To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming me...To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.展开更多
Practical activities are an indispensable piece of science education.As such,assessment of these practical activities is vital for continually enhancing the quality of science instruction.This article presents a tenta...Practical activities are an indispensable piece of science education.As such,assessment of these practical activities is vital for continually enhancing the quality of science instruction.This article presents a tentative framework structured for assessing practical activities in science education.The proposed framework is built upon seven components:engagement and participation,relational thinking,stepwise mastery,contextualization,multidimensional integration,empowerment,and scientific articulacy.The framework might provide science educators with an alternative lens through which to enhance the effectiveness of practical activities,promote student engagement,and better prepare learners for the future.This framework is designed to be additive and complementary to existing assessment approaches and can be adapted and customized to suit specific local contexts and varying grade levels by science educators in the pursuit of excellence in an ever-evolving science education landscape.展开更多
The continuous input of various emerging contaminants(ECs)has inevitably introduced large amounts of transformation products(TPs)in natural and engineering water scenarios.Structurally similar to the precursor species...The continuous input of various emerging contaminants(ECs)has inevitably introduced large amounts of transformation products(TPs)in natural and engineering water scenarios.Structurally similar to the precursor species,the TPs are expected to possess comparative,if not more serious,environmental properties and risks.This review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the integrated risk assessment frameworks of TPs of ECs,mainly involving the exposure-and effectdriven analysis.The inadequate information within existing frameworks that was essential and critical for developing a better risk assessment framework was discussed.The main strategic improvements include(1)non-targeted product analysis in both laboratory and field samples,(2)omics-based highthroughput toxicity assessment,(3)multichannel-driven mode of action in conjugation with effectdirected analysis,and(4)machine learning technology.Overall,this review provides a concise but comprehensive insight into the optimized strategy for evaluating the environmental risks and screening the key toxic products from the cocktail mixtures of ECs and their TPs in the global water cycle.This facilitates deciphering the mode of toxicity in complex chemical mixtures and prioritizing the regulated TPs among the unknown products,which have the potential to be considered a class of novel"ECs"ofgreatconcern.展开更多
Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance o...Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance of buildings and communities.With the current pace of climate change and the increasing threat of stronger,more frequent natural hazards,however,there are doubts that sustainability alone is an effective response.Sustainability assessment frameworks in recent years have been criticized for not incorporating hazard resilience.To better understand the current level of emphasis put on resilience to natural hazards in green building rating systems,this study aims to assess the level of resilience integration in existing sustainability assessment frameworks.The results demonstrate an overall lack of resilience coverage in the frameworks with only four frameworks,CASBEE,LEED,Green Globes,and DGNB having resilience coverage of 27.5%,15%,2.6%,and 1.1%respectively.This confirms a need for more systematic integration of resilience indicators into sustain-ability rating systems to create combined frameworks for sustainability and resilience.展开更多
Water ecological health is crucial for sustainable ecosystems and human well-being.However,China’s complex water environments present significant challenges for precise health assessments.After analyzing global water...Water ecological health is crucial for sustainable ecosystems and human well-being.However,China’s complex water environments present significant challenges for precise health assessments.After analyzing global water ecological practices,we identify specific challenges to China’s water ecological monitoring and assessment,including cognition,observation,and analysis gaps.To address these challenges,we propose a holistic,dynamic,and intelligent assessment framework that integrates water quality and ecological indicators to shape a clinical diagnosis paradigm.The framework incorporates assessments of trophic status,water clarity,and ecosystem resilience to enhance the ability of evaluating water ecological health.Additionally,we recommend strengthening stereoscopic monitoring networks using environmental optics to improve monitoring effectiveness.A notable advancement in our methodology is the incorporation of self-adaptive capacity,which enables the rapid detection of deteriorating water quality or emerging health threats while optimizing the diagnosis process through bidirectional grading.Overall,the assessment framework helps improve the monitoring and assessment systems,which can significantly enhance the systematization and objectivity of traditional approaches,deepen the understanding dynamic evolution processes,and identify potential warning signals of water health.展开更多
Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, int...Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV(Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City's SESs vulnerability is "high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall". Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk.(2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.展开更多
Ecological stability is a critical factor in global sustainable development,yet its significance has been overlooked.Here we introduce a landscape-oriented framework to evaluate ecological stability in the Qingzang Pl...Ecological stability is a critical factor in global sustainable development,yet its significance has been overlooked.Here we introduce a landscape-oriented framework to evaluate ecological stability in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Our findings reveal a medium-high stability level in the QP,with minimal changes over recent years.The driving factors vary across landscape types,with climate and anthropogenic factors emerging as crucial determinants.While anthropogenic factors are strong but unstable due to policy changes and economic development,climatic factors exert a consistent influence.Based on our results,we propose site-specific ecological conservation and restoration measures.The ecological stability assessment framework provides a practical tool to understand the link between environmental conditions and ecosystems.展开更多
Sustaining or enhancing nature's contributions to people(NCPs)requires a comprehensive understanding of both nature's contributions and people's needs.However,the 2 aspects for water-related NCPs are spati...Sustaining or enhancing nature's contributions to people(NCPs)requires a comprehensive understanding of both nature's contributions and people's needs.However,the 2 aspects for water-related NCPs are spatially mismatched.We introduced an assessment framework for water-related NCPs from a spatial flow perspective,considering the local nature's contributions assessed using the In VEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)model,as well as people's needs in the downstream assessed via a distance decay method.We assessed 3 water-related NCPs'spatial distribution and correlation on the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2020,where a large-scale ecological restoration was implemented that may affect downstream people.The results showed that NCP6(downstream needs from water yield)showed no increasing trend in the majority watersheds over the past 20 years,in contrast to NCP7(downstream needs from water purification)and NCP8(downstream needs from soil conservation).There are spatial synergies among NCP6,NCP7,and NCP8.From 2000 to 2020,the spatial synergy between NCP7 and NCP8 increased while decreased between other NCPs.The temporal dynamics of NCP6 and NCP8 showed a trade-off,while NCP6 and NCP7 showed a synergy.NCP7 and NCP8,in turn,showed a transition from synergy to trade-off.Guided by nature's contributions and people's needs,we proposed 3 ecological measures:thinning and intermediate cutting measures,control nonpoint source pollution,and soil and water conservation projects to promote ecological restoration.This assessment can offer multifunctional guidance for planning ecological conservation and restoration in the upstream based on people's needs in the downstream.展开更多
Recent earthquakes in Pakistan （Kashmir 2005, Balochistan 2008, and Balochistan 2013） revealed the vulnerability of existing building stock and the deficiencies in the then prevalent Pakistan Seismic Code （PSC-86 ...Recent earthquakes in Pakistan （Kashmir 2005, Balochistan 2008, and Balochistan 2013） revealed the vulnerability of existing building stock and the deficiencies in the then prevalent Pakistan Seismic Code （PSC-86 （1986））. This study investigates, through an analytical framework, the seismic vulnerability of these and other such buildings, in accordance with the newly developed Building Code of Pakistan - Seismic Provisions 2007 （BCP-SP 07）. Detailed failure mode is presented for buildings designed as per the new code. Collapse of structures is predicted for only 8% increase in PGA after moderate damage. A previously developed method, based on Eurocode-8 （2004）, is used as baseline. A deficient reinforced concrete frame, typical to local building practices, is analyzed and assessed for vulnerability using the BCP- SP 07 （2007） framework. A comparison is drawn for the same building, based on Eurocode- 8 （2004）. Derived vulnerability curves show that the previous framework overestimated the damage and hence the vulnerability. Comparison of vulnerability parameters with previous studies show slight difference in performance of buildings.展开更多
Adsorption-based direct air carbon capture and storage(DACCS)is an emerging approach to mitigate climate change by removing CO_(2) from the atmosphere.Recent studies show separately that thermodynamic and environmenta...Adsorption-based direct air carbon capture and storage(DACCS)is an emerging approach to mitigate climate change by removing CO_(2) from the atmosphere.Recent studies show separately that thermodynamic and environmental performance strongly depend on regional ambient conditions and energy supply but neglect regional CO_(2) storage potentials.To assess DACCS performance holistically,a detailed global analysis is needed that accounts for the inter-play of regional ambient conditions,energy supply,and CO_(2) storage potential.Hence,we present a novel method for the optimal siting of DACCS plants derived from optimising a dynamic process model that uses global hourly weather data and regionalised data on electricity supply and CO_(2) storage potential.The carbon removal rate(CRR)measures the climate benefit and describes the speed at which a DACCS plant generates net negative emissions.First,we assume that CO_(2) storage is possible everywhere.For four electricity supply scenarios,we show that the opti-mal siting of DACCS significantly increases the CRR when comparing the best and worst locations in each scenario:For a DACCS plant with a nameplate capture capacity of 4 kt CO_(2)y^(-1),the CRR can be increased by 63%from 2.16 to 3.53 kt CO_(2)y^(-1) when using photovoltaic,and by 39%from 2.95 to 4.1 kt CO_(2)y^(-1) when using wind power.Assum-ing a carbon-free electricity supply,the CRR varies between 3.17 and 4.17 kt CO_(2)y^(-1)(32%).Second,we significantly narrow down optimal locations for DACCS considering regional CO_(2) storage potential through CO_(2) mineralisation.Overall,accounting for the interplay of regional DAC performance,energy supply,and CO_(2) storage potential can significantly improve DACCS siting.展开更多
Open data are currently a hot topic and are associated with realising ambitions such as a more transparent and efficient government,solving societal problems,and increasing economic value.To describe and monitor the s...Open data are currently a hot topic and are associated with realising ambitions such as a more transparent and efficient government,solving societal problems,and increasing economic value.To describe and monitor the state of open data in countries and organisations,several open data assessment frameworks were developed.Despite high scores in these assessment frameworks,the actual(re)use of open government data(OGD)fails to live up to its expectations.Our review of existing open data assessment frameworks reveals that these only cover parts of the open data ecosystem.We have developed a framework,which assesses open data supply,open data governance,and open data user characteristics holistically.This holistic open data framework assesses the maturity of the open data ecosystem and proves to be a useful tool to indicate which aspects of the open data ecosystem are successful and which aspects require attention.Our initial assessment in the Netherlands indicates that the traditional geographical data perform significantly better than non-geographical data,such as healthcare data.Therefore,open geographical data policies in the Netherlands may provide useful cues for other OGD strategies.展开更多
文摘To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Program of Hefei Normal University(2024KY71)the Partnership Program of Hefei Normal University(HXXM2022094).
文摘Practical activities are an indispensable piece of science education.As such,assessment of these practical activities is vital for continually enhancing the quality of science instruction.This article presents a tentative framework structured for assessing practical activities in science education.The proposed framework is built upon seven components:engagement and participation,relational thinking,stepwise mastery,contextualization,multidimensional integration,empowerment,and scientific articulacy.The framework might provide science educators with an alternative lens through which to enhance the effectiveness of practical activities,promote student engagement,and better prepare learners for the future.This framework is designed to be additive and complementary to existing assessment approaches and can be adapted and customized to suit specific local contexts and varying grade levels by science educators in the pursuit of excellence in an ever-evolving science education landscape.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China-Joint Fund Project(No.U2005206)the Xiamen Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(No.YDZX20203502000003)the support of the President Research Funds from Xiamen University(No.20720210081).
文摘The continuous input of various emerging contaminants(ECs)has inevitably introduced large amounts of transformation products(TPs)in natural and engineering water scenarios.Structurally similar to the precursor species,the TPs are expected to possess comparative,if not more serious,environmental properties and risks.This review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the integrated risk assessment frameworks of TPs of ECs,mainly involving the exposure-and effectdriven analysis.The inadequate information within existing frameworks that was essential and critical for developing a better risk assessment framework was discussed.The main strategic improvements include(1)non-targeted product analysis in both laboratory and field samples,(2)omics-based highthroughput toxicity assessment,(3)multichannel-driven mode of action in conjugation with effectdirected analysis,and(4)machine learning technology.Overall,this review provides a concise but comprehensive insight into the optimized strategy for evaluating the environmental risks and screening the key toxic products from the cocktail mixtures of ECs and their TPs in the global water cycle.This facilitates deciphering the mode of toxicity in complex chemical mixtures and prioritizing the regulated TPs among the unknown products,which have the potential to be considered a class of novel"ECs"ofgreatconcern.
文摘Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance of buildings and communities.With the current pace of climate change and the increasing threat of stronger,more frequent natural hazards,however,there are doubts that sustainability alone is an effective response.Sustainability assessment frameworks in recent years have been criticized for not incorporating hazard resilience.To better understand the current level of emphasis put on resilience to natural hazards in green building rating systems,this study aims to assess the level of resilience integration in existing sustainability assessment frameworks.The results demonstrate an overall lack of resilience coverage in the frameworks with only four frameworks,CASBEE,LEED,Green Globes,and DGNB having resilience coverage of 27.5%,15%,2.6%,and 1.1%respectively.This confirms a need for more systematic integration of resilience indicators into sustain-ability rating systems to create combined frameworks for sustainability and resilience.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No 2021YFC3200100,2022YFC3103901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No 62375270,52270094)+3 种基金the Major Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province(Grant No 202203a07020002)the Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Research Team Construction Project(Grant No HYKYTD2024004)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Anhui Province’s Innovation Platform(S202305a12020004)the Ecological Environment Research Project of Anhui Province(2023hb0012,2023hb0011,2024hb012).
文摘Water ecological health is crucial for sustainable ecosystems and human well-being.However,China’s complex water environments present significant challenges for precise health assessments.After analyzing global water ecological practices,we identify specific challenges to China’s water ecological monitoring and assessment,including cognition,observation,and analysis gaps.To address these challenges,we propose a holistic,dynamic,and intelligent assessment framework that integrates water quality and ecological indicators to shape a clinical diagnosis paradigm.The framework incorporates assessments of trophic status,water clarity,and ecosystem resilience to enhance the ability of evaluating water ecological health.Additionally,we recommend strengthening stereoscopic monitoring networks using environmental optics to improve monitoring effectiveness.A notable advancement in our methodology is the incorporation of self-adaptive capacity,which enables the rapid detection of deteriorating water quality or emerging health threats while optimizing the diagnosis process through bidirectional grading.Overall,the assessment framework helps improve the monitoring and assessment systems,which can significantly enhance the systematization and objectivity of traditional approaches,deepen the understanding dynamic evolution processes,and identify potential warning signals of water health.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571163Northwest University Doctorate Dissertation of Excellence Funds,No.YYB17016
文摘Taking the semi-arid area of Yulin City as an example, this study improves the vulnerability assessment methods and techniques at the county scale using the VSD(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) assessment framework, integrates the VSD framework and the SERV(Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability) model, and decomposes the system vulnerability into three dimensions, i.e., exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Firstly, with the full understanding of the background and exposure risk source of the research area, the vulnerability indexes were screened by the SERV model, and the index system was constructed to assess the characteristics of the local eco-environment. Secondly, with the aid of RS and GIS, this study measured the spatial differentiation and evolution of the social-ecological systems in Yulin City during 2000–2015 and explored intrinsic reasons for the spatial-temporal evolution of vulnerability. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial pattern of Yulin City's SESs vulnerability is "high in northwest and southeast and low along the Great Wall". Although the degree of system vulnerability decreased significantly during the study period and the system development trend improved, there is a sharp spatial difference between the system vulnerability and exposure risk.(2) The evolution of system vulnerability is influenced by the risk factors of exposure, and the regional vulnerability and the spatial heterogeneity of exposure risk are affected by the social sensitivity, economic adaptive capacity and other factors. Finally, according to the uncertainty of decision makers, the future scenarios of regional vulnerability are simulated under different decision risks by taking advantage of the OWA multi-criteria algorithm, and the vulnerability of the regional system under different development directions was predicted based on the decision makers' rational risk interval.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0308).
文摘Ecological stability is a critical factor in global sustainable development,yet its significance has been overlooked.Here we introduce a landscape-oriented framework to evaluate ecological stability in the Qingzang Plateau(QP).Our findings reveal a medium-high stability level in the QP,with minimal changes over recent years.The driving factors vary across landscape types,with climate and anthropogenic factors emerging as crucial determinants.While anthropogenic factors are strong but unstable due to policy changes and economic development,climatic factors exert a consistent influence.Based on our results,we propose site-specific ecological conservation and restoration measures.The ecological stability assessment framework provides a practical tool to understand the link between environmental conditions and ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42041007,U2243601,and 42201306)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘Sustaining or enhancing nature's contributions to people(NCPs)requires a comprehensive understanding of both nature's contributions and people's needs.However,the 2 aspects for water-related NCPs are spatially mismatched.We introduced an assessment framework for water-related NCPs from a spatial flow perspective,considering the local nature's contributions assessed using the In VEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)model,as well as people's needs in the downstream assessed via a distance decay method.We assessed 3 water-related NCPs'spatial distribution and correlation on the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2020,where a large-scale ecological restoration was implemented that may affect downstream people.The results showed that NCP6(downstream needs from water yield)showed no increasing trend in the majority watersheds over the past 20 years,in contrast to NCP7(downstream needs from water purification)and NCP8(downstream needs from soil conservation).There are spatial synergies among NCP6,NCP7,and NCP8.From 2000 to 2020,the spatial synergy between NCP7 and NCP8 increased while decreased between other NCPs.The temporal dynamics of NCP6 and NCP8 showed a trade-off,while NCP6 and NCP7 showed a synergy.NCP7 and NCP8,in turn,showed a transition from synergy to trade-off.Guided by nature's contributions and people's needs,we proposed 3 ecological measures:thinning and intermediate cutting measures,control nonpoint source pollution,and soil and water conservation projects to promote ecological restoration.This assessment can offer multifunctional guidance for planning ecological conservation and restoration in the upstream based on people's needs in the downstream.
文摘Recent earthquakes in Pakistan （Kashmir 2005, Balochistan 2008, and Balochistan 2013） revealed the vulnerability of existing building stock and the deficiencies in the then prevalent Pakistan Seismic Code （PSC-86 （1986））. This study investigates, through an analytical framework, the seismic vulnerability of these and other such buildings, in accordance with the newly developed Building Code of Pakistan - Seismic Provisions 2007 （BCP-SP 07）. Detailed failure mode is presented for buildings designed as per the new code. Collapse of structures is predicted for only 8% increase in PGA after moderate damage. A previously developed method, based on Eurocode-8 （2004）, is used as baseline. A deficient reinforced concrete frame, typical to local building practices, is analyzed and assessed for vulnerability using the BCP- SP 07 （2007） framework. A comparison is drawn for the same building, based on Eurocode- 8 （2004）. Derived vulnerability curves show that the previous framework overestimated the damage and hence the vulnerability. Comparison of vulnerability parameters with previous studies show slight difference in performance of buildings.
基金This work has been carried out within the project"DAC-TALES-Transdisciplinary Assessment Combining Labs,the Environment,the Economy,and Society"(01LS2106A)funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF).
文摘Adsorption-based direct air carbon capture and storage(DACCS)is an emerging approach to mitigate climate change by removing CO_(2) from the atmosphere.Recent studies show separately that thermodynamic and environmental performance strongly depend on regional ambient conditions and energy supply but neglect regional CO_(2) storage potentials.To assess DACCS performance holistically,a detailed global analysis is needed that accounts for the inter-play of regional ambient conditions,energy supply,and CO_(2) storage potential.Hence,we present a novel method for the optimal siting of DACCS plants derived from optimising a dynamic process model that uses global hourly weather data and regionalised data on electricity supply and CO_(2) storage potential.The carbon removal rate(CRR)measures the climate benefit and describes the speed at which a DACCS plant generates net negative emissions.First,we assume that CO_(2) storage is possible everywhere.For four electricity supply scenarios,we show that the opti-mal siting of DACCS significantly increases the CRR when comparing the best and worst locations in each scenario:For a DACCS plant with a nameplate capture capacity of 4 kt CO_(2)y^(-1),the CRR can be increased by 63%from 2.16 to 3.53 kt CO_(2)y^(-1) when using photovoltaic,and by 39%from 2.95 to 4.1 kt CO_(2)y^(-1) when using wind power.Assum-ing a carbon-free electricity supply,the CRR varies between 3.17 and 4.17 kt CO_(2)y^(-1)(32%).Second,we significantly narrow down optimal locations for DACCS considering regional CO_(2) storage potential through CO_(2) mineralisation.Overall,accounting for the interplay of regional DAC performance,energy supply,and CO_(2) storage potential can significantly improve DACCS siting.
文摘Open data are currently a hot topic and are associated with realising ambitions such as a more transparent and efficient government,solving societal problems,and increasing economic value.To describe and monitor the state of open data in countries and organisations,several open data assessment frameworks were developed.Despite high scores in these assessment frameworks,the actual(re)use of open government data(OGD)fails to live up to its expectations.Our review of existing open data assessment frameworks reveals that these only cover parts of the open data ecosystem.We have developed a framework,which assesses open data supply,open data governance,and open data user characteristics holistically.This holistic open data framework assesses the maturity of the open data ecosystem and proves to be a useful tool to indicate which aspects of the open data ecosystem are successful and which aspects require attention.Our initial assessment in the Netherlands indicates that the traditional geographical data perform significantly better than non-geographical data,such as healthcare data.Therefore,open geographical data policies in the Netherlands may provide useful cues for other OGD strategies.
