As a large family of 2D materials, transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) have stimulated numerous works owing to their attractive properties. The replacement of constituent elements could promote the discovery and fa...As a large family of 2D materials, transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) have stimulated numerous works owing to their attractive properties. The replacement of constituent elements could promote the discovery and fabrication of new nanofilm in this family. Using precious metals, such as platinum and palladium, to serve as transition metals combined with chalcogen is a new approach to explore novel TMDs. Also, the proportion between transition metal and chalcogen atoms is found not only to exist in conventional form of 1 : 2. Herein, we reported a comprehensive study of a new 2D precious metal selenide, namely AuSe monolayer. Based on density functional theory, our result indicated that AuSe monolayer is a semiconductor with indirect band-gap of 2.0 eV, which possesses superior dynamic stability and thermodynamic stability with cohesive energy up to–7.87 eV/atom. Moreover, it has been confirmed that ionic bonding predominates in Au–Se bonds and absorption peaks in all directions distribute in the deep ultraviolet region. In addition, both vibration modes dominating marked Raman peaks are parallel to the 2D plane.展开更多
Weedy red rice(Oryza sativa;WRR),a close relative of cultivated rice,is a highly competitive weed that commonly infests rice fields and can also naturally interbreed with rice.Useful genes for biotic stress have been ...Weedy red rice(Oryza sativa;WRR),a close relative of cultivated rice,is a highly competitive weed that commonly infests rice fields and can also naturally interbreed with rice.Useful genes for biotic stress have been maintained in WRR and can be explored for breeding.Here we describe genetic and physiological traits of WRR that can be beneficial in preventing major rice diseases.Rice blast,caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,and sheath blight disease,caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani,are the two most damaging biotic stresses of rice.Many major and minor resistance genes and QTL have been identified in cultivated and wild rice relatives.However,novel QTL were recently found in the two major U.S.biotypes of WRR,blackhull-awned(BH)and strawhullawnless(SH),suggesting that WRR has evolved novel genetic mechanisms to cope with these biotic stresses.Twenty-eight accessions of WRR(PI 653412–PI 653439)from the southern USA were characterized and placed in the National Small Grains Collection,and are available for identification of novel genetic factors to prevent biotic stress.展开更多
奥地利现代作曲家恩斯特.克热内克(Ernst Heinrich Krenek,19008-1991)的声乐套曲《游奥地利阿尔卑斯山组歌》(op.62)是其"新浪漫主义"创作成熟期的一部力作,分析其演唱风格和演唱处理,对演唱实践是重要的,也为今后现代声乐...奥地利现代作曲家恩斯特.克热内克(Ernst Heinrich Krenek,19008-1991)的声乐套曲《游奥地利阿尔卑斯山组歌》(op.62)是其"新浪漫主义"创作成熟期的一部力作,分析其演唱风格和演唱处理,对演唱实践是重要的,也为今后现代声乐作品的研究,提供参考。展开更多
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters such as droughts in the world.The pre-monsoon Aus rice in Bangladesh depends on rainfall and is threatened by increasing droughts.However,limited...Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters such as droughts in the world.The pre-monsoon Aus rice in Bangladesh depends on rainfall and is threatened by increasing droughts.However,limited information on the changes in Aus rice as well as droughts hamper our understanding of the country’s agricultural resilience and adaption to droughts.Here,we collected all the official statistical data of Aus rice at the district level from 1980 to 2018,and examined the interannual variations of area,yield,and production.The results showed both area and production of Aus rice decreased significantly(61.58×103 ha yr-1 and 17.21×103 M.tons yr-1,respectively),while yield increased significantly(0.03 M.tons ha-1 yr-1).We also found a significantly increasing trend of droughts in 88%of area based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)data,especially in those rainfed agricultural areas.Moreover,we found significant positive correlations between PDSI and Aus rice area(production)in 33(25)out of 64 districts.There is hardly a relationship between PDSI and yield,likely due to the improved management and increasing irrigated areas.Implementing continuous drought monitoring,combined irrigation(surface and groundwater)systems,and conservation and precision agriculture are highly recommended in these drought-prone districts to ensure food security in Bangladesh.展开更多
Zinc （Zn） deficiency is a major soil constraint limiting rice crop growth and yield, yet the genetic control of tolerance mechanisms is still poorly understood. Here, we presented promising loci and candidate genes ...Zinc （Zn） deficiency is a major soil constraint limiting rice crop growth and yield, yet the genetic control of tolerance mechanisms is still poorly understood. Here, we presented promising loci and candidate genes conferring tolerance to Zn deficiency and identified through association analysis using a 365 K single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） marker array in a diverse aus （semi-wild type rice） panel. Tolerant accessions exhibited higher growth rate with relatively rare stress symptoms. Two loci on chromosomes 7 and 9 were strongly associated with plant vigor under Zn deficiency at a peak-stress stage. Based on previous microarray data from the same experimental plots, we highlighted four candidate genes whose expressions were accompanied by significant genotype and/or environment effects under Zn deficiency. Network-gene ontology supported known tolerance mechanisms, such as ascorbic acid pathway, and also suggested the importance of photosynthesis genes to overcome Zn deficiency symptoms.展开更多
G20 finance ministers’ meeting closed at the end of this February focusing on how to effectively prevent the deterioration of European sovereign debt crisis and calling for the "self-help" of euro.Greece is...G20 finance ministers’ meeting closed at the end of this February focusing on how to effectively prevent the deterioration of European sovereign debt crisis and calling for the "self-help" of euro.Greece is the current focus of the media attention,but seen展开更多
Most indigenous rice landraces are sensitive to photoperiod during short day seasons,and this sensitivity is more pronounced in indica than in japonica landraces.Attempts to identify photoperiod sensitive(PPS)cultivar...Most indigenous rice landraces are sensitive to photoperiod during short day seasons,and this sensitivity is more pronounced in indica than in japonica landraces.Attempts to identify photoperiod sensitive(PPS)cultivars based on the life history stages of the rice plant,and several models and indices based on phenology and day length have not been precise,and in some cases yield counterfactual inferences.Following the empirical method of traditional Asian rice farmers,the author has developed a robust index,based on the sowing and flowering dates of a large number of landraces grown in different seasons from 2020 to 2023,to contradistinguish PPS from photoperiod insensitive cultivars.Unlike other indices and models of photoperiod sensitivity,the index does not require the presumed duration of different life history stages of the rice plant but relies only on the flowering dates and the number of days till flowering of a rice cultivar sown on different dates to consistently identify photoperiod sensitive cultivars.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20180071)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30919011109)PAPD of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘As a large family of 2D materials, transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) have stimulated numerous works owing to their attractive properties. The replacement of constituent elements could promote the discovery and fabrication of new nanofilm in this family. Using precious metals, such as platinum and palladium, to serve as transition metals combined with chalcogen is a new approach to explore novel TMDs. Also, the proportion between transition metal and chalcogen atoms is found not only to exist in conventional form of 1 : 2. Herein, we reported a comprehensive study of a new 2D precious metal selenide, namely AuSe monolayer. Based on density functional theory, our result indicated that AuSe monolayer is a semiconductor with indirect band-gap of 2.0 eV, which possesses superior dynamic stability and thermodynamic stability with cohesive energy up to–7.87 eV/atom. Moreover, it has been confirmed that ionic bonding predominates in Au–Se bonds and absorption peaks in all directions distribute in the deep ultraviolet region. In addition, both vibration modes dominating marked Raman peaks are parallel to the 2D plane.
文摘Weedy red rice(Oryza sativa;WRR),a close relative of cultivated rice,is a highly competitive weed that commonly infests rice fields and can also naturally interbreed with rice.Useful genes for biotic stress have been maintained in WRR and can be explored for breeding.Here we describe genetic and physiological traits of WRR that can be beneficial in preventing major rice diseases.Rice blast,caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,and sheath blight disease,caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani,are the two most damaging biotic stresses of rice.Many major and minor resistance genes and QTL have been identified in cultivated and wild rice relatives.However,novel QTL were recently found in the two major U.S.biotypes of WRR,blackhull-awned(BH)and strawhullawnless(SH),suggesting that WRR has evolved novel genetic mechanisms to cope with these biotic stresses.Twenty-eight accessions of WRR(PI 653412–PI 653439)from the southern USA were characterized and placed in the National Small Grains Collection,and are available for identification of novel genetic factors to prevent biotic stress.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871349)The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA19040301)。
文摘Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters such as droughts in the world.The pre-monsoon Aus rice in Bangladesh depends on rainfall and is threatened by increasing droughts.However,limited information on the changes in Aus rice as well as droughts hamper our understanding of the country’s agricultural resilience and adaption to droughts.Here,we collected all the official statistical data of Aus rice at the district level from 1980 to 2018,and examined the interannual variations of area,yield,and production.The results showed both area and production of Aus rice decreased significantly(61.58×103 ha yr-1 and 17.21×103 M.tons yr-1,respectively),while yield increased significantly(0.03 M.tons ha-1 yr-1).We also found a significantly increasing trend of droughts in 88%of area based on the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)data,especially in those rainfed agricultural areas.Moreover,we found significant positive correlations between PDSI and Aus rice area(production)in 33(25)out of 64 districts.There is hardly a relationship between PDSI and yield,likely due to the improved management and increasing irrigated areas.Implementing continuous drought monitoring,combined irrigation(surface and groundwater)systems,and conservation and precision agriculture are highly recommended in these drought-prone districts to ensure food security in Bangladesh.
基金funded by the SCPRID programme of BBSRC/DIFID/BMGF (BB/J011584/1) by International Rice Research Institute
文摘Zinc （Zn） deficiency is a major soil constraint limiting rice crop growth and yield, yet the genetic control of tolerance mechanisms is still poorly understood. Here, we presented promising loci and candidate genes conferring tolerance to Zn deficiency and identified through association analysis using a 365 K single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） marker array in a diverse aus （semi-wild type rice） panel. Tolerant accessions exhibited higher growth rate with relatively rare stress symptoms. Two loci on chromosomes 7 and 9 were strongly associated with plant vigor under Zn deficiency at a peak-stress stage. Based on previous microarray data from the same experimental plots, we highlighted four candidate genes whose expressions were accompanied by significant genotype and/or environment effects under Zn deficiency. Network-gene ontology supported known tolerance mechanisms, such as ascorbic acid pathway, and also suggested the importance of photosynthesis genes to overcome Zn deficiency symptoms.
文摘G20 finance ministers’ meeting closed at the end of this February focusing on how to effectively prevent the deterioration of European sovereign debt crisis and calling for the "self-help" of euro.Greece is the current focus of the media attention,but seen
文摘Most indigenous rice landraces are sensitive to photoperiod during short day seasons,and this sensitivity is more pronounced in indica than in japonica landraces.Attempts to identify photoperiod sensitive(PPS)cultivars based on the life history stages of the rice plant,and several models and indices based on phenology and day length have not been precise,and in some cases yield counterfactual inferences.Following the empirical method of traditional Asian rice farmers,the author has developed a robust index,based on the sowing and flowering dates of a large number of landraces grown in different seasons from 2020 to 2023,to contradistinguish PPS from photoperiod insensitive cultivars.Unlike other indices and models of photoperiod sensitivity,the index does not require the presumed duration of different life history stages of the rice plant but relies only on the flowering dates and the number of days till flowering of a rice cultivar sown on different dates to consistently identify photoperiod sensitive cultivars.
