Penetration characteristic(size and shape of penetration craters made in high hardness ARMSTAL 30PM steel) of shaped charge jets formed after detonations of modified PG-7VM warheads was analyzed in the article. Modifi...Penetration characteristic(size and shape of penetration craters made in high hardness ARMSTAL 30PM steel) of shaped charge jets formed after detonations of modified PG-7VM warheads was analyzed in the article. Modifications consisted in removing the frontal part of the grenade(fuse, ballistic cap and conductive cone) and introducing of the liner cavity filling made of polyacetal copolymer POM-C. The filings in the form of solid cones with three different heights(33%, 66% and 100% of H-the height of original PG-7VM liner) were placed inside of the hollow cone shaped charge liner. As opposed to the vast majority of previously published works(in which warhead optimization studies were focused on increasing of the depth of penetration in rolled homogeneous armor steel) the main aim of the presented modifications was to maximize the damage ratio(diameters of craters, inlet and outlet holes) of target perforated by shaped charge jet at the cost of the loss of part of the jet penetration capability. According to the best knowledge of the authors such approach to the use of the old PG-7VM warheads has not been analyzed so far. Taking into consideration high stock levels of PG-7VM warheads, and the fact that they are continuously being replaced by more efficient and more sophisticated high-explosive anti-tank warheads, it seems reasonable to look for alternate applications of the warheads withdrawn from the service. Thanks to the introduction of proposed modifications the warheads could be used by special forces or other assault units as directional mines or statically detonated cutting shaped charges as well as by combat engineers as universal charges used in various types of engineering or sapper works. The research included experimental penetration tests and their numerical reproduction in the LS-Dyna software with the simulation methodology defined and validated in previous works of the authors.Small differences(average error = 10-20%) were identified between the experimental and numerical results(dimensions of craters made in steel targets were compared) what confirmed the reliability of the modelling methodology and enabled its use for further optimization of the shapes of fillings. Within the analyzed variants of warheads modifications maximum diameters of penetration craters were obtained for the filling of the height of h = 2/3H. The diameters of holes in individual steel plates were increased by 164%, 70%, 65%(for the first, second and third plate, respectively) in relation to the variant without filling. The results of the study indicated that with the use of different materials of fillings and their various heights it is possible to control the shape of penetration craters pierced in the steel targets.展开更多
The effect of small variations of target hardness on the depth of penetration for nominally identical target material has not been addressed systematically in publications yet and is often neglected. An investigation ...The effect of small variations of target hardness on the depth of penetration for nominally identical target material has not been addressed systematically in publications yet and is often neglected. An investigation of this issue for laboratory-scale long rod projectiles penetrating into semi-infinite rolled-homogeneous-armor steel targets was conducted. The tungsten-heavy-alloy penetrators were of length 90 mm and diameter6 mm. Five lots of armor steel with a nominal hardness range of 280–330 BHN provided material for the targets. The pursued approach consisted of hardness testing of the targets, in total 17 ballistic experiments at velocities in between 1250 m/s and 1780 m/s and data analysis.A linear regression analysis of penetration vs. hardness shows that a target hardness increase within the given range of 280–330 BHN may result in a reduction of penetration depth of about 5.8 mm at constant velocity. This is equal to a change of-12% at an impact velocity of 1250 m/s. A multiple linear regression analysis included also the influence of yaw angle and impact velocity. It shows that small yaw angles and slight variations of impact velocities provide a smaller variation of the semi-infinite penetration depths than a variation of target hardness within a typical specification span of 50 BHN. For such a span a change in penetration of approximately-4.8 mm due to hardness variation is found, whereas 1°of yaw angle or-10 m/s of velocity variation gives a change of about-1.0 mm respectively-0.9 mm. For the given example, the overwhelming part of the variation is to be attributed to hardness effects – 4.8 mm out of 5.8 mm(83%). For nominally identical target material the target hardness thus influences the ballistic test results more severely than the typical scatter in impact conditions.展开更多
爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectiles,简称EFP)垂直高速冲击603装甲靶板实验,呈现了靶板入口卷边花瓣状破坏、出口具有拉伸断裂特征的外翻花瓣形穿孔、入口直径明显大于出口直径等宏观的冲击现象。为了从机理上研究EFP对装甲...爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectiles,简称EFP)垂直高速冲击603装甲靶板实验,呈现了靶板入口卷边花瓣状破坏、出口具有拉伸断裂特征的外翻花瓣形穿孔、入口直径明显大于出口直径等宏观的冲击现象。为了从机理上研究EFP对装甲靶板的高速冲击效应,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力学仿真软件,对整个冲击过程进行了数值模拟,再现了EFP形成、开坑、稳定侵彻、尾翼侵彻和冲塞贯穿的物理过程,模拟结果与实验现象吻合较好,并从原理上分析了实验中各宏观现象产生的原因。研究结果不但认识了EFP冲击装甲靶板的机理,也可为增强装甲防护能力和优化EFP设计提供理论参考,具有重要的现实意义和较高的工程应用价值。展开更多
文摘Penetration characteristic(size and shape of penetration craters made in high hardness ARMSTAL 30PM steel) of shaped charge jets formed after detonations of modified PG-7VM warheads was analyzed in the article. Modifications consisted in removing the frontal part of the grenade(fuse, ballistic cap and conductive cone) and introducing of the liner cavity filling made of polyacetal copolymer POM-C. The filings in the form of solid cones with three different heights(33%, 66% and 100% of H-the height of original PG-7VM liner) were placed inside of the hollow cone shaped charge liner. As opposed to the vast majority of previously published works(in which warhead optimization studies were focused on increasing of the depth of penetration in rolled homogeneous armor steel) the main aim of the presented modifications was to maximize the damage ratio(diameters of craters, inlet and outlet holes) of target perforated by shaped charge jet at the cost of the loss of part of the jet penetration capability. According to the best knowledge of the authors such approach to the use of the old PG-7VM warheads has not been analyzed so far. Taking into consideration high stock levels of PG-7VM warheads, and the fact that they are continuously being replaced by more efficient and more sophisticated high-explosive anti-tank warheads, it seems reasonable to look for alternate applications of the warheads withdrawn from the service. Thanks to the introduction of proposed modifications the warheads could be used by special forces or other assault units as directional mines or statically detonated cutting shaped charges as well as by combat engineers as universal charges used in various types of engineering or sapper works. The research included experimental penetration tests and their numerical reproduction in the LS-Dyna software with the simulation methodology defined and validated in previous works of the authors.Small differences(average error = 10-20%) were identified between the experimental and numerical results(dimensions of craters made in steel targets were compared) what confirmed the reliability of the modelling methodology and enabled its use for further optimization of the shapes of fillings. Within the analyzed variants of warheads modifications maximum diameters of penetration craters were obtained for the filling of the height of h = 2/3H. The diameters of holes in individual steel plates were increased by 164%, 70%, 65%(for the first, second and third plate, respectively) in relation to the variant without filling. The results of the study indicated that with the use of different materials of fillings and their various heights it is possible to control the shape of penetration craters pierced in the steel targets.
基金supported financially by the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (BMVg)the Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik und Nutzung der Bundeswehr (BAAINBw)
文摘The effect of small variations of target hardness on the depth of penetration for nominally identical target material has not been addressed systematically in publications yet and is often neglected. An investigation of this issue for laboratory-scale long rod projectiles penetrating into semi-infinite rolled-homogeneous-armor steel targets was conducted. The tungsten-heavy-alloy penetrators were of length 90 mm and diameter6 mm. Five lots of armor steel with a nominal hardness range of 280–330 BHN provided material for the targets. The pursued approach consisted of hardness testing of the targets, in total 17 ballistic experiments at velocities in between 1250 m/s and 1780 m/s and data analysis.A linear regression analysis of penetration vs. hardness shows that a target hardness increase within the given range of 280–330 BHN may result in a reduction of penetration depth of about 5.8 mm at constant velocity. This is equal to a change of-12% at an impact velocity of 1250 m/s. A multiple linear regression analysis included also the influence of yaw angle and impact velocity. It shows that small yaw angles and slight variations of impact velocities provide a smaller variation of the semi-infinite penetration depths than a variation of target hardness within a typical specification span of 50 BHN. For such a span a change in penetration of approximately-4.8 mm due to hardness variation is found, whereas 1°of yaw angle or-10 m/s of velocity variation gives a change of about-1.0 mm respectively-0.9 mm. For the given example, the overwhelming part of the variation is to be attributed to hardness effects – 4.8 mm out of 5.8 mm(83%). For nominally identical target material the target hardness thus influences the ballistic test results more severely than the typical scatter in impact conditions.
文摘爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectiles,简称EFP)垂直高速冲击603装甲靶板实验,呈现了靶板入口卷边花瓣状破坏、出口具有拉伸断裂特征的外翻花瓣形穿孔、入口直径明显大于出口直径等宏观的冲击现象。为了从机理上研究EFP对装甲靶板的高速冲击效应,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力学仿真软件,对整个冲击过程进行了数值模拟,再现了EFP形成、开坑、稳定侵彻、尾翼侵彻和冲塞贯穿的物理过程,模拟结果与实验现象吻合较好,并从原理上分析了实验中各宏观现象产生的原因。研究结果不但认识了EFP冲击装甲靶板的机理,也可为增强装甲防护能力和优化EFP设计提供理论参考,具有重要的现实意义和较高的工程应用价值。
