Horizontal and vertical variations of daily average CO 2 concentration above the wetland surface were studied in Xianghai National Nature Reserve of China in August, 2000 The primary purpose was to study spatial distr...Horizontal and vertical variations of daily average CO 2 concentration above the wetland surface were studied in Xianghai National Nature Reserve of China in August, 2000 The primary purpose was to study spatial distribution characteristics of CO 2 concentration on the four levels of height(0 1 m, 0 6 m, 1 2 m and 2 m) and compare the differences of CO 2 concentration under different land covers. Results showed that daily average CO 2 concentration above wetland surface in Xianghai National Natural Reserve was lower than that above other wetlands in northeast China as well as the worldwide average, suggesting that Xianghai wetland absorbed CO 2 in August and acted as “sink” of CO 2 The horizontal variations on the four levels of height along the latitude were distinct, and had the changing tendency of “decreasing after increasing” with the increase of height. The areas with obvious variations were consistent on different levels of height, and those with the highest variations appeared above surface of shore, sloping field, Typha wetland and Phragmites wetland; the vertical variations were greatly different, with the higher variations in Phragmites wetland and Typha wetland, and the lands near the shore and the sloping field with the lower variations. Spatial variations of daily average CO 2 concentrations above wetland surface were affected by surface qualities and land covers.展开更多
We investigated discrete-time quantum walks with an arbitary unitary coin.Here we discover that the average position x=max（x） sin（α＋γ）,while the initial state is 1/2～（1/2）（｜0L＋i｜0R）.We verify the result...We investigated discrete-time quantum walks with an arbitary unitary coin.Here we discover that the average position x=max（x） sin（α＋γ）,while the initial state is 1/2～（1/2）（｜0L＋i｜0R）.We verify the result,and obtain some symmetry properties of quantum walks with a U（2） coin with ｜0L and ｜0R as the initial state.展开更多
We propose a method to estimate the average fidelity using the unitary 2t-design of a twirled noisy channel, which is suitable for large-scale quantum circuits. Compared with the unitary 2-design in randomized benchma...We propose a method to estimate the average fidelity using the unitary 2t-design of a twirled noisy channel, which is suitable for large-scale quantum circuits. Compared with the unitary 2-design in randomized benchmarking, the unitary2t-design for the twirling of noisy channels is more flexible in construction and can provide more information. In addition,we prove that the proposed method provides an efficient and reliable estimation of the average fidelity in benchmarking multistage quantum gates and estimating the weakly gate-and time-dependent noise. For time-dependent noise, we provide a scheme of moment superoperator to analyze the noise in different experiments. In particular, we give a lower bound on the average fidelity of a channel with imperfect implementation of benchmarking and state preparation and measurement errors(SPAM).展开更多
In this paper we study the average σ-K width and the average σ-linear width of the unit ball of l;（R） inl;（R）. The exact values of these widths are calculated and an optimal subspace with the optimal linear oper...In this paper we study the average σ-K width and the average σ-linear width of the unit ball of l;（R） inl;（R）. The exact values of these widths are calculated and an optimal subspace with the optimal linear opera-tor （for the σ- linear width） are identified.展开更多
This paper provides a direct and fast acquisition algorithm of civilian long length（CL） codes in the L2 civil（L2C） signal. The proposed algorithm simultaneously reduces the number of fast Fourier transformation（...This paper provides a direct and fast acquisition algorithm of civilian long length（CL） codes in the L2 civil（L2C） signal. The proposed algorithm simultaneously reduces the number of fast Fourier transformation（FFT） correlation through hyper code technique and the amount of points in every FFT correlation by using an averaging correlation method. To validate the proposed acquisition performance, the paper applies this algorithm to the real L2C signal collected by the global positioning system（GPS） L2C intermediate frequency（IF） signal sampler—SIS100L2C. The acquisition results show that the proposed modified algorithm can acquire the code phase accurately with less calculation and its acquisition performance is better than the single hyper code method.展开更多
We study the average position and the symmetry of the distribution in the SU（2） open quantum random walk （OQRW）. We show that the average position in the central limit theorem （CLT） is non-uniform compared with ...We study the average position and the symmetry of the distribution in the SU（2） open quantum random walk （OQRW）. We show that the average position in the central limit theorem （CLT） is non-uniform compared with the average position in the non-CLT. The symmetry of distribution is shown to be even in the CLT.展开更多
研究水钠锰矿对重金属离子的吸附,其结构中八面体空穴特点与重金属离子吸附的关系是人们关注的热点.采用酸性和碱性2种介质条件合成了具有不同锰氧化度的2个系列水钠锰矿,研究了它们的锰氧化度(average oxidation state of Mn,AOS)与其...研究水钠锰矿对重金属离子的吸附,其结构中八面体空穴特点与重金属离子吸附的关系是人们关注的热点.采用酸性和碱性2种介质条件合成了具有不同锰氧化度的2个系列水钠锰矿,研究了它们的锰氧化度(average oxidation state of Mn,AOS)与其d110面网间距和Pb2+的最大吸附量的关系,以及Pb2+吸附量与Mn2+、H+和K+释放量的关系.结果表明,同系列的水钠锰矿具有相似的晶体形貌,它们的锰氧化度与其d110面网间距呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.9035<-0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),而与Pb2+的最大吸附量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.9779>0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),供试水钠锰矿锰氧化度的高低表观上反映了结构中八面体空穴数量的多少,水钠锰矿随着锰氧化度的提高,导致其结构中的八面体空穴数增多,对Pb2+的吸附容量增大,八面体空穴数量对Pb2+的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.Pb2+的吸附量与吸附过程中Mn2+、H+和K+的释放量之和呈极显著的正相关(r=0.9962>0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),Pb2+吸附过程中伴随的Mn2+、H+和K+的释放主要来自于水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴处吸附的相应阳离子.吸附前Mn2+,Mn3+与H+、K+占据水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴上下方位点的相对多少受水钠锰矿的锰氧化度高低的影响,锰氧化度低时,八面体空穴上下方位点吸附Mn2+、Mn3+较多,吸附的H+、K+则较少,反之亦然.展开更多
针对2007年6月—9月全球集合预报系统(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,TIGGE)多模式中的欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)、美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for En...针对2007年6月—9月全球集合预报系统(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,TIGGE)多模式中的欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)、美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)、英国气象局(United Kingdom Meteorological Office,UKMO)及日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)这4个集合预报模式产品资料,对东亚地区地面2 m气温进行了贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian model averaging,BMA)方法的概率预报研究,并与简单集合平均(ensemble mean,EMN)方法的概率预报进行对比,最终采用(continuous ranked probability score,CRPS)评分与均方根误差(root of mean square error,RMSE)评估BMA方法在概率预报和确定性预报方面的预报效果。研究表明,BMA方法可有效将单一的确定性预报向连续概率预报转化,并全面准确地描述大气的多种可能运动状态,同时提供概率预报和确定性预报。BMA方法在量化不确定性信息方面优于EMN方法,在一定程度上减小了预报的不确定性。就确定性预报效果而言,BMA方法的预报效果优于所有的单模式预报以及EMN方法,但会受到训练期长度和选取模式性能优劣的影响,其预报效果也会发生改变。展开更多
文摘Horizontal and vertical variations of daily average CO 2 concentration above the wetland surface were studied in Xianghai National Nature Reserve of China in August, 2000 The primary purpose was to study spatial distribution characteristics of CO 2 concentration on the four levels of height(0 1 m, 0 6 m, 1 2 m and 2 m) and compare the differences of CO 2 concentration under different land covers. Results showed that daily average CO 2 concentration above wetland surface in Xianghai National Natural Reserve was lower than that above other wetlands in northeast China as well as the worldwide average, suggesting that Xianghai wetland absorbed CO 2 in August and acted as “sink” of CO 2 The horizontal variations on the four levels of height along the latitude were distinct, and had the changing tendency of “decreasing after increasing” with the increase of height. The areas with obvious variations were consistent on different levels of height, and those with the highest variations appeared above surface of shore, sloping field, Typha wetland and Phragmites wetland; the vertical variations were greatly different, with the higher variations in Phragmites wetland and Typha wetland, and the lands near the shore and the sloping field with the lower variations. Spatial variations of daily average CO 2 concentrations above wetland surface were affected by surface qualities and land covers.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10974192 and 61275122)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos. 2011CB921200 and 2011CBA00200)K. C. Wong Education Foundation and the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘We investigated discrete-time quantum walks with an arbitary unitary coin.Here we discover that the average position x=max（x） sin（α＋γ）,while the initial state is 1/2～（1/2）（｜0L＋i｜0R）.We verify the result,and obtain some symmetry properties of quantum walks with a U（2） coin with ｜0L and ｜0R as the initial state.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61372076 and 61701375)the 111 Project,China(Grant No.B08038)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Plan of Shannxi Province,China(Grant No.BBD24017290001)the Foundation of Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory,China(Grant No.KX172600031)
文摘We propose a method to estimate the average fidelity using the unitary 2t-design of a twirled noisy channel, which is suitable for large-scale quantum circuits. Compared with the unitary 2-design in randomized benchmarking, the unitary2t-design for the twirling of noisy channels is more flexible in construction and can provide more information. In addition,we prove that the proposed method provides an efficient and reliable estimation of the average fidelity in benchmarking multistage quantum gates and estimating the weakly gate-and time-dependent noise. For time-dependent noise, we provide a scheme of moment superoperator to analyze the noise in different experiments. In particular, we give a lower bound on the average fidelity of a channel with imperfect implementation of benchmarking and state preparation and measurement errors(SPAM).
文摘In this paper we study the average σ-K width and the average σ-linear width of the unit ball of l;（R） inl;（R）. The exact values of these widths are calculated and an optimal subspace with the optimal linear opera-tor （for the σ- linear width） are identified.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(NS2013016)
文摘This paper provides a direct and fast acquisition algorithm of civilian long length（CL） codes in the L2 civil（L2C） signal. The proposed algorithm simultaneously reduces the number of fast Fourier transformation（FFT） correlation through hyper code technique and the amount of points in every FFT correlation by using an averaging correlation method. To validate the proposed acquisition performance, the paper applies this algorithm to the real L2C signal collected by the global positioning system（GPS） L2C intermediate frequency（IF） signal sampler—SIS100L2C. The acquisition results show that the proposed modified algorithm can acquire the code phase accurately with less calculation and its acquisition performance is better than the single hyper code method.
文摘We study the average position and the symmetry of the distribution in the SU（2） open quantum random walk （OQRW）. We show that the average position in the central limit theorem （CLT） is non-uniform compared with the average position in the non-CLT. The symmetry of distribution is shown to be even in the CLT.
文摘研究水钠锰矿对重金属离子的吸附,其结构中八面体空穴特点与重金属离子吸附的关系是人们关注的热点.采用酸性和碱性2种介质条件合成了具有不同锰氧化度的2个系列水钠锰矿,研究了它们的锰氧化度(average oxidation state of Mn,AOS)与其d110面网间距和Pb2+的最大吸附量的关系,以及Pb2+吸附量与Mn2+、H+和K+释放量的关系.结果表明,同系列的水钠锰矿具有相似的晶体形貌,它们的锰氧化度与其d110面网间距呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.9035<-0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),而与Pb2+的最大吸附量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.9779>0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),供试水钠锰矿锰氧化度的高低表观上反映了结构中八面体空穴数量的多少,水钠锰矿随着锰氧化度的提高,导致其结构中的八面体空穴数增多,对Pb2+的吸附容量增大,八面体空穴数量对Pb2+的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.Pb2+的吸附量与吸附过程中Mn2+、H+和K+的释放量之和呈极显著的正相关(r=0.9962>0.6614,n=14,α=0.01),Pb2+吸附过程中伴随的Mn2+、H+和K+的释放主要来自于水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴处吸附的相应阳离子.吸附前Mn2+,Mn3+与H+、K+占据水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴上下方位点的相对多少受水钠锰矿的锰氧化度高低的影响,锰氧化度低时,八面体空穴上下方位点吸附Mn2+、Mn3+较多,吸附的H+、K+则较少,反之亦然.
文摘针对2007年6月—9月全球集合预报系统(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble,TIGGE)多模式中的欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)、美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)、英国气象局(United Kingdom Meteorological Office,UKMO)及日本气象厅(Japan Meteorological Agency,JMA)这4个集合预报模式产品资料,对东亚地区地面2 m气温进行了贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian model averaging,BMA)方法的概率预报研究,并与简单集合平均(ensemble mean,EMN)方法的概率预报进行对比,最终采用(continuous ranked probability score,CRPS)评分与均方根误差(root of mean square error,RMSE)评估BMA方法在概率预报和确定性预报方面的预报效果。研究表明,BMA方法可有效将单一的确定性预报向连续概率预报转化,并全面准确地描述大气的多种可能运动状态,同时提供概率预报和确定性预报。BMA方法在量化不确定性信息方面优于EMN方法,在一定程度上减小了预报的不确定性。就确定性预报效果而言,BMA方法的预报效果优于所有的单模式预报以及EMN方法,但会受到训练期长度和选取模式性能优劣的影响,其预报效果也会发生改变。
