This preliminary study sets out to examine the extent to which authentic materials affect Japanese university students＇ classroom motivation, seeking an effective way to teach mixed-level language classes at universi...This preliminary study sets out to examine the extent to which authentic materials affect Japanese university students＇ classroom motivation, seeking an effective way to teach mixed-level language classes at universities. The motivation questionnaires consisting of eight motivation items as quantitative data and journal entries and learners＇ comments in semi- structured interviews as qualitative data were collected and analyzed. The results of null hypothesis tests on the questionnaires indicate that authentic materials had a significantly more positive effect on freshmen＇s self-reported motivation than artificial textbook materials, but not on second-year and fourth-year students＇. The study also explores the relationship between enjoyableness and meaningfulness of teaching materials to seek the most effective way of using authentic materials, and discusses the effects of other possible factors such as activities and topics： The conclusion suggests that appropriate use of authentic materials, especially enjoyable ones, can be helpful for university teachers of relatively larger classes of freshmen with mixed proficiency levels to raise their L2 motivation. The challenges of conducting this research and suggestions about future studies are also discussed.展开更多
As an imitation of genuine leather,polyvinyl chloride(PVC)artificial materials are versatile,but suffers from being flammable due to the presence of large amounts of combustible plasticizers.Under such circumstance,in...As an imitation of genuine leather,polyvinyl chloride(PVC)artificial materials are versatile,but suffers from being flammable due to the presence of large amounts of combustible plasticizers.Under such circumstance,intrinsically flame-retardant plasticizers displaying dual functions have been a subject of intensive research interest.However,previous strategies attempting to covalently attach flame-retardant moiety to plasticizers invariably required either expensive starting materials or laborious and tedious procedures,ultimately limiting their scale-up application in industry.In addition,driven by escalating demand of halogen-free flame retardants worldwide from an environmental health perspective,previously reported intrinsically flame-retardant plasticizers were mainly halogenfree,less attractive in PVC artificial material industry simply because PVC itself is a halogen-containing polymer.Here,we report an approach to introduce chlorine moieties into unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester by a simple addition reaction occurring on carbon-carbon double bonds,yielding a chlorine-containing,intrinsically flameretardant bio-plasticizer.When combined with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DOP)in PVC formulations,the chlorinated fatty acid methyl ester is qualified as a co-plasticizer while conferring flame retardancy upon the PVC coatings.This approach involves only a one-step procedure that employs renewable fatty acid methyl esters and cheap chlorine gas as raw materials,thus being of great potential to enable intrinsically flame-retardant bioplasticizers on a large scale to manufacture functional PVC artificial materials for application in fire-prone scenarios.展开更多
Objective:Various materials have been used for tympanic membrane reconstruction in middle ear surgery.This study aimed to evaluate the difference between the tragal perichondrium and COOK arti-ficial material in patie...Objective:Various materials have been used for tympanic membrane reconstruction in middle ear surgery.This study aimed to evaluate the difference between the tragal perichondrium and COOK arti-ficial material in patients who underwent endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty.Method:This retrospective study included patients who underwent endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty from June 2021 to June 2022 at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine.Patients were divided into group A(tragal perichondrium)and group B(COOK artificial material)ac-cording to the material used in the operation.All patients were followed up for 6 months.The differences in age,gender,operation site,disease course,preoperative air-bone gap(ABG),operation time,blood loss,hearing gain,and wound healing rate were compared between the two groups.Results:This study enrolled 197 patients,with 120 patients in group A and 77 patients in group B.There were no significant differences in age,gender,operation site,disease course,or preoperative ABG be-tween groups A and B(p>0.05).Both groups had significant postoperative improvement in hearing(group A:30.98±9.58 dB vs.17.07±9.92 dB,p<0.001;group B:29.75±7.52 dB vs.14.25±9.07 dB,p<0.001).The mean hearing gain in group A and group B was comparable(14.02±11.91 dB vs.15.50±7.05 dB,p=0.609).The wound healing rates of groups A and B were no differences(93.33%vs.87.01%,p=0.133).The patients in group B had a shorter operation duration(72.57±11.32 min vs.61.86±9.27 min,p=0.045)and less blood loss(12.38±3.7 mL vs.8.10±2.43 mL,p=0.004).Conclusions:Tragal perichondrium and COOK artificial material are reliable for functional and anatomical outcomes in endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty,and COOK artificial material can save operation time and blood loss in surgery compared to the tragal perichondrium.展开更多
Artificial intelligence(AI)is revolutionizing sustainable materials science,yet a comprehensive and timely evaluation of the rapidly evolving AI techniques applied across the entire materials lifecycle remains lacking...Artificial intelligence(AI)is revolutionizing sustainable materials science,yet a comprehensive and timely evaluation of the rapidly evolving AI techniques applied across the entire materials lifecycle remains lacking.Thiswork reviews AI-driven advances in sustainable materials,specifically focusing on battery materials,thermal management materials,energy conversion materials,and catalysts.The key patterns,capabilities,and limitations of AI are identified across three interconnected phases:sustainable materials design(leveraging predictive and generative models for accelerated discovery),green processing(integrating adaptive synthesis optimization and autonomous experimentation),and extending to lifecycle management(encompassing real-time monitoring,predictive maintenance,and intelligent recycling).Then,the persistent challenges,including data sparsity,domainspecific knowledge integration,and limited model generalizability,are investigated,followed by an exploration of emerging solutions such as federated learning for privacy-preserving data sharing,physics-informed neural networks for knowledge integration,and multimodal AI for cross-modal knowledge transfer.Finally,the computational sustainability challenges of AI methods themselves are also discussed.This review highlights key bottlenecks impeding scalable adoption and discuss pathways for realizing the full potential of AI in sustainable materials development.展开更多
The study of photonic time crystals(PTCs)has emerged as a new frontier in the field of electromagnetism.The constitutive parameters of these artificial materials(e.g.,permittivity,refractive index,or impedance)are spa...The study of photonic time crystals(PTCs)has emerged as a new frontier in the field of electromagnetism.The constitutive parameters of these artificial materials(e.g.,permittivity,refractive index,or impedance)are spatially homogeneous and periodically modulated in the time domain on ultrafast timescales.Although the first study related to PTC dates back to 1958 by Morgenthaler[1],most of the intriguing developments in this field have occurred within a decade,which can be found in the graphical timeline in Figure 1(a).展开更多
Realizing large materials models has emerged as a critical endeavor for materials research in the new era of artificial intelligence,but how to achieve this fantastic and challenging objective remains elusive.Here,we ...Realizing large materials models has emerged as a critical endeavor for materials research in the new era of artificial intelligence,but how to achieve this fantastic and challenging objective remains elusive.Here,we propose a feasible pathway to address this paramount pursuit by developing universal materials models of deep-learning density functional theory Hamiltonian(Deep H),enabling computational modeling of the complicated structure-property relationship of materials in general.By constructing a large materials database and substantially improving the Deep H method,we obtain a universal materials model of Deep H capable of handling diverse elemental compositions and material structures,achieving remarkable accuracy in predicting material properties.We further showcase a promising application of fine-tuning universal materials models for enhancing specific materials models.This work not only demonstrates the concept of Deep H's universal materials model but also lays the groundwork for developing large materials models,opening up significant opportunities for advancing artificial intelligencedriven materials discovery.展开更多
Processing polyvinyl chloride(PVC)artificial material requires plasticizer that softens the PVC coating.Currently,utilizing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters to obtain epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester(EFAME)bio-p...Processing polyvinyl chloride(PVC)artificial material requires plasticizer that softens the PVC coating.Currently,utilizing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters to obtain epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester(EFAME)bio-plasticizers constitutes an environmentally responsible solution to substitute conventional ortho-phthalates that are endocrine disruptors or probable carcinogens.However,commercial EFAMEs,even with the highest epoxy value(ca.5.5-5.8%)so far,still suffer from fast leaching from the PVC matrix,burdening the environment and shortening lifespan of the artificial material.Here,we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of a new strategy to obtain migration-resistant EFAME that harnesses the midchain hydroxyl of methyl ricinoleate and covalently attachment of a pendant acetate ester.Despite a low epoxy value(3.0%),the engineered bio-plasticizer displays significantly suppressed migration in multiple scenarios compared with one conventional EFAME with much higher epoxy value(5.8%).Circumventing the limit confronting previous strategy that highlights the sole contribution of epoxy value to achievable migration resistance,the rationale herein may provide guidance for designing new EFAMEs with comparable performance to ortho-phthalates,thus bringing the old and oft-maligned PVC artificial material industry one step closer to sustainability.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Chirality has been relevant to numerous core scientific topics over the past century.Recently,the value of chirality in artificial functional materials has been recognized and investigated intensively.Funct...CONSPECTUS:Chirality has been relevant to numerous core scientific topics over the past century.Recently,the value of chirality in artificial functional materials has been recognized and investigated intensively.Functional materials with chirality demonstrate some characteristic properties lacking in their achiral counterparts.Specifically,in chiral materials,optical rotatory dispersion,circular dichroism(CD),circularly polarized luminescence,nonlinear optical effect,and chiral-induced spin selectivity have been observed.展开更多
文摘This preliminary study sets out to examine the extent to which authentic materials affect Japanese university students＇ classroom motivation, seeking an effective way to teach mixed-level language classes at universities. The motivation questionnaires consisting of eight motivation items as quantitative data and journal entries and learners＇ comments in semi- structured interviews as qualitative data were collected and analyzed. The results of null hypothesis tests on the questionnaires indicate that authentic materials had a significantly more positive effect on freshmen＇s self-reported motivation than artificial textbook materials, but not on second-year and fourth-year students＇. The study also explores the relationship between enjoyableness and meaningfulness of teaching materials to seek the most effective way of using authentic materials, and discusses the effects of other possible factors such as activities and topics： The conclusion suggests that appropriate use of authentic materials, especially enjoyable ones, can be helpful for university teachers of relatively larger classes of freshmen with mixed proficiency levels to raise their L2 motivation. The challenges of conducting this research and suggestions about future studies are also discussed.
基金financial support of this work by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0308600)Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province(20YYJC3727)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878196)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(20826041C4159).
文摘As an imitation of genuine leather,polyvinyl chloride(PVC)artificial materials are versatile,but suffers from being flammable due to the presence of large amounts of combustible plasticizers.Under such circumstance,intrinsically flame-retardant plasticizers displaying dual functions have been a subject of intensive research interest.However,previous strategies attempting to covalently attach flame-retardant moiety to plasticizers invariably required either expensive starting materials or laborious and tedious procedures,ultimately limiting their scale-up application in industry.In addition,driven by escalating demand of halogen-free flame retardants worldwide from an environmental health perspective,previously reported intrinsically flame-retardant plasticizers were mainly halogenfree,less attractive in PVC artificial material industry simply because PVC itself is a halogen-containing polymer.Here,we report an approach to introduce chlorine moieties into unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester by a simple addition reaction occurring on carbon-carbon double bonds,yielding a chlorine-containing,intrinsically flameretardant bio-plasticizer.When combined with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DOP)in PVC formulations,the chlorinated fatty acid methyl ester is qualified as a co-plasticizer while conferring flame retardancy upon the PVC coatings.This approach involves only a one-step procedure that employs renewable fatty acid methyl esters and cheap chlorine gas as raw materials,thus being of great potential to enable intrinsically flame-retardant bioplasticizers on a large scale to manufacture functional PVC artificial materials for application in fire-prone scenarios.
文摘Objective:Various materials have been used for tympanic membrane reconstruction in middle ear surgery.This study aimed to evaluate the difference between the tragal perichondrium and COOK arti-ficial material in patients who underwent endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty.Method:This retrospective study included patients who underwent endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty from June 2021 to June 2022 at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine.Patients were divided into group A(tragal perichondrium)and group B(COOK artificial material)ac-cording to the material used in the operation.All patients were followed up for 6 months.The differences in age,gender,operation site,disease course,preoperative air-bone gap(ABG),operation time,blood loss,hearing gain,and wound healing rate were compared between the two groups.Results:This study enrolled 197 patients,with 120 patients in group A and 77 patients in group B.There were no significant differences in age,gender,operation site,disease course,or preoperative ABG be-tween groups A and B(p>0.05).Both groups had significant postoperative improvement in hearing(group A:30.98±9.58 dB vs.17.07±9.92 dB,p<0.001;group B:29.75±7.52 dB vs.14.25±9.07 dB,p<0.001).The mean hearing gain in group A and group B was comparable(14.02±11.91 dB vs.15.50±7.05 dB,p=0.609).The wound healing rates of groups A and B were no differences(93.33%vs.87.01%,p=0.133).The patients in group B had a shorter operation duration(72.57±11.32 min vs.61.86±9.27 min,p=0.045)and less blood loss(12.38±3.7 mL vs.8.10±2.43 mL,p=0.004).Conclusions:Tragal perichondrium and COOK artificial material are reliable for functional and anatomical outcomes in endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty,and COOK artificial material can save operation time and blood loss in surgery compared to the tragal perichondrium.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3802100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 52173228,52271190,and 524B2165)National Advanced Rare Metal Materials Technology Innovation Center Project(Program No.2024ZG-GCZX-01(1)-06).
文摘Artificial intelligence(AI)is revolutionizing sustainable materials science,yet a comprehensive and timely evaluation of the rapidly evolving AI techniques applied across the entire materials lifecycle remains lacking.Thiswork reviews AI-driven advances in sustainable materials,specifically focusing on battery materials,thermal management materials,energy conversion materials,and catalysts.The key patterns,capabilities,and limitations of AI are identified across three interconnected phases:sustainable materials design(leveraging predictive and generative models for accelerated discovery),green processing(integrating adaptive synthesis optimization and autonomous experimentation),and extending to lifecycle management(encompassing real-time monitoring,predictive maintenance,and intelligent recycling).Then,the persistent challenges,including data sparsity,domainspecific knowledge integration,and limited model generalizability,are investigated,followed by an exploration of emerging solutions such as federated learning for privacy-preserving data sharing,physics-informed neural networks for knowledge integration,and multimodal AI for cross-modal knowledge transfer.Finally,the computational sustainability challenges of AI methods themselves are also discussed.This review highlights key bottlenecks impeding scalable adoption and discuss pathways for realizing the full potential of AI in sustainable materials development.
文摘The study of photonic time crystals(PTCs)has emerged as a new frontier in the field of electromagnetism.The constitutive parameters of these artificial materials(e.g.,permittivity,refractive index,or impedance)are spatially homogeneous and periodically modulated in the time domain on ultrafast timescales.Although the first study related to PTC dates back to 1958 by Morgenthaler[1],most of the intriguing developments in this field have occurred within a decade,which can be found in the graphical timeline in Figure 1(a).
基金supported by the Basic Science Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52388201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12334003)+4 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(12025405)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China(2023YFA1406400)the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Chip(ICFC)the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineeringfunded by the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar program。
文摘Realizing large materials models has emerged as a critical endeavor for materials research in the new era of artificial intelligence,but how to achieve this fantastic and challenging objective remains elusive.Here,we propose a feasible pathway to address this paramount pursuit by developing universal materials models of deep-learning density functional theory Hamiltonian(Deep H),enabling computational modeling of the complicated structure-property relationship of materials in general.By constructing a large materials database and substantially improving the Deep H method,we obtain a universal materials model of Deep H capable of handling diverse elemental compositions and material structures,achieving remarkable accuracy in predicting material properties.We further showcase a promising application of fine-tuning universal materials models for enhancing specific materials models.This work not only demonstrates the concept of Deep H's universal materials model but also lays the groundwork for developing large materials models,opening up significant opportunities for advancing artificial intelligencedriven materials discovery.
基金financial support of this work by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0308600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878196)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(20826041C4159).
文摘Processing polyvinyl chloride(PVC)artificial material requires plasticizer that softens the PVC coating.Currently,utilizing unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters to obtain epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester(EFAME)bio-plasticizers constitutes an environmentally responsible solution to substitute conventional ortho-phthalates that are endocrine disruptors or probable carcinogens.However,commercial EFAMEs,even with the highest epoxy value(ca.5.5-5.8%)so far,still suffer from fast leaching from the PVC matrix,burdening the environment and shortening lifespan of the artificial material.Here,we report a proof-of-principle demonstration of a new strategy to obtain migration-resistant EFAME that harnesses the midchain hydroxyl of methyl ricinoleate and covalently attachment of a pendant acetate ester.Despite a low epoxy value(3.0%),the engineered bio-plasticizer displays significantly suppressed migration in multiple scenarios compared with one conventional EFAME with much higher epoxy value(5.8%).Circumventing the limit confronting previous strategy that highlights the sole contribution of epoxy value to achievable migration resistance,the rationale herein may provide guidance for designing new EFAMEs with comparable performance to ortho-phthalates,thus bringing the old and oft-maligned PVC artificial material industry one step closer to sustainability.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant no.2021YFA1200303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.21721002,52003065)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB36000000)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant no.2019M660584)the China Scholarship Council(202104910462,202004910155)the Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(2023RC102).
文摘CONSPECTUS:Chirality has been relevant to numerous core scientific topics over the past century.Recently,the value of chirality in artificial functional materials has been recognized and investigated intensively.Functional materials with chirality demonstrate some characteristic properties lacking in their achiral counterparts.Specifically,in chiral materials,optical rotatory dispersion,circular dichroism(CD),circularly polarized luminescence,nonlinear optical effect,and chiral-induced spin selectivity have been observed.
