In recent years, more attention has been paid on artificial life researches. Artificial life（AL） is a research on regulating gene parameters of digital organisms under complicated problematic environments through na...In recent years, more attention has been paid on artificial life researches. Artificial life（AL） is a research on regulating gene parameters of digital organisms under complicated problematic environments through natural selections and evolutions to achieve the final emergence of intelligence. Most recent studies focused on solving certain real problems by artificial life methods, yet without much address on the AL life basic mechanism. The real problems are often very complicated, and the proposed methods sometimes seem too simple to handle those problems. This study proposed a new approach in AL research, named ＂generalized artificial life structure（GALS）＂, in which the traditional ＂gene bits＂ in genetic algorithms is first replaced by ＂gene parameters＂, which could appear anywhere in GALS. A modeling procedure is taken to normalize the input data, and AL ＂tissue＂ is innovated to make AL more complex. GALS is anticipated to contribute significantly to the fitness of AL evolution. The formation of ＂tissue＂ begins with some different AL basic cells, and then tissue is produced by the casual selections of one or several of these cells. As a result, the gene parameters, represented by ＂tissues＂, could become highly diversified. This diversification should have obvious effects on improving gene fitness. This study took the innovative method of GALS in a stock forecasting problem under a carefully designed manipulating platform. And the researching results verify that the GALS is successful in improving the gene evolution fitness.展开更多
Superconductive properties for oxides were predicted by artificial neural network (ANN) method with structural and chemical parameters as inputs. The predicted properties include superconductivity for oxides, distribu...Superconductive properties for oxides were predicted by artificial neural network (ANN) method with structural and chemical parameters as inputs. The predicted properties include superconductivity for oxides, distributed ranges of the superconductive transition temperature (Tc) for complex oxides, and Tc values for cuprate superconductors. The calculated results indicated that the adjusted ANN can be used to predict superconductive properties for unknown oxides.展开更多
In nature,green leaves accomplish photosynthesis via chloroplasts,where the Mg-N4-centered chlorophyll and enzymes undertake light absorption and catalytic reaction,involving CO_(2)fixation,with the resultant six-carb...In nature,green leaves accomplish photosynthesis via chloroplasts,where the Mg-N4-centered chlorophyll and enzymes undertake light absorption and catalytic reaction,involving CO_(2)fixation,with the resultant six-carbon compound,respectively.This intriguing phenomenon inspired us to design an artificial photosynthetic system that synergizes these dual attributes,a field that has remained largely unexplored.Herein,we developed a highly stable artificial chlorophyll-like nitrogen-decorated amorphous carbon material(Mg-NC)featuring abundant Mg-N4 moieties(with high Mg content reaching≈9.2 wt%),which simultaneously integrated the light-absorption center and catalytic reaction center to mimic natural photosynthesis of CO_(2)valorization.As demonstrated,taking the photocatalytic CO_(2)cycloaddition reaction as an example,the Mg-N4 active center in Mg-NC played the role of an electronic donor,which could readily inject hot electrons into the adsorbed substrates,resulting in the swift formation of cyclic carbonate products.Remarkably,the as-designed Mg-NC exhibited outstanding photocatalytic CO_(2)cycloaddition performance,achieving an impressive reaction rate up to 9.67 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)under mild conditions,which could be sustained even under gram scale conditions.Our current study offers an artificial biomimetic enzyme heterogeneous photocatalysis for CO_(2)valorization.展开更多
Chemical systems that can replicate cellular behaviors are gaining increasing attention and are being used to study various biological processes.Here,a protein-or amylose-based assembly at an oil/water interface was e...Chemical systems that can replicate cellular behaviors are gaining increasing attention and are being used to study various biological processes.Here,a protein-or amylose-based assembly at an oil/water interface was employed to construct a large compartmentalized adipocyte-like structure,and a lipid droplet-like microcompartment(amylose-polymerstabilized 2-ethyl-1-hexanol microcompartment),which exhibits floating behaviors driven by the amylose-polymer micelle solubilization,was introduced inside these adipocyte-like structures.When the lipase-based catalytic reaction and the external oil composition were controlled and another lipid droplet-like microcompartment(lipase-stabilized tributyrin microcompartment)was introduced,then a series of dynamic behaviors were exhibited by the two types of lipid droplet-like microcompartments,including growth,self-sorting,and fusion within the adipocyte-like structures.Therefore,it is anticipated that this autonomous generation of hierarchical multicompartments represents a breakthrough compared to the traditional bottom-up strategies,and the artificial life systems we studied could contribute a chemical-based strategy of understanding the process of lipid droplet growth and fusion inside a living adipocyte cell.展开更多
We have used chemical bond parameters and pattern recognition method to investigatethe regularities of the crystal type of alloy phase,and achieved good results.Theparameters used,however,are semi-empirical paramters,...We have used chemical bond parameters and pattern recognition method to investigatethe regularities of the crystal type of alloy phase,and achieved good results.Theparameters used,however,are semi-empirical paramters,which are not very strict fromtheoretical viewpoint.In this letter,we use the numbers describing atomic structure(thenumbers of valence electrons Z<sub>1</sub>,Z<sub>2</sub>,the principal quantum numbers of valence electrons n<sub>1</sub>,展开更多
Sonodynamic therapy(SDT)has emerged as a novel and highly researched advancement in the medical field.Traditional ultrasound contrast agents and novel bubble-shaped agents are used to stimulate cavitation and enhance ...Sonodynamic therapy(SDT)has emerged as a novel and highly researched advancement in the medical field.Traditional ultrasound contrast agents and novel bubble-shaped agents are used to stimulate cavitation and enhance SDT efficiency.However,the impact of artificially modified shell structures on the acoustic properties of microbubbles remains to be explored.Alternatively,in the absence of bubble-shaped agents,some clinically available organic sonosensitizers and advanced inorganic materials are also used to enhance the efficacy of SDT.Diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound can also activate cavitation bubbles,which supply energy to sonosensitive agents,leading to the production of cytotoxic free radicals to achieve therapeutic effects.While inorganic materials often spark controversy in clinical applications,their relatively simple structure enables researchers to gain insight into the mechanism by which SDT produces various free radicals.Some organic-inorganic hybrid sonosensitive systems have also been reported,combining the benefits of inorganic and organic sonosensitive agents.Alternatively,by employing cell surface modification engineering to enable cells to perform functions such as immune escape,drug loading,gas loading,and sonosensitivity,cellular sonosensitizers have also been developed.However,further exploration is needed on the acoustic properties,ability to generate reactive oxygen species(ROS),and potential clinical application of this cellular sonosensitizer.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of vesical microbubbles and nanoscale sonocatalysts,including organic,inorganic,combined organic-inorganic sonosensitizers,and cellular sonosensitizers.This analysis will enhance our understanding of SDT and demonstrate its important potential in transforming medical applications.展开更多
Over the last few years,researches in iridates have developed into an exciting field with the discovery of numerous emergent phenomena,interesting physics,and intriguing functionalities.Among the studies,iridate-based...Over the last few years,researches in iridates have developed into an exciting field with the discovery of numerous emergent phenomena,interesting physics,and intriguing functionalities.Among the studies,iridate-based artificial structures play a crucial role owing to their extreme flexibility and tunability in lattice symmetry,chemical composition,and crystal dimensionality.In this article,we present an overview of the recent progress regarding iridate-based artificial structures.We first explicitly introduce several essential concepts in iridates.Then,we illustrate important findings on representative SrIrO_(3)/SrTiO_(3) superlattices,heterostructures comprised of SrIrO3 and magnetic oxides,and their response to external electric-field stimuli.Finally,we comment on existing problems and promising future directions in this exciting field.展开更多
Vortex transmutation utilizes a periodic system,which not only enables the alteration of the topological charge(TC)of unstable input vortices but also facilitates their transformation into stable structures.This appro...Vortex transmutation utilizes a periodic system,which not only enables the alteration of the topological charge(TC)of unstable input vortices but also facilitates their transformation into stable structures.This approach is crucial for investigating the characteristics of vortices in various wave systems.Here,we achieve acoustic vortex TC transmutation by employing a welldesigned dual-structured plate external system(DPES).The interactions between the acoustic vortex and the finite-order discrete rotational symmetry lead to the transformation of its topological charge when complete rotational symmetry is broken to Nthorder discrete symmetry.Our results experimentally demonstrate the acoustic vortex TC transmutation based on passive artificial structures,enabling numerous applications in particle manipulation and information multiplexing as well as advancing our understanding and control over free-space acoustic vortices.展开更多
Scintillators have been widely used in X-ray imaging due to their ability to convert high-energy radiation into visible light,making them essential for applications such as medical imaging and high-energy physics.Rece...Scintillators have been widely used in X-ray imaging due to their ability to convert high-energy radiation into visible light,making them essential for applications such as medical imaging and high-energy physics.Recent advances in the artificial structuring of scintillators offer new opportunities for improving the energy resolution of scintillator-based X-ray detectors.Here,we present a three-bin energy-resolved X-ray imaging framework based on a three-layer multicolor scintillator used in conjunction with a physics-aware image postprocessing algorithm.The multicolor scintillator is able to preserve X-ray energy information through the combination of emission wavelength multiplexing and energy-dependent isolation of X-ray absorption in specific layers.The dominant emission color and the radius of the spot measured by the detector are used to infer the incident X-ray energy based on prior knowledge of the energy-dependent absorption profiles of the scintillator stack.Through ab initio Monte Carlo simulations,we show that our approach can achieve an energy reconstruction accuracy of 49.7%,which is only 2%below the maximum accuracy achievable with realistic scintillators.We apply our framework to medical phantom imaging simulations where we demonstrate that it can effectively differentiate iodine and gadolinium-based contrast agents from bone,muscle,and soft tissue.展开更多
In artificial neural networks,data structures usually exist in the form of vectors,matrices,or higher-dimensional tensors.However,traditional electronic computing architectures are limited by the bottleneck of separat...In artificial neural networks,data structures usually exist in the form of vectors,matrices,or higher-dimensional tensors.However,traditional electronic computing architectures are limited by the bottleneck of separation of storage and computing,making it difficult to efficiently handle large-scale tensor operations.The research team has developed a photonic tensor processing unit based on a single microring resonator,which performs tensor convolution operations in multiple dimensions of time,wavelength,and microwave frequency by precisely adjusting the operating state of multi-wavelength lasers.This innovative design increases the photonic computing density to 34.04 TOPS/mm²,significantly surpassing the performance level of existing photonic computing chips.展开更多
Surface-enhanced spectroscopy technology based on metamaterials has flourished in recent years,and the use of artificially designed subwavelength structures can effectively regulate light waves and electromagnetic fie...Surface-enhanced spectroscopy technology based on metamaterials has flourished in recent years,and the use of artificially designed subwavelength structures can effectively regulate light waves and electromagnetic fields,making it a valuable platform for sensing applications.With the continuous improvement of theory,several effective universal modes of metamaterials have gradually formed,including localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR),Mie resonance,bound states in the continuum(BIC),and Fano resonance.This review begins by summarizing these core resonance mechanisms,followed by a comprehensive overview of six main surface-enhanced spectroscopy techniques across the electromagnetic spectrum:surface-enhanced fluorescence(SEF),surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS),surface-enhanced infrared absorption(SEIRA),terahertz(THz)sensing,refractive index(RI)sensing,and chiral sensing.These techniques cover a wide spectral range and address various optical characteristics,enabling the detection of molecular fingerprints,structural chirality,and refractive index changes.Additionally,this review summarized the combined use of different enhanced spectra,the integration with other advanced technologies,and the status of miniaturized metamaterial systems.Finally,we assess current challenges and future directions.Looking to the future,we anticipate that metamaterial-based surface-enhanced spectroscopy will play a transformative role in real-time,onsite detection across scientific,environmental,and biomedical fields.展开更多
文摘In recent years, more attention has been paid on artificial life researches. Artificial life（AL） is a research on regulating gene parameters of digital organisms under complicated problematic environments through natural selections and evolutions to achieve the final emergence of intelligence. Most recent studies focused on solving certain real problems by artificial life methods, yet without much address on the AL life basic mechanism. The real problems are often very complicated, and the proposed methods sometimes seem too simple to handle those problems. This study proposed a new approach in AL research, named ＂generalized artificial life structure（GALS）＂, in which the traditional ＂gene bits＂ in genetic algorithms is first replaced by ＂gene parameters＂, which could appear anywhere in GALS. A modeling procedure is taken to normalize the input data, and AL ＂tissue＂ is innovated to make AL more complex. GALS is anticipated to contribute significantly to the fitness of AL evolution. The formation of ＂tissue＂ begins with some different AL basic cells, and then tissue is produced by the casual selections of one or several of these cells. As a result, the gene parameters, represented by ＂tissues＂, could become highly diversified. This diversification should have obvious effects on improving gene fitness. This study took the innovative method of GALS in a stock forecasting problem under a carefully designed manipulating platform. And the researching results verify that the GALS is successful in improving the gene evolution fitness.
文摘Superconductive properties for oxides were predicted by artificial neural network (ANN) method with structural and chemical parameters as inputs. The predicted properties include superconductivity for oxides, distributed ranges of the superconductive transition temperature (Tc) for complex oxides, and Tc values for cuprate superconductors. The calculated results indicated that the adjusted ANN can be used to predict superconductive properties for unknown oxides.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant nos.2022YFA1502903 and 2021YFA1501502)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS+7 种基金grant nos.XDB0450000 and XDB36000000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.92163105,T2122004,U2032212,and 22275179)Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Program(grant no.2022a05020054)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSFgrant nos.2023TQ0341 and 2023M743369)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(grant no.Y2021123)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(grant nos.WK2060000039 and WK2060000068)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(grant no.GZB20230706).
文摘In nature,green leaves accomplish photosynthesis via chloroplasts,where the Mg-N4-centered chlorophyll and enzymes undertake light absorption and catalytic reaction,involving CO_(2)fixation,with the resultant six-carbon compound,respectively.This intriguing phenomenon inspired us to design an artificial photosynthetic system that synergizes these dual attributes,a field that has remained largely unexplored.Herein,we developed a highly stable artificial chlorophyll-like nitrogen-decorated amorphous carbon material(Mg-NC)featuring abundant Mg-N4 moieties(with high Mg content reaching≈9.2 wt%),which simultaneously integrated the light-absorption center and catalytic reaction center to mimic natural photosynthesis of CO_(2)valorization.As demonstrated,taking the photocatalytic CO_(2)cycloaddition reaction as an example,the Mg-N4 active center in Mg-NC played the role of an electronic donor,which could readily inject hot electrons into the adsorbed substrates,resulting in the swift formation of cyclic carbonate products.Remarkably,the as-designed Mg-NC exhibited outstanding photocatalytic CO_(2)cycloaddition performance,achieving an impressive reaction rate up to 9.67 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)under mild conditions,which could be sustained even under gram scale conditions.Our current study offers an artificial biomimetic enzyme heterogeneous photocatalysis for CO_(2)valorization.
基金supported financially by the NSFC(nos.51873050 and 21871069)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(no.2015M571401).
文摘Chemical systems that can replicate cellular behaviors are gaining increasing attention and are being used to study various biological processes.Here,a protein-or amylose-based assembly at an oil/water interface was employed to construct a large compartmentalized adipocyte-like structure,and a lipid droplet-like microcompartment(amylose-polymerstabilized 2-ethyl-1-hexanol microcompartment),which exhibits floating behaviors driven by the amylose-polymer micelle solubilization,was introduced inside these adipocyte-like structures.When the lipase-based catalytic reaction and the external oil composition were controlled and another lipid droplet-like microcompartment(lipase-stabilized tributyrin microcompartment)was introduced,then a series of dynamic behaviors were exhibited by the two types of lipid droplet-like microcompartments,including growth,self-sorting,and fusion within the adipocyte-like structures.Therefore,it is anticipated that this autonomous generation of hierarchical multicompartments represents a breakthrough compared to the traditional bottom-up strategies,and the artificial life systems we studied could contribute a chemical-based strategy of understanding the process of lipid droplet growth and fusion inside a living adipocyte cell.
文摘We have used chemical bond parameters and pattern recognition method to investigatethe regularities of the crystal type of alloy phase,and achieved good results.Theparameters used,however,are semi-empirical paramters,which are not very strict fromtheoretical viewpoint.In this letter,we use the numbers describing atomic structure(thenumbers of valence electrons Z<sub>1</sub>,Z<sub>2</sub>,the principal quantum numbers of valence electrons n<sub>1</sub>,
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52100014 and 12274220)。
文摘Sonodynamic therapy(SDT)has emerged as a novel and highly researched advancement in the medical field.Traditional ultrasound contrast agents and novel bubble-shaped agents are used to stimulate cavitation and enhance SDT efficiency.However,the impact of artificially modified shell structures on the acoustic properties of microbubbles remains to be explored.Alternatively,in the absence of bubble-shaped agents,some clinically available organic sonosensitizers and advanced inorganic materials are also used to enhance the efficacy of SDT.Diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound can also activate cavitation bubbles,which supply energy to sonosensitive agents,leading to the production of cytotoxic free radicals to achieve therapeutic effects.While inorganic materials often spark controversy in clinical applications,their relatively simple structure enables researchers to gain insight into the mechanism by which SDT produces various free radicals.Some organic-inorganic hybrid sonosensitive systems have also been reported,combining the benefits of inorganic and organic sonosensitive agents.Alternatively,by employing cell surface modification engineering to enable cells to perform functions such as immune escape,drug loading,gas loading,and sonosensitivity,cellular sonosensitizers have also been developed.However,further exploration is needed on the acoustic properties,ability to generate reactive oxygen species(ROS),and potential clinical application of this cellular sonosensitizer.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of vesical microbubbles and nanoscale sonocatalysts,including organic,inorganic,combined organic-inorganic sonosensitizers,and cellular sonosensitizers.This analysis will enhance our understanding of SDT and demonstrate its important potential in transforming medical applications.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grant No.51872155 and 52025024the Beijing Nature Science Foundation(Z200007)+4 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2021YFE0107900 and 2021YFA1400300)support from the High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province(AHHM-FX-2021-03)the NSFC under Grant No.12104460support from the NSFC under Grant No.92163113 and No.52250418support from the National Science Foundation under Grant No.DMR1848269.
文摘Over the last few years,researches in iridates have developed into an exciting field with the discovery of numerous emergent phenomena,interesting physics,and intriguing functionalities.Among the studies,iridate-based artificial structures play a crucial role owing to their extreme flexibility and tunability in lattice symmetry,chemical composition,and crystal dimensionality.In this article,we present an overview of the recent progress regarding iridate-based artificial structures.We first explicitly introduce several essential concepts in iridates.Then,we illustrate important findings on representative SrIrO_(3)/SrTiO_(3) superlattices,heterostructures comprised of SrIrO3 and magnetic oxides,and their response to external electric-field stimuli.Finally,we comment on existing problems and promising future directions in this exciting field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12374439,12174197,12074191,12027808,and 12404531)the Higher Education Institutions NSF of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.23KJB140011)。
文摘Vortex transmutation utilizes a periodic system,which not only enables the alteration of the topological charge(TC)of unstable input vortices but also facilitates their transformation into stable structures.This approach is crucial for investigating the characteristics of vortices in various wave systems.Here,we achieve acoustic vortex TC transmutation by employing a welldesigned dual-structured plate external system(DPES).The interactions between the acoustic vortex and the finite-order discrete rotational symmetry lead to the transformation of its topological charge when complete rotational symmetry is broken to Nthorder discrete symmetry.Our results experimentally demonstrate the acoustic vortex TC transmutation based on passive artificial structures,enabling numerous applications in particle manipulation and information multiplexing as well as advancing our understanding and control over free-space acoustic vortices.
基金supported in part by the DARPA Agreement No.HO0011249049supported in part by the US Army Research Office through the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT,under Collaborative Agreement Number W911NF-23-2-0121supported by a Stanford Science Fellowship.
文摘Scintillators have been widely used in X-ray imaging due to their ability to convert high-energy radiation into visible light,making them essential for applications such as medical imaging and high-energy physics.Recent advances in the artificial structuring of scintillators offer new opportunities for improving the energy resolution of scintillator-based X-ray detectors.Here,we present a three-bin energy-resolved X-ray imaging framework based on a three-layer multicolor scintillator used in conjunction with a physics-aware image postprocessing algorithm.The multicolor scintillator is able to preserve X-ray energy information through the combination of emission wavelength multiplexing and energy-dependent isolation of X-ray absorption in specific layers.The dominant emission color and the radius of the spot measured by the detector are used to infer the incident X-ray energy based on prior knowledge of the energy-dependent absorption profiles of the scintillator stack.Through ab initio Monte Carlo simulations,we show that our approach can achieve an energy reconstruction accuracy of 49.7%,which is only 2%below the maximum accuracy achievable with realistic scintillators.We apply our framework to medical phantom imaging simulations where we demonstrate that it can effectively differentiate iodine and gadolinium-based contrast agents from bone,muscle,and soft tissue.
文摘In artificial neural networks,data structures usually exist in the form of vectors,matrices,or higher-dimensional tensors.However,traditional electronic computing architectures are limited by the bottleneck of separation of storage and computing,making it difficult to efficiently handle large-scale tensor operations.The research team has developed a photonic tensor processing unit based on a single microring resonator,which performs tensor convolution operations in multiple dimensions of time,wavelength,and microwave frequency by precisely adjusting the operating state of multi-wavelength lasers.This innovative design increases the photonic computing density to 34.04 TOPS/mm²,significantly surpassing the performance level of existing photonic computing chips.
基金supported by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.52075061)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.U22B2089)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3205400)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB2012100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024CDJGF-005)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Chongqing(Grant No.CSTB2022 NSCQJQX0006).
文摘Surface-enhanced spectroscopy technology based on metamaterials has flourished in recent years,and the use of artificially designed subwavelength structures can effectively regulate light waves and electromagnetic fields,making it a valuable platform for sensing applications.With the continuous improvement of theory,several effective universal modes of metamaterials have gradually formed,including localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR),Mie resonance,bound states in the continuum(BIC),and Fano resonance.This review begins by summarizing these core resonance mechanisms,followed by a comprehensive overview of six main surface-enhanced spectroscopy techniques across the electromagnetic spectrum:surface-enhanced fluorescence(SEF),surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS),surface-enhanced infrared absorption(SEIRA),terahertz(THz)sensing,refractive index(RI)sensing,and chiral sensing.These techniques cover a wide spectral range and address various optical characteristics,enabling the detection of molecular fingerprints,structural chirality,and refractive index changes.Additionally,this review summarized the combined use of different enhanced spectra,the integration with other advanced technologies,and the status of miniaturized metamaterial systems.Finally,we assess current challenges and future directions.Looking to the future,we anticipate that metamaterial-based surface-enhanced spectroscopy will play a transformative role in real-time,onsite detection across scientific,environmental,and biomedical fields.
