Atmospheric winds, air temperatures, water levels, precipitation and oceanic waves in the Charleston South Carolina (SC) coastal zone are evaluated for their intrinsic, internal variability over temporal scales rangin...Atmospheric winds, air temperatures, water levels, precipitation and oceanic waves in the Charleston South Carolina (SC) coastal zone are evaluated for their intrinsic, internal variability over temporal scales ranging from hours to multi-decades. The purpose of this study was to bring together a plethora of atmospheric and coastal ocean state variable data in a specific locale, to assess temporal variabilities and possible relationships between variables. The questions addressed relate to the concepts of weather and climate. Data comprise the basis of this study. The overall distributions of atmospheric and coastal oceanic state variable variability, including wind speed, direction and kinematic distributions and state variable amplitudes over a variety of time scales are assessed. Annual variability is shown to be highly variable from year to year, making arithmetic means mathematically tractable but physically meaningless. Employing empirical and statistical methodologies, data analyses indicate the same number of intrinsic, internal modes of temporal variability in atmospheric temperatures, coastal wind and coastal water level time series, ranging from hours to days to weeks to seasons, sub-seasons, annual, multi-year, decades, and centennial time scales. This finding demonstrates that the atmosphere and coastal ocean in a southeastern U.S. coastal city are characterized by a set of similar frequency and amplitude modulated phenomena. Kinematic hodograph descriptors of atmospheric winds reveal coherent <span style="font-family:Verdana;">rotating and rectilinear particle motions. A mathematical statistics-based</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> wind to wave-to-wave algorithm is developed and applied to offshore marine buoy data to create an hour-by-hour forecast capability from 1 to 24 hours;with confidence levels put forward. This </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">affects</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a different approach to the conventional deterministic model forecasting of waves.</span>展开更多
A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the hori...A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF＇s expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region （20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E） and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method.展开更多
This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrieval schemes.The ICI physical retrieval sch...This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrieval schemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in our experiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling library of initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondes indicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary result from the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.展开更多
In extracting vertical profiles of aerosol backscattering coefficient from lidar signals, the effects of atmo- spheric temperature are usually ignored, In this study, these effects are analyzed using a rotational Rama...In extracting vertical profiles of aerosol backscattering coefficient from lidar signals, the effects of atmo- spheric temperature are usually ignored, In this study, these effects are analyzed using a rotational Raman-Mie lidar system, which is capable of simultaneously measuring atmospheric temperature and vertical profiles of aerosols, A method is presented to correct the aerosol backscattering coefficient using atmospheric temperature profiles, obtained from Raman scattering signals. The differences in the extracted aerosol backscattering coefficient with and without considering temperature effects are fur- ther discussed. The backscattering coefficients for scattering off clouds are shown to be more sensitive to temperature than that of aerosols and atmosphere molecules; the aerosol backscattering coefficient is more sensitive to temperature in summer due to higher atmospheric temperatures,展开更多
In this paper, an improved air discharge fluid model under non-uniform electric field is constructed based on the plasma module COMSOL Multiphysics with artificial stability term, and the boundary conditions developed...In this paper, an improved air discharge fluid model under non-uniform electric field is constructed based on the plasma module COMSOL Multiphysics with artificial stability term, and the boundary conditions developed in the previous paper are applied to the calculation of photoionization rate. Based on the modified model, the characteristics of low temperature subatmospheric air discharge under 13 kV direct current voltage are discussed, including needle-plate and needle-needle electrode structures. Firstly, in order to verify the reliability of the model, a numerical example and an experimental verification were carried out for the modified model respectively. Both verification results show that the model can ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the calculation. Secondly, according to the calculation results of the modified model, under the same voltage and spacing, the reduced electric field under low temperature subatmosphere pressure is larger than that under normal temperature and atmospheric pressure. The high electric field leads to the air discharge at low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure entering the streamer initiation stage earlier, and has a faster propagation speed in the streamer development stage, which shortens the overall discharge time. Finally, the discharge characteristics of the two electrode structures are compared, and it is found that the biggest difference between them is that there is a pre-ionization region near the cathode in the needle-needle electrode structure. When the pre-ionization level reaches 1013 cm-3, the propagation speed of the positive streamer remains unchanged throughout the discharge process, and is no longer affected by the negative streamer. The peak value of electric field decreases with the increase of pre-ionization level, and tends to be constant during streamer propagation. Based on the previous paper, this paper constructs the air discharge model under non-uniform electric field, complements with the previous paper, and forms a relatively complete set of air discharge simulation system under low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure, which provides a certain reference for future research.展开更多
Steroid medication is used extensively in clinical applications and comprises a large and vital part of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the difficulty of separating 4-androstene-3,17-dione （AD） from 1,4-andros...Steroid medication is used extensively in clinical applications and comprises a large and vital part of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the difficulty of separating 4-androstene-3,17-dione （AD） from 1,4-androstadiene- 3,17-dione （ADD） restricts the application of the microbial transformation of phytosterols in the industry. A novel at- mospheric and room temperature plasma （ARTP） treatment, which employs helium as the working gas, was used to generate Mycobacterium neoaurum mutants producing large amounts of AD. After treatment of cultures with ARTP, four mutants were selected using a novel screening method with a color assay. Among the mutants, M. neoaurum ZADF-4 was considered the best candidate for industrial application. When the fermentation medium contained 15 g/L phytosterols and was cultivated on a rotary shaker at 160 r/min at 30 ~C for 7 d, （6.28＋0.11） g/L of AD and （0.82＋0.05） g/L of ADD were produced by the ZADF-4 mutant, compared with （4.83＋0.13） g/L of AD and （2.34＋0.06） g/L of ADD by the original strain, Iv~. neoaururn ZAD. Compared with ZAD, the molar yield of AD increased from 48.3% to 60.3% in the ZADF-4 mutant. This result indicates that ZADF-4 may have potential for industrial production of AD.展开更多
Due to the high elevation and cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau,the western region retains extensive snow cover during the summer,which can exhibit rapid variability over the course of just a few days.This study uti...Due to the high elevation and cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau,the western region retains extensive snow cover during the summer,which can exhibit rapid variability over the course of just a few days.This study utilizes numerical experiments to investigate the atmospheric response to extreme Tibetan Plateau snow cover(TPSC)events on a subseasonal timescale during summer.The results indicate that the subseasonal variations in TPSC exert limited impact on nonlocal atmospheric circulation and temperature during this period.Nevertheless,local surface energy and atmospheric temperature exhibit rapid cooling responses to increased snow cover.Specifically,an increase in snow cover over the western Tibetan Plateau leads to a sharp rise in surface albedo,resulting in a reduction in land surface energy and a negative response in the diabatic heating rate from the surface to 350 hPa locally.This negative diabatic heating response subsequently causes a decline in both surface and overlying atmospheric temperatures.The temperature response is confined to the western Tibetan Plateau and extends vertically from the surface to approximately 350 hPa.These extreme TPSC events and their associated atmospheric impacts occur within a two-week timescale.展开更多
There are diverse and contradictory opinions about of the existence of the global warming.Is not easy to find papers that explain with enough detail,how to measure the atmospheric temperature that support this stateme...There are diverse and contradictory opinions about of the existence of the global warming.Is not easy to find papers that explain with enough detail,how to measure the atmospheric temperature that support this statement.In this context,the south pole is a one the most marked geographical areas,as harmed by global warming.Nevertheless,our last research work showed that during the year 2018,the Antartica cooled almost 1℃.In this situation,and in order to clarify this question,we decided to undertake our own research work.We had used as data source,the value collected by Amundsen-Scott sounding.This base is the most near to the geographic south pole.All its measurements are available in the web site of Wyoming University.With these data,we calculate the average temperature from the surface level to the mayor high level that arrive the sounding balloon.Each day,each month;since January l of 2018 to December 31 of 2019.The result obtained from our study,cast doubt the existence of the atmospheric warm over the south pole.展开更多
Using the monthly geopotential heights and winds for 700 and 200 hPa for India during July and August, and the weekly M-100 Soviet rocketsonde temperature and wind data for Thumba (8.5 ° N, 76.9 ° E) during ...Using the monthly geopotential heights and winds for 700 and 200 hPa for India during July and August, and the weekly M-100 Soviet rocketsonde temperature and wind data for Thumba (8.5 ° N, 76.9 ° E) during the last week of June and the first week of September for the two contrasting summer monsoon years 1975 (a very strong monsoon year) and 1979 (a very weak monsoon year), a study has been made to examine the mean circulation features of the troposphere over India, and the structures of the temperatures and the winds of the middle atmosphere over Thumba. The study suggested that the axis of the monsoon trough (AMT) at 700 hPa shifted southward in 1975 and northward towards the foothills of the Himalayas in 1979, from its normal position. Superimposed on the low-pressure area (AMT) at 700 hPa, a well-defined divergence was noticed at 200 hPa over the northern India in 1975.The mean temperatures at 25,50 and 60 km (middle atmosphere) over Thumba were cooler in 1975 than in 1979. While a cooling trend in 1975 and warming trend in 1979 were observed at 25 and 50 km, a reversed picture was noticed at 60 km. There was a weak easterly / westerly (weak westerly phase) zonal wind in 1975 and a strong easterly zonal wind in 1979. A phase reversal of the zonal wind was observed at 50 km. A tentative physical mechanism was offered, in terms of upward propagation of the two equatorially trapped planetary waves i.e. the Kelvin and the mixed Rossby-gravity waves, to explain the occurrence of the two spells of strong warmings in the mesosphere in 1975.展开更多
The estimation of Precipitable Water Vapor （PWV） derived from Global Positioning System （GPS） data at the IGS site WUHN is assessed by comparing with PWV obtained from radiosonde data （No.57494） in Wuhan. The ap...The estimation of Precipitable Water Vapor （PWV） derived from Global Positioning System （GPS） data at the IGS site WUHN is assessed by comparing with PWV obtained from radiosonde data （No.57494） in Wuhan. The applicability of Saastamoinen （SAAS）, Hopfield and Black models used for estimating Zenith Hydrostatic Delay （ZHD） and Zenith Wet Delay （ZWD） and different models is verified in the estimation of GPS-derived PWV for the applied area. The experimental results demonstrated that ： 1 ） the precision of PWV estimated from Black model used for calculating ZHD （ ZHDs ） is lower than that of SAAS （ ZHDsAAs ） model and Hopfield model （ZHDn） with the RMS of 4. 16 ram; 2） the RMS of PWV estimated from SAAS model used for calculating ZWD （SAAS） is 3.78 ram; 3 ） the well-known Bevis model gives similar accuracy compared with the site-specific models for Tm in terms of surface temperature （ Ts ） and surface pressure （Ps）, which can reach the accuracy inside 1 mm in the GPS-derived PWV estimates.展开更多
While global warming is only one part of climate change effects, it poses the highest risk to our habitats and ecologies. It is alarming that global warming has heightened in multiple locations and is intensified sinc...While global warming is only one part of climate change effects, it poses the highest risk to our habitats and ecologies. It is alarming that global warming has heightened in multiple locations and is intensified since the early 1970s. Since then, there are certain global warming patterns that could guide us with an overview of what mitigation and adaptation strategies should be developed in the future decades. There are certain regions affected more than another, and there are certain patterns with adverse effects on regions, sub-regions, and even continents. This study provides an insightful analysis of recent global warming patterns, those that are affecting us the most with regional climate change of different types, upsurge in frequency and intensity of natural disasters, and drastic impacts on our ecosystems around the world. By analysing the global warming patterns of these last four decades, this research study sheds light on where these patterns are coming from, how they are developing, and what are their impacts. This study is conducted through grey literature and analysis of the recorded global warming data publicly available by the NASA-GISS data centre for global temperature. This brief—but comprehensive—analysis helps us to have a better understanding of what comes next for global warming impacts, and how we should ultimately react. The study contributes to the field by discovering three key points analysed based on available data and literature on recorded global temperature, including: differences between north and south hemispheres, specific patterns due to ocean surface temperature increase, and recent impacts on particular regions. The study concludes with the importance of global scale analysis to have a more realistic understanding of the global warming patterns and their impacts on all living habitats.展开更多
In order to improve leaching efficiency of vanadium from stone coal,the combination of blank roasting and bioleaching using Bacillus mucilaginosus(B.mucilaginosus)mutants was evaluated.The atmospheric and room tempera...In order to improve leaching efficiency of vanadium from stone coal,the combination of blank roasting and bioleaching using Bacillus mucilaginosus(B.mucilaginosus)mutants was evaluated.The atmospheric and room temperature plasma(ARTP)technique was used to generate B.mucilaginosus mutants.The results showed that a mutant B.mucilaginosus BM-50,after ARTP irradiation for 50 s,had the highest acid production.The total content of the organic acid produced by B.mucilaginosus BM-50 was nearly doubled compared with the wild strain after 2 days.After 20 days,vanadium leaching rate with B.mucilaginosus BM-50 reached 18.2%,which was improved compared with the original bacteria(15.3%).A pretreatment via blank roasting for stone coal further improved the vanadium dissolution by bioleaching,namely,68.3%vanadium was extracted,which was much higher than that without blank roasting.It is shown that bioleaching by bacterial mutants by ARTP irradiation combined with blank roasting has great potential for improving vanadium recovery from low-grade vanadium bearing stone coal.展开更多
The SmBaCuMO5+δ (M=Fe, Co, Ni) (SBCM) powders were synthesized by the citrate sol-gel method and the powders were sintered to ceramic pellets. The powders and sintered ceramic pellets were characterized with XRD, TEM...The SmBaCuMO5+δ (M=Fe, Co, Ni) (SBCM) powders were synthesized by the citrate sol-gel method and the powders were sintered to ceramic pellets. The powders and sintered ceramic pellets were characterized with XRD, TEM and SEM measurements. The cathode catalytic performances of SBCM ceramic pellets for ammonia synthesis were studied from wet hydrogen and dry nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and low temperature, using SBCM ceramic pellets as cathode, Nafion proton exchange membrane as electrolyte, Ni-Ce0.8Sm0....展开更多
This paper presents three strategies for modeling the regional empirical Tm （the weighted mean tem- perature of the atmosphere） to obtain more accurate determinations in a regional empirical model that is better ada...This paper presents three strategies for modeling the regional empirical Tm （the weighted mean tem- perature of the atmosphere） to obtain more accurate determinations in a regional empirical model that is better adapted to the geographical and climatic characteristics of the applied area. The proposed models utilize data from four radiosonde stations in Guangxi, at Nanning, Guilin, Wuzhou and Baise, over an 11 month period （from Jan. to Nov. of 2011 ）. The experimental results demonstrated the following： （1） there is no significant展开更多
An analysis of high-resolution precipitation data for 1978-2006 indicates that the precipitation over southern China in June experienced a low-value period in 1980-1989 and a high-value period in 1992-2001.It also rev...An analysis of high-resolution precipitation data for 1978-2006 indicates that the precipitation over southern China in June experienced a low-value period in 1980-1989 and a high-value period in 1992-2001.It also reveals that exceptional heavy(light) precipitation occurred in June 2005(2004) since 1951.For these variations on both interdecadal and interannual timescales,fairly uniform anomalies of precipitation appeared over Vietnam,southern China,and southeastern China.Corresponding to positive(negative) precipitation anomalies,anomalous southeasterly(northwesterly) flow at 850 hPa reached Vietnam and anomalous southwesterly(northeasterly) flow expanded to the coastal regions of southern and southeastern China.Precedent to the positive(negative) precipitation anomalies during 1992-2001(1980-1989),positive(negative) anomalies of sea surface temperature appeared over the extratropical northwestern Pacific in the winter and spring seasons,associated with a strong(weak) extension of the warm Kuroshio Current that affects the coastal region of eastern China.The above-normal precipitation in June 2005 was associated with the pseudo-ENSO event in the previous winter,and the below-normal precipitation in June 2004 was associated with negative anomalies of sea surface temperature over the equatorial central Pacific and positive anomalies over the equatorial western and eastern Pacific.展开更多
The nanostructures and redox properties of CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)materials can be tuned via optimized thermal treatments.In this study,the CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)-Y_(2)O_(3)-La_(2)O_(3)(CZ) materials were prepared by co-precipitatio...The nanostructures and redox properties of CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)materials can be tuned via optimized thermal treatments.In this study,the CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)-Y_(2)O_(3)-La_(2)O_(3)(CZ) materials were prepared by co-precipitation method and submitted to different thermal treatment conditions(atmosphere:nitrogen(N) and air(A);temperature(x):700,800 and 900℃).Due to the protective effects of the "in-situ-formed" carbon powder,treating the surfactants assisted-CZ precursors under N2atmosphere can keep the pore structures and then the CZ-N700 and CZ-N800 can achieve larger surface area than CZ-A700 and CZ-A800,respectively.In comparison,with high treatment temperature(900℃),the effects of thermal atmosphere on surface area can be ignored.However,the redox properties of CZ materials correlate closely with thermal treatment atmosphere and temperature simultaneously.As demonstrated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) characterizations,the N_(2)atmosphere facilitates the formation of Ce^(3+)without disturbing the mixing degree of Ce and Zr.Thereby the CZ-Nx materials exhibit superior reducibility than corresponding CZ-Ax materials.In additio n,the XRD and XPS results also demonstrate the formation of a more homogeneous CZ solid solution by Zr atoms rearrangement with temperature ignoring the atmosphere.As a result,the reducibility of CZ materials increases with the treatment temperature increasing and is not affected by the worsening of the textural properties.Specially,due to the synergistic effects of N_(2)atmosphere and high treatment temperature,the CZ-N900 shows the best reducibility.This improvement also emphasizes the important role of structural properties of CZ in explaining the temperature-dependent reducibility.展开更多
Higher levels of acetaldehyde in beer are one of the major concerns in the current beer industry.Yeast produces acetaldehyde during alcoholic fermentation,and its modification significantly affects beer flavor and qua...Higher levels of acetaldehyde in beer are one of the major concerns in the current beer industry.Yeast produces acetaldehyde during alcoholic fermentation,and its modification significantly affects beer flavor and quality.A different mutant strain with lower acetaldehyde production and improved ethanol tolerance was constructed using the ARTP-ALE mutagenesis strategy with 4-methylpyrazole-disulfiram.As a result of the mutation,the alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the mutant strain decreased to about 71.22%of that of the wild-type strain.At the same time,the fermentation properties and genetic stability of the newly screened strain showed slight differences from the wild-type strain,and there were no safety concerns regarding industrial use of the mutant strain.展开更多
Spatial characteristic is an important indicator of remote sensor performance,and space-borne infrared hyperspectral sounder is the frontier of atmospheric vertical sounding technology.In this paper,the formation mech...Spatial characteristic is an important indicator of remote sensor performance,and space-borne infrared hyperspectral sounder is the frontier of atmospheric vertical sounding technology.In this paper,the formation mechanism of the vertical spatial characteristics involved in the space-borne infrared hyperspectral sounding data are analyzed in detail,which shows that the vertical spatial characteristics of sounding data depends not only on the spectral channels and their waveband coverage,but also the specific atmospheric parameter and its specific variation interested.The indicators of vertical spatial characteristics are defined and their mathematical models are established based on the mechanism analyses.These models are applied to the vertical spatial characteristic evaluation of atmospheric temperature sounding for FY-4A GIIRS,which is the first space-borne infrared hyperspectral atmospheric sounder in geostationary orbit.It is concluded that FY-4A GIIRS can sound the vertical temperature distribution in whole troposphere and lower stratosphere with height<35 km.This study can provide basic information to support the improvement of infrared hyperspectral sounder and the trace of vertical spatial characteristics of atmospheric inversion products.展开更多
文摘Atmospheric winds, air temperatures, water levels, precipitation and oceanic waves in the Charleston South Carolina (SC) coastal zone are evaluated for their intrinsic, internal variability over temporal scales ranging from hours to multi-decades. The purpose of this study was to bring together a plethora of atmospheric and coastal ocean state variable data in a specific locale, to assess temporal variabilities and possible relationships between variables. The questions addressed relate to the concepts of weather and climate. Data comprise the basis of this study. The overall distributions of atmospheric and coastal oceanic state variable variability, including wind speed, direction and kinematic distributions and state variable amplitudes over a variety of time scales are assessed. Annual variability is shown to be highly variable from year to year, making arithmetic means mathematically tractable but physically meaningless. Employing empirical and statistical methodologies, data analyses indicate the same number of intrinsic, internal modes of temporal variability in atmospheric temperatures, coastal wind and coastal water level time series, ranging from hours to days to weeks to seasons, sub-seasons, annual, multi-year, decades, and centennial time scales. This finding demonstrates that the atmosphere and coastal ocean in a southeastern U.S. coastal city are characterized by a set of similar frequency and amplitude modulated phenomena. Kinematic hodograph descriptors of atmospheric winds reveal coherent <span style="font-family:Verdana;">rotating and rectilinear particle motions. A mathematical statistics-based</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> wind to wave-to-wave algorithm is developed and applied to offshore marine buoy data to create an hour-by-hour forecast capability from 1 to 24 hours;with confidence levels put forward. This </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">affects</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> a different approach to the conventional deterministic model forecasting of waves.</span>
基金the 973 Program (Grant No. 2004CB418305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 40575049).
文摘A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF＇s expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region （20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E） and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method.
基金Supported by National"973"Project No.4(G1998040909#).
文摘This paper describes briefly the sounding capabilities of TOVS/ATOVS onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting meteorological satellites,followed by a more detailed review of the retrieval schemes.The ICI physical retrieval scheme with some adaptations is implemented in our experiment.The analyses of the Chinese regional NWP model are utilized to create a rolling library of initial guess field.Retrieval results validated against both NWP analyses and radiosondes indicate good agreement between ICI retrievals and conventional observations.Preliminary result from the PC-ATOVS Windows display system of NSMC will also be shown.
文摘In extracting vertical profiles of aerosol backscattering coefficient from lidar signals, the effects of atmo- spheric temperature are usually ignored, In this study, these effects are analyzed using a rotational Raman-Mie lidar system, which is capable of simultaneously measuring atmospheric temperature and vertical profiles of aerosols, A method is presented to correct the aerosol backscattering coefficient using atmospheric temperature profiles, obtained from Raman scattering signals. The differences in the extracted aerosol backscattering coefficient with and without considering temperature effects are fur- ther discussed. The backscattering coefficients for scattering off clouds are shown to be more sensitive to temperature than that of aerosols and atmosphere molecules; the aerosol backscattering coefficient is more sensitive to temperature in summer due to higher atmospheric temperatures,
基金the National Key RESEARCH and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology‘Life Prediction and Operation Risk Assessment of UHV Equipment under long-term Service conditions(No.2017YFB0902705)’for supporting this workthe No.703 Research Institute of CSIC(China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation)Yunnan Electric Test&Research Institute Group CO.,Ltd for assistance in this paper.
文摘In this paper, an improved air discharge fluid model under non-uniform electric field is constructed based on the plasma module COMSOL Multiphysics with artificial stability term, and the boundary conditions developed in the previous paper are applied to the calculation of photoionization rate. Based on the modified model, the characteristics of low temperature subatmospheric air discharge under 13 kV direct current voltage are discussed, including needle-plate and needle-needle electrode structures. Firstly, in order to verify the reliability of the model, a numerical example and an experimental verification were carried out for the modified model respectively. Both verification results show that the model can ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the calculation. Secondly, according to the calculation results of the modified model, under the same voltage and spacing, the reduced electric field under low temperature subatmosphere pressure is larger than that under normal temperature and atmospheric pressure. The high electric field leads to the air discharge at low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure entering the streamer initiation stage earlier, and has a faster propagation speed in the streamer development stage, which shortens the overall discharge time. Finally, the discharge characteristics of the two electrode structures are compared, and it is found that the biggest difference between them is that there is a pre-ionization region near the cathode in the needle-needle electrode structure. When the pre-ionization level reaches 1013 cm-3, the propagation speed of the positive streamer remains unchanged throughout the discharge process, and is no longer affected by the negative streamer. The peak value of electric field decreases with the increase of pre-ionization level, and tends to be constant during streamer propagation. Based on the previous paper, this paper constructs the air discharge model under non-uniform electric field, complements with the previous paper, and forms a relatively complete set of air discharge simulation system under low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure, which provides a certain reference for future research.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973)of China(No.2012CB725202)the National High-Tech R&D Program(863)of China(No.2011AA02A211)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21276110)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.JUSRP51306A and JUSRP11545)the National 111 Project of China’s Higher Education(No.111-2-06)the Program of the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology,Ministry of Education,China(No.KLIB-KF201406)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD),China
文摘Steroid medication is used extensively in clinical applications and comprises a large and vital part of the pharmaceutical industry. However, the difficulty of separating 4-androstene-3,17-dione （AD） from 1,4-androstadiene- 3,17-dione （ADD） restricts the application of the microbial transformation of phytosterols in the industry. A novel at- mospheric and room temperature plasma （ARTP） treatment, which employs helium as the working gas, was used to generate Mycobacterium neoaurum mutants producing large amounts of AD. After treatment of cultures with ARTP, four mutants were selected using a novel screening method with a color assay. Among the mutants, M. neoaurum ZADF-4 was considered the best candidate for industrial application. When the fermentation medium contained 15 g/L phytosterols and was cultivated on a rotary shaker at 160 r/min at 30 ~C for 7 d, （6.28＋0.11） g/L of AD and （0.82＋0.05） g/L of ADD were produced by the ZADF-4 mutant, compared with （4.83＋0.13） g/L of AD and （2.34＋0.06） g/L of ADD by the original strain, Iv~. neoaururn ZAD. Compared with ZAD, the molar yield of AD increased from 48.3% to 60.3% in the ZADF-4 mutant. This result indicates that ZADF-4 may have potential for industrial production of AD.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2022YFF0801603]the Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41905074].
文摘Due to the high elevation and cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau,the western region retains extensive snow cover during the summer,which can exhibit rapid variability over the course of just a few days.This study utilizes numerical experiments to investigate the atmospheric response to extreme Tibetan Plateau snow cover(TPSC)events on a subseasonal timescale during summer.The results indicate that the subseasonal variations in TPSC exert limited impact on nonlocal atmospheric circulation and temperature during this period.Nevertheless,local surface energy and atmospheric temperature exhibit rapid cooling responses to increased snow cover.Specifically,an increase in snow cover over the western Tibetan Plateau leads to a sharp rise in surface albedo,resulting in a reduction in land surface energy and a negative response in the diabatic heating rate from the surface to 350 hPa locally.This negative diabatic heating response subsequently causes a decline in both surface and overlying atmospheric temperatures.The temperature response is confined to the western Tibetan Plateau and extends vertically from the surface to approximately 350 hPa.These extreme TPSC events and their associated atmospheric impacts occur within a two-week timescale.
文摘There are diverse and contradictory opinions about of the existence of the global warming.Is not easy to find papers that explain with enough detail,how to measure the atmospheric temperature that support this statement.In this context,the south pole is a one the most marked geographical areas,as harmed by global warming.Nevertheless,our last research work showed that during the year 2018,the Antartica cooled almost 1℃.In this situation,and in order to clarify this question,we decided to undertake our own research work.We had used as data source,the value collected by Amundsen-Scott sounding.This base is the most near to the geographic south pole.All its measurements are available in the web site of Wyoming University.With these data,we calculate the average temperature from the surface level to the mayor high level that arrive the sounding balloon.Each day,each month;since January l of 2018 to December 31 of 2019.The result obtained from our study,cast doubt the existence of the atmospheric warm over the south pole.
文摘Using the monthly geopotential heights and winds for 700 and 200 hPa for India during July and August, and the weekly M-100 Soviet rocketsonde temperature and wind data for Thumba (8.5 ° N, 76.9 ° E) during the last week of June and the first week of September for the two contrasting summer monsoon years 1975 (a very strong monsoon year) and 1979 (a very weak monsoon year), a study has been made to examine the mean circulation features of the troposphere over India, and the structures of the temperatures and the winds of the middle atmosphere over Thumba. The study suggested that the axis of the monsoon trough (AMT) at 700 hPa shifted southward in 1975 and northward towards the foothills of the Himalayas in 1979, from its normal position. Superimposed on the low-pressure area (AMT) at 700 hPa, a well-defined divergence was noticed at 200 hPa over the northern India in 1975.The mean temperatures at 25,50 and 60 km (middle atmosphere) over Thumba were cooler in 1975 than in 1979. While a cooling trend in 1975 and warming trend in 1979 were observed at 25 and 50 km, a reversed picture was noticed at 60 km. There was a weak easterly / westerly (weak westerly phase) zonal wind in 1975 and a strong easterly zonal wind in 1979. A phase reversal of the zonal wind was observed at 50 km. A tentative physical mechanism was offered, in terms of upward propagation of the two equatorially trapped planetary waves i.e. the Kelvin and the mixed Rossby-gravity waves, to explain the occurrence of the two spells of strong warmings in the mesosphere in 1975.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4106400141071294)+1 种基金Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics(GuiKeJi 1103108-06)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2012GXNSFAA053183)
文摘The estimation of Precipitable Water Vapor （PWV） derived from Global Positioning System （GPS） data at the IGS site WUHN is assessed by comparing with PWV obtained from radiosonde data （No.57494） in Wuhan. The applicability of Saastamoinen （SAAS）, Hopfield and Black models used for estimating Zenith Hydrostatic Delay （ZHD） and Zenith Wet Delay （ZWD） and different models is verified in the estimation of GPS-derived PWV for the applied area. The experimental results demonstrated that ： 1 ） the precision of PWV estimated from Black model used for calculating ZHD （ ZHDs ） is lower than that of SAAS （ ZHDsAAs ） model and Hopfield model （ZHDn） with the RMS of 4. 16 ram; 2） the RMS of PWV estimated from SAAS model used for calculating ZWD （SAAS） is 3.78 ram; 3 ） the well-known Bevis model gives similar accuracy compared with the site-specific models for Tm in terms of surface temperature （ Ts ） and surface pressure （Ps）, which can reach the accuracy inside 1 mm in the GPS-derived PWV estimates.
基金financially supported by the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education,Wuhan University of Science and Technology(No.FMRU201405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51471122 and 51604202)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2016M592397)
文摘While global warming is only one part of climate change effects, it poses the highest risk to our habitats and ecologies. It is alarming that global warming has heightened in multiple locations and is intensified since the early 1970s. Since then, there are certain global warming patterns that could guide us with an overview of what mitigation and adaptation strategies should be developed in the future decades. There are certain regions affected more than another, and there are certain patterns with adverse effects on regions, sub-regions, and even continents. This study provides an insightful analysis of recent global warming patterns, those that are affecting us the most with regional climate change of different types, upsurge in frequency and intensity of natural disasters, and drastic impacts on our ecosystems around the world. By analysing the global warming patterns of these last four decades, this research study sheds light on where these patterns are coming from, how they are developing, and what are their impacts. This study is conducted through grey literature and analysis of the recorded global warming data publicly available by the NASA-GISS data centre for global temperature. This brief—but comprehensive—analysis helps us to have a better understanding of what comes next for global warming impacts, and how we should ultimately react. The study contributes to the field by discovering three key points analysed based on available data and literature on recorded global temperature, including: differences between north and south hemispheres, specific patterns due to ocean surface temperature increase, and recent impacts on particular regions. The study concludes with the importance of global scale analysis to have a more realistic understanding of the global warming patterns and their impacts on all living habitats.
基金Project(2015ZX07205003)supported by Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment of China
文摘In order to improve leaching efficiency of vanadium from stone coal,the combination of blank roasting and bioleaching using Bacillus mucilaginosus(B.mucilaginosus)mutants was evaluated.The atmospheric and room temperature plasma(ARTP)technique was used to generate B.mucilaginosus mutants.The results showed that a mutant B.mucilaginosus BM-50,after ARTP irradiation for 50 s,had the highest acid production.The total content of the organic acid produced by B.mucilaginosus BM-50 was nearly doubled compared with the wild strain after 2 days.After 20 days,vanadium leaching rate with B.mucilaginosus BM-50 reached 18.2%,which was improved compared with the original bacteria(15.3%).A pretreatment via blank roasting for stone coal further improved the vanadium dissolution by bioleaching,namely,68.3%vanadium was extracted,which was much higher than that without blank roasting.It is shown that bioleaching by bacterial mutants by ARTP irradiation combined with blank roasting has great potential for improving vanadium recovery from low-grade vanadium bearing stone coal.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20863007)
文摘The SmBaCuMO5+δ (M=Fe, Co, Ni) (SBCM) powders were synthesized by the citrate sol-gel method and the powders were sintered to ceramic pellets. The powders and sintered ceramic pellets were characterized with XRD, TEM and SEM measurements. The cathode catalytic performances of SBCM ceramic pellets for ammonia synthesis were studied from wet hydrogen and dry nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and low temperature, using SBCM ceramic pellets as cathode, Nafion proton exchange membrane as electrolyte, Ni-Ce0.8Sm0....
基金supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(4106400141071294)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2012GXNSFAA053183)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics(1103108-06)
文摘This paper presents three strategies for modeling the regional empirical Tm （the weighted mean tem- perature of the atmosphere） to obtain more accurate determinations in a regional empirical model that is better adapted to the geographical and climatic characteristics of the applied area. The proposed models utilize data from four radiosonde stations in Guangxi, at Nanning, Guilin, Wuzhou and Baise, over an 11 month period （from Jan. to Nov. of 2011 ）. The experimental results demonstrated the following： （1） there is no significant
基金Project for Popularizing Novel Meteorological Technology from China Meteorological Administration (CMATG2008M49)Science Highlands from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(0719005-3-2+1 种基金0993002-4)Science Project from Education Bureau of Guangxi Region (200911MS151)
文摘An analysis of high-resolution precipitation data for 1978-2006 indicates that the precipitation over southern China in June experienced a low-value period in 1980-1989 and a high-value period in 1992-2001.It also reveals that exceptional heavy(light) precipitation occurred in June 2005(2004) since 1951.For these variations on both interdecadal and interannual timescales,fairly uniform anomalies of precipitation appeared over Vietnam,southern China,and southeastern China.Corresponding to positive(negative) precipitation anomalies,anomalous southeasterly(northwesterly) flow at 850 hPa reached Vietnam and anomalous southwesterly(northeasterly) flow expanded to the coastal regions of southern and southeastern China.Precedent to the positive(negative) precipitation anomalies during 1992-2001(1980-1989),positive(negative) anomalies of sea surface temperature appeared over the extratropical northwestern Pacific in the winter and spring seasons,associated with a strong(weak) extension of the warm Kuroshio Current that affects the coastal region of eastern China.The above-normal precipitation in June 2005 was associated with the pseudo-ENSO event in the previous winter,and the below-normal precipitation in June 2004 was associated with negative anomalies of sea surface temperature over the equatorial central Pacific and positive anomalies over the equatorial western and eastern Pacific.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21972097)the National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology (NELMS2020A04)。
文摘The nanostructures and redox properties of CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)materials can be tuned via optimized thermal treatments.In this study,the CeO_(2)-ZrO_(2)-Y_(2)O_(3)-La_(2)O_(3)(CZ) materials were prepared by co-precipitation method and submitted to different thermal treatment conditions(atmosphere:nitrogen(N) and air(A);temperature(x):700,800 and 900℃).Due to the protective effects of the "in-situ-formed" carbon powder,treating the surfactants assisted-CZ precursors under N2atmosphere can keep the pore structures and then the CZ-N700 and CZ-N800 can achieve larger surface area than CZ-A700 and CZ-A800,respectively.In comparison,with high treatment temperature(900℃),the effects of thermal atmosphere on surface area can be ignored.However,the redox properties of CZ materials correlate closely with thermal treatment atmosphere and temperature simultaneously.As demonstrated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) characterizations,the N_(2)atmosphere facilitates the formation of Ce^(3+)without disturbing the mixing degree of Ce and Zr.Thereby the CZ-Nx materials exhibit superior reducibility than corresponding CZ-Ax materials.In additio n,the XRD and XPS results also demonstrate the formation of a more homogeneous CZ solid solution by Zr atoms rearrangement with temperature ignoring the atmosphere.As a result,the reducibility of CZ materials increases with the treatment temperature increasing and is not affected by the worsening of the textural properties.Specially,due to the synergistic effects of N_(2)atmosphere and high treatment temperature,the CZ-N900 shows the best reducibility.This improvement also emphasizes the important role of structural properties of CZ in explaining the temperature-dependent reducibility.
基金Supported by Heilongjiang Natural Science Foundation Joint Guide Project(LH2019C022)。
文摘Higher levels of acetaldehyde in beer are one of the major concerns in the current beer industry.Yeast produces acetaldehyde during alcoholic fermentation,and its modification significantly affects beer flavor and quality.A different mutant strain with lower acetaldehyde production and improved ethanol tolerance was constructed using the ARTP-ALE mutagenesis strategy with 4-methylpyrazole-disulfiram.As a result of the mutation,the alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the mutant strain decreased to about 71.22%of that of the wild-type strain.At the same time,the fermentation properties and genetic stability of the newly screened strain showed slight differences from the wild-type strain,and there were no safety concerns regarding industrial use of the mutant strain.
文摘Spatial characteristic is an important indicator of remote sensor performance,and space-borne infrared hyperspectral sounder is the frontier of atmospheric vertical sounding technology.In this paper,the formation mechanism of the vertical spatial characteristics involved in the space-borne infrared hyperspectral sounding data are analyzed in detail,which shows that the vertical spatial characteristics of sounding data depends not only on the spectral channels and their waveband coverage,but also the specific atmospheric parameter and its specific variation interested.The indicators of vertical spatial characteristics are defined and their mathematical models are established based on the mechanism analyses.These models are applied to the vertical spatial characteristic evaluation of atmospheric temperature sounding for FY-4A GIIRS,which is the first space-borne infrared hyperspectral atmospheric sounder in geostationary orbit.It is concluded that FY-4A GIIRS can sound the vertical temperature distribution in whole troposphere and lower stratosphere with height<35 km.This study can provide basic information to support the improvement of infrared hyperspectral sounder and the trace of vertical spatial characteristics of atmospheric inversion products.
