to bark stripping. Differences between means were tested using Bonferroni tests with a 5 % level of significance. Our findings show that bark stripping of pine trees by baboons occurred at all altitudes and aspects. Overall, the number of bark stripped trees/ha did not significandy vary by season. The number of bark stripped plots/ha was lower during the pre-rainy season than the rainy season, whereas the number of bark stripped trees/plot was higher during the pre-rainy than the rainy season. Bark stripping of pines occurred more often in the vicinities of areas with abundant food and water展开更多
Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks chan...Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks change over time. Previous studies on primates suggest that ＇knockouts＇ （due to death or dispersal） of high-ranking individuals might be important drivers for structural changes in animal social networks. Here we test this hypothesis using long-term data on a natural population of ba- boons, examining the effects of 29 natural knockouts of alpha or beta males on adult female social networks. We investigated whether and how knockouts affected （i） changes in grooming and association rates among adult females, and （2） changes in mean degree and global clustering coefficient in these networks. The only significant effect that we found was a decrease in mean degree in grooming networks in the first month after knockouts, but this decrease was rather small, and grooming networks re- bounded to baseline levels by the second month after knockouts. Taken together our results indicate that the removal of high-ranking males has only limited or no lasting effects on social networks of adult female baboons. This finding calls into question the hypothesis that the removal of high-ranking individuals has a destabilizing effect on social network structures in social animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 107-113, 2015].展开更多
The term ‘baboon syndrome’(BS) was introduced 20 years ago to classify patie nts in whom a specific skin eruption resembling the red gluteal area of baboons occurred aftersy stemic exposure to contact allergens. The...The term ‘baboon syndrome’(BS) was introduced 20 years ago to classify patie nts in whom a specific skin eruption resembling the red gluteal area of baboons occurred aftersy stemic exposure to contact allergens. Thereafter, similar erupt ions have been reported after systemic exposure to beta-lactam antibiotics and other drugs. In addition to the presentation of 2 of our own cases, we have revi ewed and characterized the main clinical and histological aspects of published r eports of drug-related baboon syndrome (DRBS) and compared the primary clinical signs from such cases to those found in other distinct drug eruptions. Of appro ximately 100 published baboon syndrome cases, 50 were identified as drug-induce d. Of these, 8 were representatives of systemically induced contact dermatitis ( SCD), and 42 were examples of drug eruptions elicited by systemic administration of either oral or intravenous drugs. The main clinical findings included a shar ply defined symmetrical erythema of the gluteal area and in the flexural or inte rtriginousfolds without any systemic symptoms and signs. 14 of 42 cases were eli cited by amoxicillin, 30 of the 42 patients were male, and latency periods were between a few hours and a few days after exposure. DRBS is a rare, prognosticall y benign and often underdiagnosed drug eruption with distinct clinical features. The term baboon syndrome, however, does not reflect the complete range of sympt oms and signs and is ethically and culturally problematic. Moreover, baboon synd rome is historically often equated with a mercury-induced exanthem in patients with previous contact sensitization. Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous an d flexural exanthema, or SDRIFE, specifically refers to the distinctive clinical pattern of this drug eruption, and the following diagnostic criteria are propos ed:1)exposure to a systemically administered drug either at the first or repeat ed dose (excluding contact allergens); 2) sharply demarcated erythema of the glu teal/perianalareaand/orV-shaped erythema of the inguinal/perigenital area; 3) i nvolvement of at least one other intertriginous/flexural localization; 4) symmet ry of affected areas; and 5) absence of systemic symptoms and signs.展开更多
The probability and pattern of secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles(Scarabaeinae)depend on their community structure and composition at the site of primary deposition,which,in turn,seem to be strongly determined b...The probability and pattern of secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles(Scarabaeinae)depend on their community structure and composition at the site of primary deposition,which,in turn,seem to be strongly determined by vegetation.Consequently,we expected pronounced differences in secondary seed dispersal between forest and savanna in the northern Ivory Coast,West Africa.We found 99 dung beetle species at experimentally exposed dung piles of the olive baboon(Papio anubis(Lesson,1827)),an important primary seed disperser in West Africa.Seventy-six species belonged to the roller and tunneler guilds,which are relevant for secondary seed dispersal.Most species showed a clear habitat preference.Contrary to the Neotropics,species number and abundance were much higher in the savanna than in the forest.Rollers and tunnelers each accounted for approximately 50%of the individuals in the savanna,but in the forest rollers made up only 4%.Seeds deposited into the savanna by an omnivorous primary disperser generally have a higher overall probability of being more rapidly dispersed secondarily by dung beetles than seeds in the forest.Also,rollers disperse seeds over larger distances.In contrast to other studies,small rollers were active in dispersal of large seeds,which were seemingly mistaken for dung balls.Our results suggest that rollers can remove seeds from any plant dispersed in primate dung in this ecosystem.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31020302)the Natural Science Foundation of China(32271564,31730104)“Western Young Scholars”Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XAB2020YW02).
文摘Food sharing is a prosocial behavior consisting of the unresisted transfer of monopolizable food from a possessor to another individual(Feistner and McGrew 1989;Stevens and Gilby 2004).Despite the cost for donors(i.e.,loss of the food),intraspecifc food sharing occurs in various insects,fsh,birds,and aquatic,terrestrial,and arboreal mammals(Liévin‐Bazin et al.2019;Carter et al.2020).By far,most food sharing is intraspecifc,and takes place while possessors are in the process of eating.Here,we describe the remarkable case of a captive chimpanzee,Pan troglodytes,regularly dispensing food to another primate species(baboons,Papio hamadryas)in a neighboring enclosure.We discuss likely causes and functions of this interspecifc altruistic act.Observations were made in Xi’an Qinling Wildlife Park,Shaanxi Province,China(34°02ʹ56.22″N,108°51ʹ48.60″E),where two adult chimpanzees and a group of around 40-50 baboons lived in adjacent enclosures.The female chimpanzee(AiAi)was the elderly mother of the male(DuoDuo,or DD).At feeding times,AiAi usually ate near the door to the chimpanzees’indoor area,and she almost never interacted with the baboon group.The baboon group consisted of two one-male units.We recorded behaviors using focal-animal sampling(for information about subjects and methods,see Supplementary Materials).
基金funded by the African Forest Research network (AFORNET) Grant number 17/01/2005
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The number of plots/ha, stripped trees/ plot and stripped trees/ha was recorded during the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons from August 2006 to May 2007. During data collection, altitude, aspect, season and other site predictor variables （e. g., roads and fire traces, water points, indigenous vegetation conservation areas, crop felds, human settlements, wattle scrubs, rocky areas, open grasslands, earlier stripped sites and roost sites） were recorded for each plot in association with selected predictor variables within plantation estates. Data on the number of stripped plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha were analysed as dependent variables using the Generalised Linear Model （GLM） through SPSS version 15 （2006） to determine which predictor variables were significantly related to bark stripping. Differences between means were tested using Bonferroni tests with a 5 % level of significance. Our findings show that bark stripping of pine trees by baboons occurred at all altitudes and aspects. Overall, the number of bark stripped trees/ha did not significandy vary by season. The number of bark stripped plots/ha was lower during the pre-rainy season than the rainy season, whereas the number of bark stripped trees/plot was higher during the pre-rainy than the rainy season. Bark stripping of pines occurred more often in the vicinities of areas with abundant food and water
文摘Social network structures can crucially impact complex social processes such as collective behaviour or the transmission of information and diseases. However, currently it is poorly understood how social networks change over time. Previous studies on primates suggest that ＇knockouts＇ （due to death or dispersal） of high-ranking individuals might be important drivers for structural changes in animal social networks. Here we test this hypothesis using long-term data on a natural population of ba- boons, examining the effects of 29 natural knockouts of alpha or beta males on adult female social networks. We investigated whether and how knockouts affected （i） changes in grooming and association rates among adult females, and （2） changes in mean degree and global clustering coefficient in these networks. The only significant effect that we found was a decrease in mean degree in grooming networks in the first month after knockouts, but this decrease was rather small, and grooming networks re- bounded to baseline levels by the second month after knockouts. Taken together our results indicate that the removal of high-ranking males has only limited or no lasting effects on social networks of adult female baboons. This finding calls into question the hypothesis that the removal of high-ranking individuals has a destabilizing effect on social network structures in social animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 107-113, 2015].
文摘The term ‘baboon syndrome’(BS) was introduced 20 years ago to classify patie nts in whom a specific skin eruption resembling the red gluteal area of baboons occurred aftersy stemic exposure to contact allergens. Thereafter, similar erupt ions have been reported after systemic exposure to beta-lactam antibiotics and other drugs. In addition to the presentation of 2 of our own cases, we have revi ewed and characterized the main clinical and histological aspects of published r eports of drug-related baboon syndrome (DRBS) and compared the primary clinical signs from such cases to those found in other distinct drug eruptions. Of appro ximately 100 published baboon syndrome cases, 50 were identified as drug-induce d. Of these, 8 were representatives of systemically induced contact dermatitis ( SCD), and 42 were examples of drug eruptions elicited by systemic administration of either oral or intravenous drugs. The main clinical findings included a shar ply defined symmetrical erythema of the gluteal area and in the flexural or inte rtriginousfolds without any systemic symptoms and signs. 14 of 42 cases were eli cited by amoxicillin, 30 of the 42 patients were male, and latency periods were between a few hours and a few days after exposure. DRBS is a rare, prognosticall y benign and often underdiagnosed drug eruption with distinct clinical features. The term baboon syndrome, however, does not reflect the complete range of sympt oms and signs and is ethically and culturally problematic. Moreover, baboon synd rome is historically often equated with a mercury-induced exanthem in patients with previous contact sensitization. Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous an d flexural exanthema, or SDRIFE, specifically refers to the distinctive clinical pattern of this drug eruption, and the following diagnostic criteria are propos ed:1)exposure to a systemically administered drug either at the first or repeat ed dose (excluding contact allergens); 2) sharply demarcated erythema of the glu teal/perianalareaand/orV-shaped erythema of the inguinal/perigenital area; 3) i nvolvement of at least one other intertriginous/flexural localization; 4) symmet ry of affected areas; and 5) absence of systemic symptoms and signs.
基金PhD scholarships from the German Academic Exchange Service and the University of Würzburg(HSP III)funded field work.The research camp in the CNP was constructed with generous funds from the Volkswagen Foundation.The study was financially supported by the Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre and by the research funding program“Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-okonomischer Exzellenz”of Hesse’s Ministry of Higher Education,Research,and the Arts.
文摘The probability and pattern of secondary seed dispersal by dung beetles(Scarabaeinae)depend on their community structure and composition at the site of primary deposition,which,in turn,seem to be strongly determined by vegetation.Consequently,we expected pronounced differences in secondary seed dispersal between forest and savanna in the northern Ivory Coast,West Africa.We found 99 dung beetle species at experimentally exposed dung piles of the olive baboon(Papio anubis(Lesson,1827)),an important primary seed disperser in West Africa.Seventy-six species belonged to the roller and tunneler guilds,which are relevant for secondary seed dispersal.Most species showed a clear habitat preference.Contrary to the Neotropics,species number and abundance were much higher in the savanna than in the forest.Rollers and tunnelers each accounted for approximately 50%of the individuals in the savanna,but in the forest rollers made up only 4%.Seeds deposited into the savanna by an omnivorous primary disperser generally have a higher overall probability of being more rapidly dispersed secondarily by dung beetles than seeds in the forest.Also,rollers disperse seeds over larger distances.In contrast to other studies,small rollers were active in dispersal of large seeds,which were seemingly mistaken for dung balls.Our results suggest that rollers can remove seeds from any plant dispersed in primate dung in this ecosystem.
