Hard scales in scaly fish species ensure the structural and functional integrity of the inner skin and body,even when subjected to various types of external forces.Mucus and oil secreted from the inner layer of the fi...Hard scales in scaly fish species ensure the structural and functional integrity of the inner skin and body,even when subjected to various types of external forces.Mucus and oil secreted from the inner layer of the fish skin to the surface exhibit resistance to a wide range of liquids,maintaining the antifouling properties of the fish skin surface.Inspired by these biological structures,ultra-sturdy and durable scale-armored-sliding surfaces(SASSs)were fabricated in this study using femtosecond laser electrodeposition(FED).In the FED method,a scaly structure is grown from the substrate across a sliding layer to form an SASS.The unique scale-armored structure offers protection against impact and abrasion while maintaining the performance and integrity of the structure.The mechanical sturdiness of the SASS improved by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the conventional antifouling surface.In addition,the SASS exhibited remarkable chemical durability,excellent hydraulic pressure resistance,liquid repellency,and good corrosion resistance based on characterization using various methods.FED enables the preparation of SASS on several materials,including Cu and Al and more.SASS fabricated using FED has great potential for the application of antifouling surfaces in extremely harsh environments.展开更多
The high cost and low efficiency of full-scale vehicle experiments and numerical simulations limit the efficient development of armored vehicle occupant protection systems.The floor-occupant-seat local simulation mode...The high cost and low efficiency of full-scale vehicle experiments and numerical simulations limit the efficient development of armored vehicle occupant protection systems.The floor-occupant-seat local simulation model provides an alternative solution for quickly evaluating the performance of occupant protection systems.However,the error and rationality of the loading of the thin-walled floor in the local model cannot be ignored.This study proposed an equivalent loading method for the local model,which includes two parts:the dimensionality reduction method for acceleration matrix and the joint optimization framework for equivalent node coordinates.In the dimensionality reduction method,the dimension of the acceleration matrix was reduced based on the improved kernel principal component analysis(KPCA),and a dynamic variable bandwidth was introduced to address the limitation of failing to effectively measure the similarity between acceleration data in conventional KPCA.In addition,a least squares problem with forced displacement constraints was constructed to solve the correction matrix,thereby achieving the scale restoration process of the principal component acceleration matrix.The joint optimization framework for coordinates consists of the error assessment of response time histories(EARTH)and Bayesian optimization.In this framework,the local loading error of the equivalent acceleration matrix is taken as the Bayesian optimization objective,which is quantified and scored by EARTH.The expected improvement acquisition function was used to select the new set of the equivalent acceleration node coordinates for the self-updating optimization of the observation dataset and Gaussian process surrogate model.We reduced the dimension of the acceleration matrix from 2256 to 7,while retaining 91%of the information features.The comprehensive error score of occupant's lower limb response in the local model increased from 58.5%to 80.4%.The proposed equivalent loading method provides a solution for the rapid and reliable development of occupant protection systems.展开更多
Buckling failure in submarine cables presents a prevalent challenge in ocean engineering.This work aims to explore the buckling behavior of umbilical cables with damaged sheaths subjected to compression and bending cy...Buckling failure in submarine cables presents a prevalent challenge in ocean engineering.This work aims to explore the buckling behavior of umbilical cables with damaged sheaths subjected to compression and bending cyclic loads.A finite element model is devised,incorporating a singular armor wire,a rigid core,and a damaged sheath.To scrutinize the buckling progression and corresponding deformation,axial compression and bending cyclic loads are introduced.The observations reveal that a reduction in axial compression results in a larger number of cycles before buckling ensues and progressively shifts the buckling position toward the extrados and fixed end.Decreasing the bending radius precipitates a reduction in the buckling cycle number and minimizes the deformation in the armor wire.Furthermore,an empirical model is presented to predict the occurrence of birdcage buckling,providing a means to anticipate buckling events and to estimate the requisite number of cycles leading to buckling.展开更多
This paper proposes a modification of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model aimed at extending its applicability range to intermediately-thick high-hardness armor steel plates.When impacted by armorpiercing projectil...This paper proposes a modification of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model aimed at extending its applicability range to intermediately-thick high-hardness armor steel plates.When impacted by armorpiercing projectiles,these plates tend to fail through adiabatic shear plugging which significantly reduces their ballistic resistance.To address this effect,an approach for determining effective thickness was defined and incorporated into the predictive model.Ballistic impact tests were performed to assess the modification's validity,in which ARMOX 500T steel plates were subjected to perpendicular impacts from 7.62×39 mm steel-cored rounds under various velocities.Frequent target failure by soft plugging was observed,as well as the brittle shatter of the hard steel core.Key properties of the recovered plugs including their mass,length and diameter were measured and reported along with the projectiles'residual velocities.Additionally,independent data from the open literature were included in the analysis for further validation.The original Forrestal-Warren model and the novel effective thickness modification were then used to establish the relationship between impact and residual velocities,as well as to determine the ballistic limit velocity.The comparison revealed that the proposed approach significantly improves the model's accuracy,showing a strong correlation with experimental data and reducing deviations to within a few percent.This enhancement highlights the potential of the effective thickness term,which could also be applied to other predictive models to extend their applicability range.Further exploration into other armor steels and impact conditions is recommended to assess the method's versatility.展开更多
The editor regrets that they inadvertently pasted the wrong figure during the production stage.The correct Fig.7 should be as below:The editor would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides(LRMOs;xLi_(2)MnO_(3)(1−x)LiMO_(2);M=transition metal,0<x<1)with excellent specific capacity(>300 mAh/g)and high operating voltage(≥4.8V)are the preferred cathode materials...Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides(LRMOs;xLi_(2)MnO_(3)(1−x)LiMO_(2);M=transition metal,0<x<1)with excellent specific capacity(>300 mAh/g)and high operating voltage(≥4.8V)are the preferred cathode materials for high-specific-energy lithium metal batteries(LMBs)[1].However,LRMOs face a series of serious problems such as irreversible lattice oxygen loss,transition metal(TM)migration,phase transfer,and interfacial side reactions at high voltages,resulting in rapid decay of capacity and voltage[2,3].In situ generating well-functional CEI through electrolyte engineering can effectively address these challenges[4].展开更多
A philosophy for the design of novel,lightweight,multi-layered armor,referred to as Composite Armor Philosophy(CAP),which can adapt to the passive protection of light-,medium-,and heavy-armored vehicles,is presented i...A philosophy for the design of novel,lightweight,multi-layered armor,referred to as Composite Armor Philosophy(CAP),which can adapt to the passive protection of light-,medium-,and heavy-armored vehicles,is presented in this study.CAP can serve as a guiding principle to assist designers in comprehending the distinct roles fulfilled by each component.The CAP proposal comprises four functional layers,organized in a suggested hierarchy of materials.Particularly notable is the inclusion of a ceramic-composite principle,representing an advanced and innovative solution in the field of armor design.This paper showcases real-world defense industry applications,offering case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of this advanced approach.CAP represents a significant milestone in the history of passive protection,marking an evolutionary leap in the field.This philosophical approach provides designers with a powerful toolset with which to enhance the protection capabilities of military vehicles,making them more resilient and better equipped to meet the challenges of modern warfare.展开更多
This study examines the penetration of 12.7 mm armor piercing incendiary projectiles into SiC ceramic-fiber composite target plates.By observing the recovered projectile and the overall damage morphology of the cerami...This study examines the penetration of 12.7 mm armor piercing incendiary projectiles into SiC ceramic-fiber composite target plates.By observing the recovered projectile and the overall damage morphology of the ceramic-fiber composite target plates.Additionally,multi-level screening and weighing of the recovered projectile and ceramic fragments revealed that the mass distribution of the projectile and ceramic fragments under different backing structures conforms to a powerlaw distribution.Experimental results indicate that for single laminate as the backing,the fragmentation of the projectile and ceramics is highest when T300 is the material.Incorporating a T300 transition layer between the SiC ceramic and aramid fibers(Kevlar)or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)increases the fragmentation of the projectile and ceramics,leading to increased energy absorption.The projectile’s head mainly exhibits pulverized abrasive fragmentation,while larger projectile fragments primarily result from shear and tensile stress-induced shear-tensile failure fractures.The primary damage mode of ceramics under high-speed impact is the expansion of ceramic cones and radial cracks.The main form of damage in UHMWPE laminate is interlayer separation caused by tensile waves,permanent plastic deformation at the back protrusion,and perforation failure primarily due to shear waves.The damage mode of Kevlar laminate is similar to that of UHMWPE,with the distinction being that Kevlar laminate primarily exhibits perforation failure caused by tensile waves.Carbon fiber T300 laminate damage mainly consists of cross-shaped brittle fractures caused by shear waves.展开更多
The abalone shell,a composite material whose cross-section is composed of inorganic and organic layers,has high strength and toughness.Inspired by the abalone shell,several multi-layer composite plates with different ...The abalone shell,a composite material whose cross-section is composed of inorganic and organic layers,has high strength and toughness.Inspired by the abalone shell,several multi-layer composite plates with different layer sequences and thicknesses are studied as bullet-proof material in this paper.To investigate the ballistic performance of this multi-layer structure,the complete characterization model and related material parameters of large deformation,failure and fracture ofAl_(2)O_(3)ceramics andCarbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)are studied.Then,3D finite element models of the proposed composite plates with different layer sequences and thicknesses impacted by a 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary(API)are built using Abaqus to predict failure.The simulation results show that the CFRP/Al2O3 ceramic/Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene(UHMWPE)/CFRP(1 mm/4 mm/4 mm/1 mm)composite is the optimized stack of layers.The simulation results under specified layer sequence and thickness have a reasonable correlation with the experimental results and reflect the failure and fracture of the multi-layer composite protective armor.展开更多
To enhance the protective performance of ceramic composite armor,ballistic penetration experiments were conducted on Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite armor with different t...To enhance the protective performance of ceramic composite armor,ballistic penetration experiments were conducted on Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite armor with different thickness configurations.The damage and failure modes of hard projectiles and ceramic-fiber composite targets were analyzed.The recovered projectiles and ceramic fragments were sieved and weighed at multiple stages,revealing a positive correlation between the degree of fragmentation of the projectiles and ceramics and the overall ballistic resistance of the composite targets.Numerical simulations were performed using the LS-DYNA finite element software,and the simulation results showed high consistency with the experimental results,confirming the validity of the material parameters.The results indicate that the projectile heads primarily exhibited crushing and abrasive fragmentation.Larger projectile fragments mainly resulted from tensile and shear stress-induced failure.The failure modes of the composite targets included the formation of ceramic cones and radial cracks under high-velocity impacts.The UHMWPE laminated plates exhibited interlayer separation caused by tensile waves,permanent plastic deformation of the rear surface bulging,and perforation failure primarily due to shear forces.Through extended numerical simulations,while maintaining the same areal density and configuration of9 mm Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic+12 mm UHMWPE laminated composite armor,the thickness configurations of the Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic and UHMWPE laminated backplates were varied,and various thicknesses of UHMWPE laminates were simulated as the cover layer for the ceramic panels.The simulation results indicated that the composite armor configuration of 10 mm Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic+8 mm UHMWPE composite armor increased energy absorption by13.48%.When altering the cover layer thickness,a 4 mm UHMWPE+9 mm Al_(2)O_(3)+8 mm UHMWPE composite armor demonstrated a 27.11%improvement in energy absorption,showing a relatively significant enhancement.展开更多
In order to restrain the high pumping voltage of braking procedure which is harmful to the system of electric armored vehicle. Based on the analysis of pumping voltage of the braking procedure, the relation between pu...In order to restrain the high pumping voltage of braking procedure which is harmful to the system of electric armored vehicle. Based on the analysis of pumping voltage of the braking procedure, the relation between pumping voltage and PWM ratio is derived and a new digital control method to restrain the pumping voltage by changing PWM ratio is put forward. Because the capacitance is decreased effectively, the volume of controller is reduced and the performance to price ratio is improved. The results of computer simulation and experiment proved that this method is feasible and valid.展开更多
Pressure wave plays an important role in the occurrence of behind armor blunt trauma(BABT),and ballistic gelatin is widely used as a surrogate of biological tissue in the research of BABT.Comparison of pressure wave i...Pressure wave plays an important role in the occurrence of behind armor blunt trauma(BABT),and ballistic gelatin is widely used as a surrogate of biological tissue in the research of BABT.Comparison of pressure wave in the gelatin behind armor for different rifle bullets is lacking.The aim of this study was to observe dynamic changes in pressure wave induced by ballistic blunt impact on the armored gelatin block and to compare the effects of bullet type on the parameters of the transient pressure wave.The gelatin blocks protected with National Institute of Justice(NIJ) class III bulletproof armor were shot by three types of rifle bullet with the same level of impact energy.The transient pressure signals at five locations were recorded with pressure sensors and three parameters(maximum pressure,maximum pressure impulse,and the duration of the first positive phase) were determined and discussed.The results indicated that the waveform and the twin peak of transient pressure wave were not related to the bullet type.However,the values of pressure wave's parameters were significantly affected by bullet type.Additionally,the attenuation of pressure amplitude followed the similar law for the three ammunitions.These findings may be helpful to get some insight in the BABT and improve the structure design of bullet.展开更多
The experimental research on protection capability of the flying-whip multifunctional explosive reactive armor (ERA) was performed, in which the comparison experiment was made on the damage effect of the flying-whip&#...The experimental research on protection capability of the flying-whip multifunctional explosive reactive armor (ERA) was performed, in which the comparison experiment was made on the damage effect of the flying-whip's geometrical figuration, material property and driven velocity on the long-rod armor-piercing-projectile. The moving velocity of the flying-whip driven by different explosives and the pressure attenuation law of shock wave travelling in the back plate were measured respectively with the electric probe method and the manganin piezoresistive gauge technique. The following conclusions based on a great quantity of experimental data were drawn: compared with the sandwich ERA the flying-whip multifunctional ERA has very good protection function against the long-rod armor-piercing-projectile, the shaped charge warhead and the anti-armor tandem warhead. In addition, the composite plate made of the armor-steel and rubber plate can lessen the vibration and shock of the main armor caused by the explosion of the charge..展开更多
Explosive Reactive Armor was originally modeled under the assumption that the plates in the cassettes were very thin.Hence their thickness could be ignored,and the thicknesses of the plates were considered only based ...Explosive Reactive Armor was originally modeled under the assumption that the plates in the cassettes were very thin.Hence their thickness could be ignored,and the thicknesses of the plates were considered only based on their areal mass density.In particular,it was assumed that the jet-plate interaction was controlled by the plates to jet-mass-flux ratio criteria for a specific jet velocity and diameter.In the present study,we extended this analysis,examining the effect of the variation of the mass-flux along the jet on the disruption effect by the two plates.In addition,we examined the thickness effect of the plates on the plate's effectiveness,replacing the steel plates by low-density materials like aluminum and polycarbonate.The mass-flux model was adjusted to account for the plate-thickness effect.It was found that increasing the thickness of the plate,keeping the areal weight unchanged,slightly increases the overall effectiveness of the cassette,in particular by the forward moving plate interacting with the center and the slow parts of the jet.展开更多
AA5059 is one of the high strength armor grade aluminium alloy that finds its applications in the military vehicles due to the higher resistance against the armor piercing (AP) threats. This study aimed at finding the...AA5059 is one of the high strength armor grade aluminium alloy that finds its applications in the military vehicles due to the higher resistance against the armor piercing (AP) threats. This study aimed at finding the best suitable process among the fusion welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) by evaluating the tensile properties of AA5059 aluminium alloy joints. The fracture path was identified by mapping the low hardness distribution profile (LHDP) across the weld cross section under tensile loading. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to characterize the microstructural features of the welded joints at various zones. It is evident from the results that GTAW joints showed superior tensile properties compared to GMAW joints and this is primarily owing to the presence of finer grains in the weld metal zone (WMZ) and narrow heat-affected zone (HAZ). The lower heat input associated with the GTAW process effectively reduced the size of the WMZ and HAZ compared to GMAW process. Lower heat input of GTAW process results in faster cooling rate which hinders the grain growth and reduces the evaporation of magnesium in weld metal compared to GMAW joints. The fracture surface of GTAW joint consists of more dimples than GMAW joints which is an indication that the GTAW joint possess improved ductility than GMAW joint.展开更多
Instrumented and Vickers indentation testing and microstructure analysis were used to investigate zirconia toughened alumina （ZTA） and silicon carbide （SIC）. Several equations were studied to relate the Vickers in...Instrumented and Vickers indentation testing and microstructure analysis were used to investigate zirconia toughened alumina （ZTA） and silicon carbide （SIC）. Several equations were studied to relate the Vickers indentation hardness, Young＇s modulus and crack behavior to the fracture toughness. The frac- ture in SiC is unstable and occurs primarily by cleavage leading to a relatively low toughness of 3 MPa m1/2, which may be inappropriate for multi-hit capability. ZTA absorbs energy by plastic deformation, pore collapse, crack deviation and crack bridging and exhibits time dependent creep. With a relatively high toughness around 6.6 MPa m1/2, ZTA is promising for multi-hit capability. The higher accuracy of median equations in calculating the indentation fracture toughness and the relatively high c/a ratios above 2.5 suggest median type cracking for both SiC and ZTA. The Young＇s modulus of both ceramics was most accurately measured at lower indentation loads of about 0.5 kgf, while more accurate hardness and fracture toughness values were obtained at intermediate and at higher indentation loads beyond 5 kgf, respectively. A strong indentation size effect （ISE） was observed in both materials. The load independent hardness of SiC is 2563 HV, putting it far above the standard armor hardness requirement of 1500 HV that is barely met by ZTA.展开更多
Dambreak-induced bed scouring may undermine the foundation of bridge piers and other structures,and that destruction can pose a serious threat.Consequently,this paper aims at exploring the mechanisms of scouring and a...Dambreak-induced bed scouring may undermine the foundation of bridge piers and other structures,and that destruction can pose a serious threat.Consequently,this paper aims at exploring the mechanisms of scouring and armoring.Firstly,the incipient velocity for nonuniform sediment particles was studied,and a formula was derived based on the angle of repose of nonuniform sediment.The results showed that the mechanism of incipient motion for sand and fine gravel differed from that for coarse gravel and cobbles.Also,comparison between experimental and field data shows that the results from the proposed formula agree well with those observed for all conditions.Secondly,a birth-death,immigration-emigration Markov process was developed to describe the bed load transport rate associated with scouring and armoring.The comparison between experimental data and computed results shows that our model can predict the bed load transport rate,although there may be some limitations,the chief of which is that there are many variables in the model to be determined through experiment.This makes its application in river engineering inconvenient.展开更多
Drive system is the key device of armored chassis. Its working state and reliability influence the maneuver performance of armored chassis directly. In order to simulate the failure process and evaluate the service re...Drive system is the key device of armored chassis. Its working state and reliability influence the maneuver performance of armored chassis directly. In order to simulate the failure process and evaluate the service reliability of drive system in training or battle missions,a new kind of dynamic simulation model and driving simulation platform of the complete drive system were established based on virtual prototype and finite element technology in this paper. Using the platform, the kinematics and dynamic characteristics of drive system were studied and analyzed in detail,the dynamic load spectrum of key components was obtained,the service life was predicted, and the service reliability evaluation results were provided. A simulation example of transmission gear was shown to illustrate the simulation and evaluation process. The result proves that the simulation method not only can be used to compute and evaluate the service reliability of complex mechanical mechanism, but also has high precision and reasonable computational cost. Therefore,simulation and reliability analysis based on virtual prototype of the armored chassis drive system will provide scientific reference for the formulation of armored chassis reasonable repair cycle.展开更多
Plastic behavior of 603 armor steel is studied at strain rates ranging from 0.001 s-1 to 4500 s-1, and temperature from 288 K to 873 K. Emphasis is placed on the effects of temperature, strain rate, and plastic strain...Plastic behavior of 603 armor steel is studied at strain rates ranging from 0.001 s-1 to 4500 s-1, and temperature from 288 K to 873 K. Emphasis is placed on the effects of temperature, strain rate, and plastic strain on flow stress. Based on experimental results, the JC and the KHL models are used to simulate flow stress of this material. By comparing the model prediction and the experimental results of strain rate jump tests, the KHL model is shown to have a better prediction of plastic behavior under complex loading conditions for this material, especially in the dynamic region.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(12127806 and 62175195)the International Joint Research Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies.
文摘Hard scales in scaly fish species ensure the structural and functional integrity of the inner skin and body,even when subjected to various types of external forces.Mucus and oil secreted from the inner layer of the fish skin to the surface exhibit resistance to a wide range of liquids,maintaining the antifouling properties of the fish skin surface.Inspired by these biological structures,ultra-sturdy and durable scale-armored-sliding surfaces(SASSs)were fabricated in this study using femtosecond laser electrodeposition(FED).In the FED method,a scaly structure is grown from the substrate across a sliding layer to form an SASS.The unique scale-armored structure offers protection against impact and abrasion while maintaining the performance and integrity of the structure.The mechanical sturdiness of the SASS improved by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the conventional antifouling surface.In addition,the SASS exhibited remarkable chemical durability,excellent hydraulic pressure resistance,liquid repellency,and good corrosion resistance based on characterization using various methods.FED enables the preparation of SASS on several materials,including Cu and Al and more.SASS fabricated using FED has great potential for the application of antifouling surfaces in extremely harsh environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52272437 and 52272370)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX24_0635)。
文摘The high cost and low efficiency of full-scale vehicle experiments and numerical simulations limit the efficient development of armored vehicle occupant protection systems.The floor-occupant-seat local simulation model provides an alternative solution for quickly evaluating the performance of occupant protection systems.However,the error and rationality of the loading of the thin-walled floor in the local model cannot be ignored.This study proposed an equivalent loading method for the local model,which includes two parts:the dimensionality reduction method for acceleration matrix and the joint optimization framework for equivalent node coordinates.In the dimensionality reduction method,the dimension of the acceleration matrix was reduced based on the improved kernel principal component analysis(KPCA),and a dynamic variable bandwidth was introduced to address the limitation of failing to effectively measure the similarity between acceleration data in conventional KPCA.In addition,a least squares problem with forced displacement constraints was constructed to solve the correction matrix,thereby achieving the scale restoration process of the principal component acceleration matrix.The joint optimization framework for coordinates consists of the error assessment of response time histories(EARTH)and Bayesian optimization.In this framework,the local loading error of the equivalent acceleration matrix is taken as the Bayesian optimization objective,which is quantified and scored by EARTH.The expected improvement acquisition function was used to select the new set of the equivalent acceleration node coordinates for the self-updating optimization of the observation dataset and Gaussian process surrogate model.We reduced the dimension of the acceleration matrix from 2256 to 7,while retaining 91%of the information features.The comprehensive error score of occupant's lower limb response in the local model increased from 58.5%to 80.4%.The proposed equivalent loading method provides a solution for the rapid and reliable development of occupant protection systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52471301)the Fujian Province Transportation Science and Technology Project(Grant No.JC202302)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY24E090003).
文摘Buckling failure in submarine cables presents a prevalent challenge in ocean engineering.This work aims to explore the buckling behavior of umbilical cables with damaged sheaths subjected to compression and bending cyclic loads.A finite element model is devised,incorporating a singular armor wire,a rigid core,and a damaged sheath.To scrutinize the buckling progression and corresponding deformation,axial compression and bending cyclic loads are introduced.The observations reveal that a reduction in axial compression results in a larger number of cycles before buckling ensues and progressively shifts the buckling position toward the extrados and fixed end.Decreasing the bending radius precipitates a reduction in the buckling cycle number and minimizes the deformation in the armor wire.Furthermore,an empirical model is presented to predict the occurrence of birdcage buckling,providing a means to anticipate buckling events and to estimate the requisite number of cycles leading to buckling.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science,Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia,through the Contract no.451-03-65/2024-03/200105
文摘This paper proposes a modification of the Forrestal-Warren perforation model aimed at extending its applicability range to intermediately-thick high-hardness armor steel plates.When impacted by armorpiercing projectiles,these plates tend to fail through adiabatic shear plugging which significantly reduces their ballistic resistance.To address this effect,an approach for determining effective thickness was defined and incorporated into the predictive model.Ballistic impact tests were performed to assess the modification's validity,in which ARMOX 500T steel plates were subjected to perpendicular impacts from 7.62×39 mm steel-cored rounds under various velocities.Frequent target failure by soft plugging was observed,as well as the brittle shatter of the hard steel core.Key properties of the recovered plugs including their mass,length and diameter were measured and reported along with the projectiles'residual velocities.Additionally,independent data from the open literature were included in the analysis for further validation.The original Forrestal-Warren model and the novel effective thickness modification were then used to establish the relationship between impact and residual velocities,as well as to determine the ballistic limit velocity.The comparison revealed that the proposed approach significantly improves the model's accuracy,showing a strong correlation with experimental data and reducing deviations to within a few percent.This enhancement highlights the potential of the effective thickness term,which could also be applied to other predictive models to extend their applicability range.Further exploration into other armor steels and impact conditions is recommended to assess the method's versatility.
文摘The editor regrets that they inadvertently pasted the wrong figure during the production stage.The correct Fig.7 should be as below:The editor would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
文摘Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides(LRMOs;xLi_(2)MnO_(3)(1−x)LiMO_(2);M=transition metal,0<x<1)with excellent specific capacity(>300 mAh/g)and high operating voltage(≥4.8V)are the preferred cathode materials for high-specific-energy lithium metal batteries(LMBs)[1].However,LRMOs face a series of serious problems such as irreversible lattice oxygen loss,transition metal(TM)migration,phase transfer,and interfacial side reactions at high voltages,resulting in rapid decay of capacity and voltage[2,3].In situ generating well-functional CEI through electrolyte engineering can effectively address these challenges[4].
基金co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the European UnionGreek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness,Entrepreneurship and Innovation,under the call RESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE(project code:T1EDK-04429)。
文摘A philosophy for the design of novel,lightweight,multi-layered armor,referred to as Composite Armor Philosophy(CAP),which can adapt to the passive protection of light-,medium-,and heavy-armored vehicles,is presented in this study.CAP can serve as a guiding principle to assist designers in comprehending the distinct roles fulfilled by each component.The CAP proposal comprises four functional layers,organized in a suggested hierarchy of materials.Particularly notable is the inclusion of a ceramic-composite principle,representing an advanced and innovative solution in the field of armor design.This paper showcases real-world defense industry applications,offering case studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of this advanced approach.CAP represents a significant milestone in the history of passive protection,marking an evolutionary leap in the field.This philosophical approach provides designers with a powerful toolset with which to enhance the protection capabilities of military vehicles,making them more resilient and better equipped to meet the challenges of modern warfare.
文摘This study examines the penetration of 12.7 mm armor piercing incendiary projectiles into SiC ceramic-fiber composite target plates.By observing the recovered projectile and the overall damage morphology of the ceramic-fiber composite target plates.Additionally,multi-level screening and weighing of the recovered projectile and ceramic fragments revealed that the mass distribution of the projectile and ceramic fragments under different backing structures conforms to a powerlaw distribution.Experimental results indicate that for single laminate as the backing,the fragmentation of the projectile and ceramics is highest when T300 is the material.Incorporating a T300 transition layer between the SiC ceramic and aramid fibers(Kevlar)or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)increases the fragmentation of the projectile and ceramics,leading to increased energy absorption.The projectile’s head mainly exhibits pulverized abrasive fragmentation,while larger projectile fragments primarily result from shear and tensile stress-induced shear-tensile failure fractures.The primary damage mode of ceramics under high-speed impact is the expansion of ceramic cones and radial cracks.The main form of damage in UHMWPE laminate is interlayer separation caused by tensile waves,permanent plastic deformation at the back protrusion,and perforation failure primarily due to shear waves.The damage mode of Kevlar laminate is similar to that of UHMWPE,with the distinction being that Kevlar laminate primarily exhibits perforation failure caused by tensile waves.Carbon fiber T300 laminate damage mainly consists of cross-shaped brittle fractures caused by shear waves.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(W.Zhang,Grant No.12220101002)Shaanxi Provincial Key Science and Technology Innovation Team(Y.Xu,Grant No.2023-CX-TD-14)+1 种基金the Young Talent Fund of Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi,China(D.Jia,Grant No.20230240)the Chinese Studentship Council(D.Jia,Grant No.201908060224).
文摘The abalone shell,a composite material whose cross-section is composed of inorganic and organic layers,has high strength and toughness.Inspired by the abalone shell,several multi-layer composite plates with different layer sequences and thicknesses are studied as bullet-proof material in this paper.To investigate the ballistic performance of this multi-layer structure,the complete characterization model and related material parameters of large deformation,failure and fracture ofAl_(2)O_(3)ceramics andCarbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)are studied.Then,3D finite element models of the proposed composite plates with different layer sequences and thicknesses impacted by a 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary(API)are built using Abaqus to predict failure.The simulation results show that the CFRP/Al2O3 ceramic/Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene(UHMWPE)/CFRP(1 mm/4 mm/4 mm/1 mm)composite is the optimized stack of layers.The simulation results under specified layer sequence and thickness have a reasonable correlation with the experimental results and reflect the failure and fracture of the multi-layer composite protective armor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12172179,U2341244,and 11772160)。
文摘To enhance the protective performance of ceramic composite armor,ballistic penetration experiments were conducted on Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite armor with different thickness configurations.The damage and failure modes of hard projectiles and ceramic-fiber composite targets were analyzed.The recovered projectiles and ceramic fragments were sieved and weighed at multiple stages,revealing a positive correlation between the degree of fragmentation of the projectiles and ceramics and the overall ballistic resistance of the composite targets.Numerical simulations were performed using the LS-DYNA finite element software,and the simulation results showed high consistency with the experimental results,confirming the validity of the material parameters.The results indicate that the projectile heads primarily exhibited crushing and abrasive fragmentation.Larger projectile fragments mainly resulted from tensile and shear stress-induced failure.The failure modes of the composite targets included the formation of ceramic cones and radial cracks under high-velocity impacts.The UHMWPE laminated plates exhibited interlayer separation caused by tensile waves,permanent plastic deformation of the rear surface bulging,and perforation failure primarily due to shear forces.Through extended numerical simulations,while maintaining the same areal density and configuration of9 mm Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic+12 mm UHMWPE laminated composite armor,the thickness configurations of the Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic and UHMWPE laminated backplates were varied,and various thicknesses of UHMWPE laminates were simulated as the cover layer for the ceramic panels.The simulation results indicated that the composite armor configuration of 10 mm Al_(2)O_(3) ceramic+8 mm UHMWPE composite armor increased energy absorption by13.48%.When altering the cover layer thickness,a 4 mm UHMWPE+9 mm Al_(2)O_(3)+8 mm UHMWPE composite armor demonstrated a 27.11%improvement in energy absorption,showing a relatively significant enhancement.
文摘In order to restrain the high pumping voltage of braking procedure which is harmful to the system of electric armored vehicle. Based on the analysis of pumping voltage of the braking procedure, the relation between pumping voltage and PWM ratio is derived and a new digital control method to restrain the pumping voltage by changing PWM ratio is put forward. Because the capacitance is decreased effectively, the volume of controller is reduced and the performance to price ratio is improved. The results of computer simulation and experiment proved that this method is feasible and valid.
基金supported by the National Basic Scientific Research Project(Grant NO.JCKYS2019209C001)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant NO.2017YFC0822301&Grant NO.2018YFC0807206)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.11772303)。
文摘Pressure wave plays an important role in the occurrence of behind armor blunt trauma(BABT),and ballistic gelatin is widely used as a surrogate of biological tissue in the research of BABT.Comparison of pressure wave in the gelatin behind armor for different rifle bullets is lacking.The aim of this study was to observe dynamic changes in pressure wave induced by ballistic blunt impact on the armored gelatin block and to compare the effects of bullet type on the parameters of the transient pressure wave.The gelatin blocks protected with National Institute of Justice(NIJ) class III bulletproof armor were shot by three types of rifle bullet with the same level of impact energy.The transient pressure signals at five locations were recorded with pressure sensors and three parameters(maximum pressure,maximum pressure impulse,and the duration of the first positive phase) were determined and discussed.The results indicated that the waveform and the twin peak of transient pressure wave were not related to the bullet type.However,the values of pressure wave's parameters were significantly affected by bullet type.Additionally,the attenuation of pressure amplitude followed the similar law for the three ammunitions.These findings may be helpful to get some insight in the BABT and improve the structure design of bullet.
文摘The experimental research on protection capability of the flying-whip multifunctional explosive reactive armor (ERA) was performed, in which the comparison experiment was made on the damage effect of the flying-whip's geometrical figuration, material property and driven velocity on the long-rod armor-piercing-projectile. The moving velocity of the flying-whip driven by different explosives and the pressure attenuation law of shock wave travelling in the back plate were measured respectively with the electric probe method and the manganin piezoresistive gauge technique. The following conclusions based on a great quantity of experimental data were drawn: compared with the sandwich ERA the flying-whip multifunctional ERA has very good protection function against the long-rod armor-piercing-projectile, the shaped charge warhead and the anti-armor tandem warhead. In addition, the composite plate made of the armor-steel and rubber plate can lessen the vibration and shock of the main armor caused by the explosion of the charge..
文摘Explosive Reactive Armor was originally modeled under the assumption that the plates in the cassettes were very thin.Hence their thickness could be ignored,and the thicknesses of the plates were considered only based on their areal mass density.In particular,it was assumed that the jet-plate interaction was controlled by the plates to jet-mass-flux ratio criteria for a specific jet velocity and diameter.In the present study,we extended this analysis,examining the effect of the variation of the mass-flux along the jet on the disruption effect by the two plates.In addition,we examined the thickness effect of the plates on the plate's effectiveness,replacing the steel plates by low-density materials like aluminum and polycarbonate.The mass-flux model was adjusted to account for the plate-thickness effect.It was found that increasing the thickness of the plate,keeping the areal weight unchanged,slightly increases the overall effectiveness of the cassette,in particular by the forward moving plate interacting with the center and the slow parts of the jet.
文摘AA5059 is one of the high strength armor grade aluminium alloy that finds its applications in the military vehicles due to the higher resistance against the armor piercing (AP) threats. This study aimed at finding the best suitable process among the fusion welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) by evaluating the tensile properties of AA5059 aluminium alloy joints. The fracture path was identified by mapping the low hardness distribution profile (LHDP) across the weld cross section under tensile loading. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to characterize the microstructural features of the welded joints at various zones. It is evident from the results that GTAW joints showed superior tensile properties compared to GMAW joints and this is primarily owing to the presence of finer grains in the weld metal zone (WMZ) and narrow heat-affected zone (HAZ). The lower heat input associated with the GTAW process effectively reduced the size of the WMZ and HAZ compared to GMAW process. Lower heat input of GTAW process results in faster cooling rate which hinders the grain growth and reduces the evaporation of magnesium in weld metal compared to GMAW joints. The fracture surface of GTAW joint consists of more dimples than GMAW joints which is an indication that the GTAW joint possess improved ductility than GMAW joint.
基金partially supported by the DRDC-Valcartier,via DND funded project A1-000968
文摘Instrumented and Vickers indentation testing and microstructure analysis were used to investigate zirconia toughened alumina （ZTA） and silicon carbide （SIC）. Several equations were studied to relate the Vickers indentation hardness, Young＇s modulus and crack behavior to the fracture toughness. The frac- ture in SiC is unstable and occurs primarily by cleavage leading to a relatively low toughness of 3 MPa m1/2, which may be inappropriate for multi-hit capability. ZTA absorbs energy by plastic deformation, pore collapse, crack deviation and crack bridging and exhibits time dependent creep. With a relatively high toughness around 6.6 MPa m1/2, ZTA is promising for multi-hit capability. The higher accuracy of median equations in calculating the indentation fracture toughness and the relatively high c/a ratios above 2.5 suggest median type cracking for both SiC and ZTA. The Young＇s modulus of both ceramics was most accurately measured at lower indentation loads of about 0.5 kgf, while more accurate hardness and fracture toughness values were obtained at intermediate and at higher indentation loads beyond 5 kgf, respectively. A strong indentation size effect （ISE） was observed in both materials. The load independent hardness of SiC is 2563 HV, putting it far above the standard armor hardness requirement of 1500 HV that is barely met by ZTA.
基金supported by 973 Program (2008CB425803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50979064)
文摘Dambreak-induced bed scouring may undermine the foundation of bridge piers and other structures,and that destruction can pose a serious threat.Consequently,this paper aims at exploring the mechanisms of scouring and armoring.Firstly,the incipient velocity for nonuniform sediment particles was studied,and a formula was derived based on the angle of repose of nonuniform sediment.The results showed that the mechanism of incipient motion for sand and fine gravel differed from that for coarse gravel and cobbles.Also,comparison between experimental and field data shows that the results from the proposed formula agree well with those observed for all conditions.Secondly,a birth-death,immigration-emigration Markov process was developed to describe the bed load transport rate associated with scouring and armoring.The comparison between experimental data and computed results shows that our model can predict the bed load transport rate,although there may be some limitations,the chief of which is that there are many variables in the model to be determined through experiment.This makes its application in river engineering inconvenient.
文摘Drive system is the key device of armored chassis. Its working state and reliability influence the maneuver performance of armored chassis directly. In order to simulate the failure process and evaluate the service reliability of drive system in training or battle missions,a new kind of dynamic simulation model and driving simulation platform of the complete drive system were established based on virtual prototype and finite element technology in this paper. Using the platform, the kinematics and dynamic characteristics of drive system were studied and analyzed in detail,the dynamic load spectrum of key components was obtained,the service life was predicted, and the service reliability evaluation results were provided. A simulation example of transmission gear was shown to illustrate the simulation and evaluation process. The result proves that the simulation method not only can be used to compute and evaluate the service reliability of complex mechanical mechanism, but also has high precision and reasonable computational cost. Therefore,simulation and reliability analysis based on virtual prototype of the armored chassis drive system will provide scientific reference for the formulation of armored chassis reasonable repair cycle.
文摘Plastic behavior of 603 armor steel is studied at strain rates ranging from 0.001 s-1 to 4500 s-1, and temperature from 288 K to 873 K. Emphasis is placed on the effects of temperature, strain rate, and plastic strain on flow stress. Based on experimental results, the JC and the KHL models are used to simulate flow stress of this material. By comparing the model prediction and the experimental results of strain rate jump tests, the KHL model is shown to have a better prediction of plastic behavior under complex loading conditions for this material, especially in the dynamic region.
