This paper explored the antecedents and the role of local artisans in Spatial Planning (SP) activities in Ghana. The paper was based on the results of an inspection of 5896 already built houses at Mepe in the Volta Re...This paper explored the antecedents and the role of local artisans in Spatial Planning (SP) activities in Ghana. The paper was based on the results of an inspection of 5896 already built houses at Mepe in the Volta Region of Ghana. A mixed method research approach was used to gather the data through snowball non-probability sampling technique. It enabled the researchers to identify 100 local artisans. Survey questionnaires were used, which was followed by structured interviews with five (5) elders who lived in the town for over 65 years. The results showed that the early houses were built on community lands with mud and thatch clustered with narrow and unnamed alleys. Property owners heavily depended on local artisans for professional guidance, although some artisans were ill-trained and unaware of existing government SP regulations. The study was limited to artisans who practiced at the local community level. The findings showed that many local artisans were poorly trained, resulting in poor workmanship and non-compliance with local planning regulations. The paper recommends the integration of SP into the artisanal curricula at both local and national levels to improve their skills.展开更多
1 Three hundred years ago,merchants from Shanxi Province exported tea to foreign countries on the Eurasian continent,and in turn they brought back the secrets of glassware manufacturing.Luo Qinqin,a 40‑year‑old native...1 Three hundred years ago,merchants from Shanxi Province exported tea to foreign countries on the Eurasian continent,and in turn they brought back the secrets of glassware manufacturing.Luo Qinqin,a 40‑year‑old native of Qixian county in Shanxi,is a skilled glass worker in Shanxi.She is one of the few female artisans who have mastered the craft of glass pulling.展开更多
In the context of global digital transformation and the rising prominence of maker education,this study explores the innovative integration of digital modeling technologies with traditional Nixing Pottery craftsmanshi...In the context of global digital transformation and the rising prominence of maker education,this study explores the innovative integration of digital modeling technologies with traditional Nixing Pottery craftsmanship.By constructing a teaching framework under maker education theory,the research investigates how 3D modeling,CAD design,and 3D printing technologies can empower learners to address challenges in cultural heritage preservation and artistic innovation.Through experimental teaching and case analysis,the study verifies that this integrated approach significantly enhances learners’digital literacy,creative thinking,and cultural identity while optimizing Nixing Pottery’s production processes and design possibilities.The findings contribute to theoretical models of technology-enhanced craft education and provide practical pathways for the digital transformation of intangible cultural heritage.展开更多
The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial an...The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial and to what level it contributes to the productivity of employees remain at stake. Therefore, this study set to evaluate the level of awareness, impact and contribution of the schemes with more emphasis to the non financial incentive schemes. A questionnaire survey involving management and artisans of the three tiers of NCl （Nigerian Construction Industry）： large, medium and small within Kaduna and Abuja Nigeria was conducted. Three hundred （300） responses from the management and artisans were used for analysis, inferences and conclusions. The survey result revealed that non-financial incentive schemes are mostly employed in the large and medium scale construction firms. Though, preference by medium and small scale firms was based on those that do not require fund to implement and maintain. It was concluded that, construction firms operating in Nigeria ought to strive more towards implementing non-financial incentive in their organization since artisans are willing to improve their output.展开更多
This paper investigates a unique and interesting archaeological case,namely the newly found inscription copied from Qianzi Wen(The Thousand Character Essay)on the south wall in the main chamber of Mogao cave 9,and ana...This paper investigates a unique and interesting archaeological case,namely the newly found inscription copied from Qianzi Wen(The Thousand Character Essay)on the south wall in the main chamber of Mogao cave 9,and analyzes a series of research topics related to the inscription,hoping to thoroughly reveal the historical and cultural phenomenon of the high popularity and extensive spread of Qianzi Wen in the Tang dynasty,and attempt to restore some living scenes of ancient school students and cave-making artisans.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first time to find Qianzi Wen on the wall in Mogao caves.展开更多
A considerable specific research has been conducted on the enrollment rate of Chin Shih in the Imperial Examination in Ming Dynasty. However, the study of Chin Shih in Artisans Membership was very few. The article foc...A considerable specific research has been conducted on the enrollment rate of Chin Shih in the Imperial Examination in Ming Dynasty. However, the study of Chin Shih in Artisans Membership was very few. The article focus on this problem in the basic of The Title of Monuments and Record of Chin-Shih. The focus of the research is in JiaJing period. The thesis will analysis the regional distribution of these Chin Shih and especially of the South Yangtze River Region. The results shows a link between the enrollment rate and the educational standard.展开更多
The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be prominent in two marking years(1870 and 1974). Jiapigou ar...The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be prominent in two marking years(1870 and 1974). Jiapigou area had a gold mining history of more than 190 years, which was first opened in 1820. Gold extraction with algamation was applied as the dominant method of excavation from 1940 to 2008, and a total of more than 100 t of gold were extracted from the mine using this method and it was estimated that 100–200 t Hg were released, thus causing severe mercury environmental pollution in the mining area. In the experimental campaigns of this study, in situ air and soil Hg concentrations and air-soil Hg fluxes were measured from April 2009 to December 2011. The results showed that in the study area the total gaseous mercury(TGM) concentration exhibited remarkable spatial and temporal distribution patterns, i.e. the TGM gradually decreased following the increase in distance to gold mining sites in space, and the values in spring, summer and autumn were elevated by 1–2 orders of magnitude in comparison with those in winter. Furthermore, at other sampling sites the total soil mercury(TSM) concentration in spring was higher than that in autumn, except for the contrary laws demonstrated at the Erdaogou mining site. However, in spring and winter the Hg flux between air and soil was under the control of different environmental factors, and the characteristics were clear and distinct. In spring the Hg flux between air and soil was directly under the control of solar irradiation, and the releasing process was predominant with a remarkable positive correlation to solar irradiation. Nevertheless, in winter the Hg fluxes were indirectly under the control of solar irradiation, which caused thermal inversion due to the thick snow cover. The depositing process was predominant and the correlations between Hg flux and air temperature was remarkably negative, and there was a positive correlation between Hg flux and solar irradiation.展开更多
In 2010, an estimated 400 to 500 children died of acute lead poisoning associated with artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Processing of gold ores containing up to 10% lead within residential compounds put resi...In 2010, an estimated 400 to 500 children died of acute lead poisoning associated with artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Processing of gold ores containing up to 10% lead within residential compounds put residents, especially children, at the highest risk. Principal routes of exposure were incidental ingestion and inhalation of contaminated soil and dusts. Several Nigerian and international health organizations collaborated to reduce lead exposures through environmental remediation and medical treatment. The contribution of contaminated food to total lead exposure was assessed during the environmental health response. Objectives of this investigation were to assess the influence of cultural/dietary habits on lead exposure pathways and estimate the contribution of contaminated food to children＇s blood lead levels（BLLs）. A survey of village dietary practices and staple food lead content was conducted to determine dietary composition, caloric intakes, and lead intake. Potential blood lead increments were estimated using bio-kinetic modeling techniques. Most dietary lead exposure was associated with contamination of staple cereal grains and legumes during post-harvest processing and preparation in contaminated homes. Average post-harvest and processed cereal grain lead levels were 0.32 mg/kg and 0.85 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Age-specific food lead intake ranged from 7 to 78 μg/day. Lead ingestion and absorption were likely aggravated by the dusty environment, fasting between meals, and nutritional deficiencies. Contamination of staple cereal grains by highly bioavailable pulverized ores could account for as much as 11%–34% of children＇s BLLs during the epidemic, and were a continuing source after residential soil remediation until stored grain inventories were exhausted.展开更多
Artisanal gold mining in local communities is on the increase. This has led to concerns about mercury pollution resulting from these mining activities. This study was conducted to assess the level of mercury pollution...Artisanal gold mining in local communities is on the increase. This has led to concerns about mercury pollution resulting from these mining activities. This study was conducted to assess the level of mercury pollution in rivers and streams around artisanal gold mining areas of the Birim North District of Ghana. Rivers, streams, sediments and boreholes were sampled to determine total mercury levels during the wet and dry seasons and to explore the potential impact of the mercury levels on water quality in the area. The results show that the total mercury concentrations measured upstream were significantly lower than concentrations in samples taken downstream. Also, the total mercury concentrations measured in the stream water samples in both seasons exceeded the WHO guideline limit (1.0 μg/L) for drinking water. However, one downstream total mercury concentration exceeded the guideline limit in the dry season. The total mercury concentrations in sediments upstream and downstream in both seasons exceeded the US-EPA guideline value of 0.2 mg/kg. The boreholes in the study area have total mercury concentrations exceeding the WHO guideline limit during both seasons. Total mercury concentrations in the boreholes in the wet season were lower than the dry season.展开更多
Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and i...Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and identity of each mountain region. Yet, controversy regarding funding for its preservation often arises. In this paper, we used two Contingent Valuation surveys to estimate the socia benefit deriving from protecting the traditiona architecture in the mountainous village of Sirako and through it, to examine perceptions and attitudes o local residents and visitors. Research findings revealed a strong social will in favor of the good＇s protection followed by high percentages of positive willingness to pay（WTP）. However, WTP is significantly higher among residents. Cultura heritage value, of the good, appears to prevail, along with the environmental one. However, both residents and visitors pointed out that local heritage, if wellpreserved, will boost tourism development. Residents appeared to better recognize the true level o architectural decay, expressed higher apprehension for its protection and were willing to pay higher amount of money. Tourists, on the other side expressed high satisfaction for their visit, appreciated the beauty and serenity emerging from local built and natural environment and spent several days visiting the surrounding area. The longer they stayed and gotfamiliar with the village, the more willing they were to contribute to local heritage＇s protection. Percentages reflecting indifference for protecting architecture were extremely low. Yet, they were higher among tourists. Traditional architecture is considered as public good; an opinion resulting in an important percentage of visitors stating that national government should provide the necessary funding. In addition, the architecture appears to hold a high level of topicality. Those descending from Sirako or emotionally connected to it, of both social groups,turned out to be more concerned about the good and with a stronger sense of responsibility for it. Usevalue of the good holds high economic value, as well,while higher percentages of zero WTP appeared among non-users. Research findings revealed social attitudes and perceptions on what constitutes architectural heritage, in its cultural and economic frame. If taken under consideration, they may form useful drivers for local, heritage-based, sustainable展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the effect of incision types for Artisan phakic intraocular lens （PIOL） implantation on ocular higher-order aberrations （HOAs）.METHODS： A retrospective review was conducted of the patients who h...AIM： To evaluate the effect of incision types for Artisan phakic intraocular lens （PIOL） implantation on ocular higher-order aberrations （HOAs）.METHODS： A retrospective review was conducted of the patients who had undergone Artisan PIOL implantation for the correction of myopia and followed up for at least 6mo. Patients are classified into 2 groups considering the incision type： cornea group with patients undergone clear corneal incision; sclera group with patients undergone sclera tunnel incision. All patients with postoperative astigmatism of under 1 diopter （D） were included to minimize the effect of residual astigmatism on postoperative HOAs. Visual acuity, special equivalents, astigmatism, predictability （±1 D from target refraction）, HOAs （coma, trefoil, spherical aberration）, and corneal endothelial counts were analyzed preoperatively and 6mo postoperatively.RESULTS： At the postoperative 6mo, all patients of both groups achieved uncorrected visual acuity of 16/20 or better, and significantly decreased the spherical equivalents compared with preoperative values. The predictability of refractive correction was 96% in the former, and 94% in the latter. Unlike the sclera group, preoperative astigmatism decreased significantly in cornea group at postoperative 6mo. The HOAs increased significantly at postoperative 6mo compared to the preoperative values in both groups, and the root mean square （RMS） total and trefoil wavefront aberration of cornea group were significantly higher than those of sclera group.CONCLUSION： Although corneal incision significantly reduces preexisting astigmatism, the postoperative 6mo of total RMS and trefoil aberration change may deteriorate the visual quality after Artisan PIOL implantation.展开更多
文摘This paper explored the antecedents and the role of local artisans in Spatial Planning (SP) activities in Ghana. The paper was based on the results of an inspection of 5896 already built houses at Mepe in the Volta Region of Ghana. A mixed method research approach was used to gather the data through snowball non-probability sampling technique. It enabled the researchers to identify 100 local artisans. Survey questionnaires were used, which was followed by structured interviews with five (5) elders who lived in the town for over 65 years. The results showed that the early houses were built on community lands with mud and thatch clustered with narrow and unnamed alleys. Property owners heavily depended on local artisans for professional guidance, although some artisans were ill-trained and unaware of existing government SP regulations. The study was limited to artisans who practiced at the local community level. The findings showed that many local artisans were poorly trained, resulting in poor workmanship and non-compliance with local planning regulations. The paper recommends the integration of SP into the artisanal curricula at both local and national levels to improve their skills.
文摘1 Three hundred years ago,merchants from Shanxi Province exported tea to foreign countries on the Eurasian continent,and in turn they brought back the secrets of glassware manufacturing.Luo Qinqin,a 40‑year‑old native of Qixian county in Shanxi,is a skilled glass worker in Shanxi.She is one of the few female artisans who have mastered the craft of glass pulling.
文摘In the context of global digital transformation and the rising prominence of maker education,this study explores the innovative integration of digital modeling technologies with traditional Nixing Pottery craftsmanship.By constructing a teaching framework under maker education theory,the research investigates how 3D modeling,CAD design,and 3D printing technologies can empower learners to address challenges in cultural heritage preservation and artistic innovation.Through experimental teaching and case analysis,the study verifies that this integrated approach significantly enhances learners’digital literacy,creative thinking,and cultural identity while optimizing Nixing Pottery’s production processes and design possibilities.The findings contribute to theoretical models of technology-enhanced craft education and provide practical pathways for the digital transformation of intangible cultural heritage.
文摘The concept of construction productivity and the needs for incentive schemes towards improving the performance of Artisan has long been established. The choice of particular scheme either financial or non financial and to what level it contributes to the productivity of employees remain at stake. Therefore, this study set to evaluate the level of awareness, impact and contribution of the schemes with more emphasis to the non financial incentive schemes. A questionnaire survey involving management and artisans of the three tiers of NCl （Nigerian Construction Industry）： large, medium and small within Kaduna and Abuja Nigeria was conducted. Three hundred （300） responses from the management and artisans were used for analysis, inferences and conclusions. The survey result revealed that non-financial incentive schemes are mostly employed in the large and medium scale construction firms. Though, preference by medium and small scale firms was based on those that do not require fund to implement and maintain. It was concluded that, construction firms operating in Nigeria ought to strive more towards implementing non-financial incentive in their organization since artisans are willing to improve their output.
基金This study was part of“The Investigation and Research of the Inscriptions Left by Visitors in the Past dynasties in Dunhuang Caves”supported by the Western Program of National Social and Scientific Fund(18XKG008).
文摘This paper investigates a unique and interesting archaeological case,namely the newly found inscription copied from Qianzi Wen(The Thousand Character Essay)on the south wall in the main chamber of Mogao cave 9,and analyzes a series of research topics related to the inscription,hoping to thoroughly reveal the historical and cultural phenomenon of the high popularity and extensive spread of Qianzi Wen in the Tang dynasty,and attempt to restore some living scenes of ancient school students and cave-making artisans.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first time to find Qianzi Wen on the wall in Mogao caves.
文摘A considerable specific research has been conducted on the enrollment rate of Chin Shih in the Imperial Examination in Ming Dynasty. However, the study of Chin Shih in Artisans Membership was very few. The article focus on this problem in the basic of The Title of Monuments and Record of Chin-Shih. The focus of the research is in JiaJing period. The thesis will analysis the regional distribution of these Chin Shih and especially of the South Yangtze River Region. The results shows a link between the enrollment rate and the educational standard.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.4067305941772236)+1 种基金the 13th Five Years Research Project for Science and Technology of Education Department(No.JJKH20170922KJJJKH20170920KJ)
文摘The Jiapigou gold mine area, located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River, was the first and largest artisanal gold mine once in China, and it used to be prominent in two marking years(1870 and 1974). Jiapigou area had a gold mining history of more than 190 years, which was first opened in 1820. Gold extraction with algamation was applied as the dominant method of excavation from 1940 to 2008, and a total of more than 100 t of gold were extracted from the mine using this method and it was estimated that 100–200 t Hg were released, thus causing severe mercury environmental pollution in the mining area. In the experimental campaigns of this study, in situ air and soil Hg concentrations and air-soil Hg fluxes were measured from April 2009 to December 2011. The results showed that in the study area the total gaseous mercury(TGM) concentration exhibited remarkable spatial and temporal distribution patterns, i.e. the TGM gradually decreased following the increase in distance to gold mining sites in space, and the values in spring, summer and autumn were elevated by 1–2 orders of magnitude in comparison with those in winter. Furthermore, at other sampling sites the total soil mercury(TSM) concentration in spring was higher than that in autumn, except for the contrary laws demonstrated at the Erdaogou mining site. However, in spring and winter the Hg flux between air and soil was under the control of different environmental factors, and the characteristics were clear and distinct. In spring the Hg flux between air and soil was directly under the control of solar irradiation, and the releasing process was predominant with a remarkable positive correlation to solar irradiation. Nevertheless, in winter the Hg fluxes were indirectly under the control of solar irradiation, which caused thermal inversion due to the thick snow cover. The depositing process was predominant and the correlations between Hg flux and air temperature was remarkably negative, and there was a positive correlation between Hg flux and solar irradiation.
文摘In 2010, an estimated 400 to 500 children died of acute lead poisoning associated with artisanal gold mining in Zamfara, Nigeria. Processing of gold ores containing up to 10% lead within residential compounds put residents, especially children, at the highest risk. Principal routes of exposure were incidental ingestion and inhalation of contaminated soil and dusts. Several Nigerian and international health organizations collaborated to reduce lead exposures through environmental remediation and medical treatment. The contribution of contaminated food to total lead exposure was assessed during the environmental health response. Objectives of this investigation were to assess the influence of cultural/dietary habits on lead exposure pathways and estimate the contribution of contaminated food to children＇s blood lead levels（BLLs）. A survey of village dietary practices and staple food lead content was conducted to determine dietary composition, caloric intakes, and lead intake. Potential blood lead increments were estimated using bio-kinetic modeling techniques. Most dietary lead exposure was associated with contamination of staple cereal grains and legumes during post-harvest processing and preparation in contaminated homes. Average post-harvest and processed cereal grain lead levels were 0.32 mg/kg and 0.85 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Age-specific food lead intake ranged from 7 to 78 μg/day. Lead ingestion and absorption were likely aggravated by the dusty environment, fasting between meals, and nutritional deficiencies. Contamination of staple cereal grains by highly bioavailable pulverized ores could account for as much as 11%–34% of children＇s BLLs during the epidemic, and were a continuing source after residential soil remediation until stored grain inventories were exhausted.
文摘Artisanal gold mining in local communities is on the increase. This has led to concerns about mercury pollution resulting from these mining activities. This study was conducted to assess the level of mercury pollution in rivers and streams around artisanal gold mining areas of the Birim North District of Ghana. Rivers, streams, sediments and boreholes were sampled to determine total mercury levels during the wet and dry seasons and to explore the potential impact of the mercury levels on water quality in the area. The results show that the total mercury concentrations measured upstream were significantly lower than concentrations in samples taken downstream. Also, the total mercury concentrations measured in the stream water samples in both seasons exceeded the WHO guideline limit (1.0 μg/L) for drinking water. However, one downstream total mercury concentration exceeded the guideline limit in the dry season. The total mercury concentrations in sediments upstream and downstream in both seasons exceeded the US-EPA guideline value of 0.2 mg/kg. The boreholes in the study area have total mercury concentrations exceeding the WHO guideline limit during both seasons. Total mercury concentrations in the boreholes in the wet season were lower than the dry season.
基金supported by Scientific Research Foundation for Youth Scholars, IGSNRR, CAS, entitled “Evaluation on the conservation and development of agricultural heritage systems in China”
文摘Architectural heritage comprises one o the most important elements of mountain settlements in Greece. It holds high cultural value, represents the tangible continuation of the past and forms the unique character and identity of each mountain region. Yet, controversy regarding funding for its preservation often arises. In this paper, we used two Contingent Valuation surveys to estimate the socia benefit deriving from protecting the traditiona architecture in the mountainous village of Sirako and through it, to examine perceptions and attitudes o local residents and visitors. Research findings revealed a strong social will in favor of the good＇s protection followed by high percentages of positive willingness to pay（WTP）. However, WTP is significantly higher among residents. Cultura heritage value, of the good, appears to prevail, along with the environmental one. However, both residents and visitors pointed out that local heritage, if wellpreserved, will boost tourism development. Residents appeared to better recognize the true level o architectural decay, expressed higher apprehension for its protection and were willing to pay higher amount of money. Tourists, on the other side expressed high satisfaction for their visit, appreciated the beauty and serenity emerging from local built and natural environment and spent several days visiting the surrounding area. The longer they stayed and gotfamiliar with the village, the more willing they were to contribute to local heritage＇s protection. Percentages reflecting indifference for protecting architecture were extremely low. Yet, they were higher among tourists. Traditional architecture is considered as public good; an opinion resulting in an important percentage of visitors stating that national government should provide the necessary funding. In addition, the architecture appears to hold a high level of topicality. Those descending from Sirako or emotionally connected to it, of both social groups,turned out to be more concerned about the good and with a stronger sense of responsibility for it. Usevalue of the good holds high economic value, as well,while higher percentages of zero WTP appeared among non-users. Research findings revealed social attitudes and perceptions on what constitutes architectural heritage, in its cultural and economic frame. If taken under consideration, they may form useful drivers for local, heritage-based, sustainable
文摘AIM： To evaluate the effect of incision types for Artisan phakic intraocular lens （PIOL） implantation on ocular higher-order aberrations （HOAs）.METHODS： A retrospective review was conducted of the patients who had undergone Artisan PIOL implantation for the correction of myopia and followed up for at least 6mo. Patients are classified into 2 groups considering the incision type： cornea group with patients undergone clear corneal incision; sclera group with patients undergone sclera tunnel incision. All patients with postoperative astigmatism of under 1 diopter （D） were included to minimize the effect of residual astigmatism on postoperative HOAs. Visual acuity, special equivalents, astigmatism, predictability （±1 D from target refraction）, HOAs （coma, trefoil, spherical aberration）, and corneal endothelial counts were analyzed preoperatively and 6mo postoperatively.RESULTS： At the postoperative 6mo, all patients of both groups achieved uncorrected visual acuity of 16/20 or better, and significantly decreased the spherical equivalents compared with preoperative values. The predictability of refractive correction was 96% in the former, and 94% in the latter. Unlike the sclera group, preoperative astigmatism decreased significantly in cornea group at postoperative 6mo. The HOAs increased significantly at postoperative 6mo compared to the preoperative values in both groups, and the root mean square （RMS） total and trefoil wavefront aberration of cornea group were significantly higher than those of sclera group.CONCLUSION： Although corneal incision significantly reduces preexisting astigmatism, the postoperative 6mo of total RMS and trefoil aberration change may deteriorate the visual quality after Artisan PIOL implantation.
