The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflict...The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation can lead to increased body weight and blood pressure(BP),but the latent effects of partial sleep deprivation related to required night sentry duties within a short-term period on cardiomet...BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation can lead to increased body weight and blood pressure(BP),but the latent effects of partial sleep deprivation related to required night sentry duties within a short-term period on cardiometabolic characteristic changes in military personnel are unclear.AIM To investigate the association between night sentry duty frequency in the past 3 months and cardiometabolic characteristics in armed forces personnel.METHODS A total of 867 armed forces personnel who were aged 18-39 years and did not take any antihypertensive medications in Taiwan in 2020 were included.The frequency of night sentry duty was self-reported via a questionnaire(average number of night sentry shifts per month for the past 3 months).Hemodynamic status was assessed via the resting BP and pulse rate(PR).Cardiometabolic risk factors were defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.Multivariable linear regression analyses of the associations between night sentry duties and PR,BP,and other metabolic syndrome(MetS)marker levels were performed,with adjustments for age,sex,substance use,body mass index and aerobic fitness.Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the associations between night sentry duties and the prevalence of each MetS feature.展开更多
Background Globally,populations afflicted by armed conflict are known to have high rates of mental health disorders.Aims This meta-analysis aims to estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)and de...Background Globally,populations afflicted by armed conflict are known to have high rates of mental health disorders.Aims This meta-analysis aims to estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)and depressive symptoms among civilians residing in armed conflictaffected regions.Methods This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items forSystematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.A literature search employing MEDLINE(R),Embase Classic+Embase,APA PsyclNFO,Ovid Healthstar,Journal@Ovid Full Text,Cochrane,PTSDpubs and CINAHL was conducted from inception until 19 March 2024 to identify relevant studies.Quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies,and a Comprehensive Meta-Analysiswas usedto conduct the statistical analysis.Results The search yielded 38595 articles,of which 57 were considered eligible for inclusion.The included studies comprised data from 64596 participants.We estimated a prevalence of 23.70%(95%CI 19.50%to28.40%)forPTSD symptomsand 25.60%(95%Cl 20.70%to 31.10%)for depressive features among war-afflicted civilians.The subgroup analysis based on time since the war and the country's economic status revealed the highest prevalence for both PTSD and depressive symptoms was present during the years of war and in low/middle-incomecountries.Conclusions The results of this study provide conclusive evidence of the detrimental impacts of armed conflict on mental health outcomes.Hence,it is crucial to emphasise the significance of both physical and mental health in the aftermath of war and take appropriate humanistic measures to overcome challenges in the management of psychiatric illnesses.展开更多
To meet the requirements of modern air combat,an integrated fire/flight control(IFFC)system is designed to achieve automatic precision tracking and aiming for armed helicopters and release the pilot from heavy target ...To meet the requirements of modern air combat,an integrated fire/flight control(IFFC)system is designed to achieve automatic precision tracking and aiming for armed helicopters and release the pilot from heavy target burden.Considering the complex dynamic characteristics and the couplings of armed helicopters,an improved automatic attack system is con-structed to integrate the fire control system with the flight con-trol system into a unit.To obtain the optimal command signals,the algorithm is investigated to solve nonconvex optimization problems by the contracting Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno(C-BFGS)algorithm combined with the trust region method.To address the uncertainties in the automatic attack system,the memory nominal distribution and Wasserstein distance are introduced to accurately characterize the uncertainties,and the dual solvable problem is analyzed by using the duality the-ory,conjugate function,and dual norm.Simulation results verify the practicality and validity of the proposed method in solving the IFFC problem on the premise of satisfactory aiming accu-racy.展开更多
After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international confl...After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international conflict management. Whereas most of the European states have suspended the conscription, the Swiss Armed Forces still hold on conscription. However, the Swiss Armed Forces have changed also. The reform ＂Armee 95＂ in 1995 and the reform ＂Armee XXI＂ in 2004 have transformed the Swiss Armed Forces and extended their range of tasks. Which of these tasks are legitimated by the Swiss population？ To answer this question, the Swiss population had been interviewed about the tasks of the Swiss Armed Forces as part of the study ＂Sicherheit 2016＂. The tasks which the Swiss population mentioned are displayed in this paper with regard to the transformation process classified and discussed. The evaluation shows that 93% of the interviewees have named one of Switzerland＇s constitutional duties （defense, support of the civilian authorities, and promotion of peace within an international context） as the most important task of the Swiss Armed Forces. Mainly the national defense order and the subsidiary support of the civilian authorities are approved by the Swiss population.展开更多
The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict is a dramatic world event. Apart from the loss of life, the present conflicthas tremendous impacts on the environment, economy, and society. The conflict provoked a ripple of event...The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict is a dramatic world event. Apart from the loss of life, the present conflicthas tremendous impacts on the environment, economy, and society. The conflict provoked a ripple of events withimplications at the global level, especially in energy and food. The escalation of this conflict is imposing severethreats to achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) not only to the countries di-rectly involved in the conflict but also to other countries, especially the developing ones that are more vulnerableto the economic crisis. In this editorial, we assessed the impacts of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on BiophysicalSDGs, Social SDGs, Economic SDGs and Partnership for the Goals SDG that consider all the previous dimensions.The Russian-Ukrainian conflict’s impact on the SDGs is variable. Biodiversity SDGs are mainly affected at theregional level (Russia, Ukraine, surrounding and European Union countries). Society SDGs are affected at local(e.g., SDG3 good health and wellbeing;SDG4 quality education) and global (e.g., SDG2 zero hunger) levels. Fi-nally, the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict has world-level implications for the economic SDGs. Nevertheless,the ongoing conflict’s impacts are not entirely understood, and several uncertainties exist. Peace is needed toachieve the UN’s SDGs in 2030.展开更多
AIM To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in a cohort of large voluntary arm forces in Taiwan. METHODS The cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in ...AIM To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in a cohort of large voluntary arm forces in Taiwan. METHODS The cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in armed forces(CHIEF) is a retrospective cohort consisting of more than 4000 professional military members aged 18-50 years in Eastern Taiwan. All participants received history taking, physical examination, chest radiography, 12-lead electrocardiography, blood tests for cell counts and fasting glucose, lipid profiles, uric acid, renal function and liver function in the Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital during 2014. In addition, participants were required to undergo two indoor resistant exercise tests including 2-min push-up and 2-min sit-up, both scored by infrared sensing, and one outdoor endurance 3000-m none weight-bearing running test, the main indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Military Physical Training and Testing Center in Eastern Taiwan in 2014. RESULTS Hospitalization events for cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, severe infectious disease, acute psychiatric illness, diabetes, orthopedic surgery and mortality will be identified in the National Insurance Research Database for 10 years. CONCLUSION CHIEF will be among the largest Eastern Asian armed forces cohort, in which physical status was strictly evaluated to follow up the hospitalization events for severe illness.展开更多
Background: Military families who have a family member with a mental illness see themselves confronted with many demands. Stigmatization is one of these challenges. Stigmatization affects not only the individual who s...Background: Military families who have a family member with a mental illness see themselves confronted with many demands. Stigmatization is one of these challenges. Stigmatization affects not only the individual who suffers from a mental illness but also other family members via stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Stigma by association occurs when mental illness stigma spills over to individuals associated with an individual with a mental illness. Vicarious stigma describes the suffering of family members when they note the impact of stigma on their relative with mental illness. As a societal phenomenon, stigma plays out in social interactions and might therefore influence the social networks of families. It is also associated with healthcare utilization.Methods: Narrative interviews were conducted with 15 family members(partners, spouses, parents and children) of former soldiers of the German Armed Forces with a service-induced mental illness. The transcribed interview data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, in which codes were formed and emerging themes were systemized. Relationships between stigma, the families’ reactions to it, its effects on their social relationships and its interference with their healthcare utilization were analyzed.Results: This study provides a detailed description of how relatives of former German soldiers with mental health problems experience stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Their perceptions are shown in a model that describes stigma-related attitudes, reactions to them and their effects on the social relationships of former soldiers’ families. These families felt stigmatized because of the former soldiers’ mental illness(mental illness stigma) and the military context in which it occurred(former soldier stigma). They reacted with nondisclosure, anger, acceptance and self-blame. Stigma was associated with smaller and weaker social networks that were characterized by social exclusion, self-segregation and conflicts with extended family, friends and colleagues. Stigma also affected the families’ healthcare utilization.Conclusions: Urgently needed anti-stigma campaigns, particularly in the civilian context, should address the stigmatization of both mental illness and the military participation of the families affected. They should consider the needs of both former soldiers with a mental illness and their families.展开更多
To assess the impact of the armed conflict of 2015-2016 on the availability of medicines and health service in Aden Governorate whilst the rebels over-run the city. A cross sectional survey was done during the period,...To assess the impact of the armed conflict of 2015-2016 on the availability of medicines and health service in Aden Governorate whilst the rebels over-run the city. A cross sectional survey was done during the period, September-November 2016. The survey included 63 medicinal preparations as marker medicines in 142 public health facilities including private pharmacies. Direct questions and a retrospective study of the United Nations and other organizations that were working in area reporting were studied. I.V. fluids had the highest availability in the market whilst vaccines had the lowest average availability at 60%. Medicine prices were increased by 71%. The function of health facilities was almost on the verge of collapse. The four districts containing the main hospital and the medical stores were inaccessible and completely controlled by the rebels. Two out of six hospitals remain functional. Dengue and malaria rampantly spread and approximately 65,250 civilians were affected. The situation was further aggravated by the absence of basic services such as electricity, water and food.展开更多
War,as a social phenomenon,is studied unofficially by most disciplines of social sciences.This is due to the nature of the war itself,which is an extremely interdisciplinary phenomenon.In common thought,war is associa...War,as a social phenomenon,is studied unofficially by most disciplines of social sciences.This is due to the nature of the war itself,which is an extremely interdisciplinary phenomenon.In common thought,war is associated exclusively with the science of history,but in its essence,this phenomenon also includes economics and political sciences.War undeniably affects the political and economic processes in the state,both in a negative and positive way.Often,also the strategies of the state’s political activities and plans for economic development are conditioned by the occurrence of wars and armed conflicts.展开更多
Rape is a criminal, aggressive and violent act to have sexual intercourse with a person without her consent. Few studies have been conducted on rape and sexual assaults related to armed conflict in developing countrie...Rape is a criminal, aggressive and violent act to have sexual intercourse with a person without her consent. Few studies have been conducted on rape and sexual assaults related to armed conflict in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of rape and its medical consequences among victims during armed post-conflict period in Brazzaville from January to December 1999. Rape victim was defined as woman or girl having received medical care from January to December 1999 in care units following reporting having incident of rape. SPSS V 20 software was used for the analyses. A total of 1282 victims were assessed. We documented 106 post-rape pregnancies, of which 58 (54.7%) ended in abortion, 15 (14.2%) in miscarriage and 33 (31.1%) in childbirth. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were common, with 560 (44%) cases among the 1282 victims. Of these, 301 (23%) had trichomoniasis, 123 (10%) had salpingitis, 89 (7%) had vaginal candidiasis and 38 (3%) had gonorrhea. A large proportion of morbidity 362 (28%) was attributed to vulvovaginal injuries and traumatic pelvic pains. In conclusion, our study highlights that rape practice was common in context of armed conflict in Congo. Medical consequences were unwanted pregnancies leading to unsafe abortions, STIs and physical injuries. Results argue in favor of effective public health interventions for a better prevention and care of victims during and after armed conflict.展开更多
The literature on disasters mainly focuses on natural disasters and looks at their coverage by the media. The paper argues that armed conflicts are also disasters and that Western relief agencies intervening in natura...The literature on disasters mainly focuses on natural disasters and looks at their coverage by the media. The paper argues that armed conflicts are also disasters and that Western relief agencies intervening in natural disasters and conflict are also proactive communicators. Taking a different approach from much of the available research, it explores agencies＇ communication work in these two types of crises and analyses the differences, challenges and dilemmas that they face in communicating their humanitarianism. It outlines the distinguished inherent characteristics of natural disasters and conflicts, and examines their impact on the understanding of the crises, the perception of affected populations, and the implementation of agencies＇ actions. It also investigates how, in turn, all these features influence agencies＇ communication practices that in natural disasters emergencies and conflict-related crises perform a different role and show different parameters. In this sense, the paper distinguishes between ＂humanitarian communication＂ to refer to the former, and ＂humanitarian advocacy＂ to refer to the latter. The paper briefly explores the operational challenges engendered by the contested interpretations of humanitarian advocacy, shows that the use of the parameters of humanitarian communication in conflict-related crises to overcome these problems caused additional concern, and presents two forms of humanitarian advocacy engendering less challenges and dilemmas.展开更多
Introduction: Insecurity can be an obstacle to access to emergency obstetric and newborn care, that is why we proposed to study obstetrical emergencies in Ouahigouya Regional Teaching Hospital, a referral hospital in ...Introduction: Insecurity can be an obstacle to access to emergency obstetric and newborn care, that is why we proposed to study obstetrical emergencies in Ouahigouya Regional Teaching Hospital, a referral hospital in a region plagued by insecurity linked to armed groups. Method: This was an analytical cross-sectional study with prospective data collection over a 4-month period, from June 10 to October 10, 2020. Patients from precarious security areas were compared to those from safer areas. The Chi squared and Fisher tests were used for comparison of variables. Results: Obstetric emergencies accounted for 38.62% of admissions, from which 25.59% came from precarious security zones. Age was similar in both comparison groups. However, patients from unsafe areas were more likely to reside in rural areas (p 0.001) and more likely to be in unpaid occupations (p 0.001). Prenatal visits were less frequent (p 0.01) and women were more often multigravidae (p 0.01) in the precarious security group of patients. Apart from the more frequent uterine rupture (p = 0.02) in the group from precarious security zones, diagnosed complications and maternal mortality were similar in the 2 groups, while perinatal mortality was higher in the group of patients from precarious security zones (p 0.01). Conclusion: The precarious security situation has negative consequences on maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Further studies are needed for better understanding of these consequences, and improvement of health system resilience strategies, to reduce related maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.展开更多
Objective: to explore the types and causes of knee joint injuries of officers and soldiers in a armed police department, and to provide effective reference data for avoiding more knee joint injuries of officers and so...Objective: to explore the types and causes of knee joint injuries of officers and soldiers in a armed police department, and to provide effective reference data for avoiding more knee joint injuries of officers and soldiers in the future. Methods: patients with knee injury in an armed Police department from July 2019 to July 2021 were selected, and the types and causes of knee injury in these 200 patients were analyzed according to the "Diagnostic Classification Criteria for Military Training Injuries of the People's Liberation Army". Results: (1) Among the 200 patients, 121 patients had single knee injury and 79 patients had double knee injury. (2) Among the 200 patients, medial ligament injury was the least, followed by anterior cruciate ligament injury, and meniscus injury was the most common injury type. (3) Analysis of injury causes included cross-country 5km, 400M barrier running, variable speed running, and others. Cross-country and 400M barrier running were significantly higher than variable speed running and other training items, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). (4) Among the 200 patients, there were recruits, soldiers of one year, two years and more than two years. The incidence of knee joint injury in recruits was significantly higher than that in soldiers of one year, two years and more than two years, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion: knee joint injury is the most common in the training of armed police officers and soldiers. In order to improve the combat effectiveness of troops, it is necessary to prevent knee joint injury of officers and soldiers.展开更多
The forests of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are among the most biodiverse in the world.They are home to many endangered and endemic species,such as the Grauer’s gorilla(Gorilla beringei graueri).Gover...The forests of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are among the most biodiverse in the world.They are home to many endangered and endemic species,such as the Grauer’s gorilla(Gorilla beringei graueri).Governmentally protected areas(GPAs)in Grauer’s gorilla range face challenges to limit or halt poaching and bushmeat extraction,and it is unclear whether alternative community conservation models can overcome some of these challenges.Here,we examine how protected area(PA)size,conservation models(CM),mode of governance(GM),and the presence of armed groups relate to Return On Investment in land(ROIL)across selected PAs.As proxies of ROIL,we solicited information on the site coverage(area patrolled as a percentage of total surface area)and the level,extent,and trend of poaching or hunting from the[ecosystem or conservation]managers of 11 PA sites to Grauer’s gorillas,of which five were GPAs and six were community based protected areas(CPAs).We found substantial differences in apparent ROIL across PAs.CPA often had higher ROILs than GPA due to the former’s high site coverage,low levels,and decreasing trends in poaching or hunting,and a relatively low presence of armed groups.This suggests that community forests in Grauer’s gorilla range in eastern DRC may have the potential to help address and overcome some of the conservation management challenges currently facing the subspecies.However,follow-up studies are needed to explore the extent to which our findings can be attributed to factors such as the relatively smaller size of community forests,their specific geographical locations,differences in management models or ecosystem attributes(e.g.,the presence of other fauna),or aspects related to the involvement of local communities.展开更多
Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region,Northern Ethiopia,over the last three decades have been relatively successful.However,an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020...Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region,Northern Ethiopia,over the last three decades have been relatively successful.However,an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020 has significantly destroyed the restored vegetation,either directly associated with conflict(environment,pollution,fire)or indirectly(agricultural abandonment).This study aimed at assessing spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in a 50 km radius zone centered on Mekelle city,Tigray.Vegetation cover dynamics was evaluated using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+)and Operational Land Imager(OLI)datasets for the years 2000,2020,and 2022 and analysed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 software.These data were analysed using the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(MNDVI),Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(OSAVI),and Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index(MAVI).Based on the MNDVI,results show that vegetation cover increased in the period 2000-2020 by 179 km^(2)or 2%of the area,whereas in the period 2020-2022,there was a decrease in vegetation cover by 403 km^(2)or 5%of the area.This was accompanied by a decrease in vegetation density.These vegetation changes in 2020-2022 are attributed to the impact of armed conflict on the land surface which can include farmlands and village abandonment,spread of weeds and scrub vege-tation,or failure to harvest crops.Monitoring vegetation change using Landsat data can help understand the environmental impacts of armed conflict in rural agricultural landscapes,including potential food security risks.展开更多
文摘The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.
基金Supported by Medical Affairs Bureau Ministry of National Defense,No.MND-MAB-D-113200Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital,No.HAFGH-D-113008.
文摘BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation can lead to increased body weight and blood pressure(BP),but the latent effects of partial sleep deprivation related to required night sentry duties within a short-term period on cardiometabolic characteristic changes in military personnel are unclear.AIM To investigate the association between night sentry duty frequency in the past 3 months and cardiometabolic characteristics in armed forces personnel.METHODS A total of 867 armed forces personnel who were aged 18-39 years and did not take any antihypertensive medications in Taiwan in 2020 were included.The frequency of night sentry duty was self-reported via a questionnaire(average number of night sentry shifts per month for the past 3 months).Hemodynamic status was assessed via the resting BP and pulse rate(PR).Cardiometabolic risk factors were defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.Multivariable linear regression analyses of the associations between night sentry duties and PR,BP,and other metabolic syndrome(MetS)marker levels were performed,with adjustments for age,sex,substance use,body mass index and aerobic fitness.Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the associations between night sentry duties and the prevalence of each MetS feature.
文摘Background Globally,populations afflicted by armed conflict are known to have high rates of mental health disorders.Aims This meta-analysis aims to estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)and depressive symptoms among civilians residing in armed conflictaffected regions.Methods This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items forSystematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.A literature search employing MEDLINE(R),Embase Classic+Embase,APA PsyclNFO,Ovid Healthstar,Journal@Ovid Full Text,Cochrane,PTSDpubs and CINAHL was conducted from inception until 19 March 2024 to identify relevant studies.Quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies,and a Comprehensive Meta-Analysiswas usedto conduct the statistical analysis.Results The search yielded 38595 articles,of which 57 were considered eligible for inclusion.The included studies comprised data from 64596 participants.We estimated a prevalence of 23.70%(95%CI 19.50%to28.40%)forPTSD symptomsand 25.60%(95%Cl 20.70%to 31.10%)for depressive features among war-afflicted civilians.The subgroup analysis based on time since the war and the country's economic status revealed the highest prevalence for both PTSD and depressive symptoms was present during the years of war and in low/middle-incomecountries.Conclusions The results of this study provide conclusive evidence of the detrimental impacts of armed conflict on mental health outcomes.Hence,it is crucial to emphasise the significance of both physical and mental health in the aftermath of war and take appropriate humanistic measures to overcome challenges in the management of psychiatric illnesses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373187)Forward-looking Layout Special Projects(ILA220591A22).
文摘To meet the requirements of modern air combat,an integrated fire/flight control(IFFC)system is designed to achieve automatic precision tracking and aiming for armed helicopters and release the pilot from heavy target burden.Considering the complex dynamic characteristics and the couplings of armed helicopters,an improved automatic attack system is con-structed to integrate the fire control system with the flight con-trol system into a unit.To obtain the optimal command signals,the algorithm is investigated to solve nonconvex optimization problems by the contracting Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno(C-BFGS)algorithm combined with the trust region method.To address the uncertainties in the automatic attack system,the memory nominal distribution and Wasserstein distance are introduced to accurately characterize the uncertainties,and the dual solvable problem is analyzed by using the duality the-ory,conjugate function,and dual norm.Simulation results verify the practicality and validity of the proposed method in solving the IFFC problem on the premise of satisfactory aiming accu-racy.
文摘After the Cold War, all European armed forces have transformed to be prepared for the new geopolitical environment and have taken new tasks. Since then, the European armed forces are more active in international conflict management. Whereas most of the European states have suspended the conscription, the Swiss Armed Forces still hold on conscription. However, the Swiss Armed Forces have changed also. The reform ＂Armee 95＂ in 1995 and the reform ＂Armee XXI＂ in 2004 have transformed the Swiss Armed Forces and extended their range of tasks. Which of these tasks are legitimated by the Swiss population？ To answer this question, the Swiss population had been interviewed about the tasks of the Swiss Armed Forces as part of the study ＂Sicherheit 2016＂. The tasks which the Swiss population mentioned are displayed in this paper with regard to the transformation process classified and discussed. The evaluation shows that 93% of the interviewees have named one of Switzerland＇s constitutional duties （defense, support of the civilian authorities, and promotion of peace within an international context） as the most important task of the Swiss Armed Forces. Mainly the national defense order and the subsidiary support of the civilian authorities are approved by the Swiss population.
文摘The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict is a dramatic world event. Apart from the loss of life, the present conflicthas tremendous impacts on the environment, economy, and society. The conflict provoked a ripple of events withimplications at the global level, especially in energy and food. The escalation of this conflict is imposing severethreats to achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) not only to the countries di-rectly involved in the conflict but also to other countries, especially the developing ones that are more vulnerableto the economic crisis. In this editorial, we assessed the impacts of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on BiophysicalSDGs, Social SDGs, Economic SDGs and Partnership for the Goals SDG that consider all the previous dimensions.The Russian-Ukrainian conflict’s impact on the SDGs is variable. Biodiversity SDGs are mainly affected at theregional level (Russia, Ukraine, surrounding and European Union countries). Society SDGs are affected at local(e.g., SDG3 good health and wellbeing;SDG4 quality education) and global (e.g., SDG2 zero hunger) levels. Fi-nally, the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict has world-level implications for the economic SDGs. Nevertheless,the ongoing conflict’s impacts are not entirely understood, and several uncertainties exist. Peace is needed toachieve the UN’s SDGs in 2030.
基金Supported by The Research Grants from the Hualien-Armed Forces General Hospital,No.805-C105-10the Ministry of National Defense-Medical Affairs Bureau,No.MAB-106-124
文摘AIM To investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in a cohort of large voluntary arm forces in Taiwan. METHODS The cardiorespiratory fitness and hospitalization events in armed forces(CHIEF) is a retrospective cohort consisting of more than 4000 professional military members aged 18-50 years in Eastern Taiwan. All participants received history taking, physical examination, chest radiography, 12-lead electrocardiography, blood tests for cell counts and fasting glucose, lipid profiles, uric acid, renal function and liver function in the Hualien Armed Forces General Hospital during 2014. In addition, participants were required to undergo two indoor resistant exercise tests including 2-min push-up and 2-min sit-up, both scored by infrared sensing, and one outdoor endurance 3000-m none weight-bearing running test, the main indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Military Physical Training and Testing Center in Eastern Taiwan in 2014. RESULTS Hospitalization events for cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, severe infectious disease, acute psychiatric illness, diabetes, orthopedic surgery and mortality will be identified in the National Insurance Research Database for 10 years. CONCLUSION CHIEF will be among the largest Eastern Asian armed forces cohort, in which physical status was strictly evaluated to follow up the hospitalization events for severe illness.
基金provided by the Federal Ministry of Defence.Funding number:E/U2 AD/FD004/FF551
文摘Background: Military families who have a family member with a mental illness see themselves confronted with many demands. Stigmatization is one of these challenges. Stigmatization affects not only the individual who suffers from a mental illness but also other family members via stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Stigma by association occurs when mental illness stigma spills over to individuals associated with an individual with a mental illness. Vicarious stigma describes the suffering of family members when they note the impact of stigma on their relative with mental illness. As a societal phenomenon, stigma plays out in social interactions and might therefore influence the social networks of families. It is also associated with healthcare utilization.Methods: Narrative interviews were conducted with 15 family members(partners, spouses, parents and children) of former soldiers of the German Armed Forces with a service-induced mental illness. The transcribed interview data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, in which codes were formed and emerging themes were systemized. Relationships between stigma, the families’ reactions to it, its effects on their social relationships and its interference with their healthcare utilization were analyzed.Results: This study provides a detailed description of how relatives of former German soldiers with mental health problems experience stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Their perceptions are shown in a model that describes stigma-related attitudes, reactions to them and their effects on the social relationships of former soldiers’ families. These families felt stigmatized because of the former soldiers’ mental illness(mental illness stigma) and the military context in which it occurred(former soldier stigma). They reacted with nondisclosure, anger, acceptance and self-blame. Stigma was associated with smaller and weaker social networks that were characterized by social exclusion, self-segregation and conflicts with extended family, friends and colleagues. Stigma also affected the families’ healthcare utilization.Conclusions: Urgently needed anti-stigma campaigns, particularly in the civilian context, should address the stigmatization of both mental illness and the military participation of the families affected. They should consider the needs of both former soldiers with a mental illness and their families.
文摘To assess the impact of the armed conflict of 2015-2016 on the availability of medicines and health service in Aden Governorate whilst the rebels over-run the city. A cross sectional survey was done during the period, September-November 2016. The survey included 63 medicinal preparations as marker medicines in 142 public health facilities including private pharmacies. Direct questions and a retrospective study of the United Nations and other organizations that were working in area reporting were studied. I.V. fluids had the highest availability in the market whilst vaccines had the lowest average availability at 60%. Medicine prices were increased by 71%. The function of health facilities was almost on the verge of collapse. The four districts containing the main hospital and the medical stores were inaccessible and completely controlled by the rebels. Two out of six hospitals remain functional. Dengue and malaria rampantly spread and approximately 65,250 civilians were affected. The situation was further aggravated by the absence of basic services such as electricity, water and food.
文摘War,as a social phenomenon,is studied unofficially by most disciplines of social sciences.This is due to the nature of the war itself,which is an extremely interdisciplinary phenomenon.In common thought,war is associated exclusively with the science of history,but in its essence,this phenomenon also includes economics and political sciences.War undeniably affects the political and economic processes in the state,both in a negative and positive way.Often,also the strategies of the state’s political activities and plans for economic development are conditioned by the occurrence of wars and armed conflicts.
文摘Rape is a criminal, aggressive and violent act to have sexual intercourse with a person without her consent. Few studies have been conducted on rape and sexual assaults related to armed conflict in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of rape and its medical consequences among victims during armed post-conflict period in Brazzaville from January to December 1999. Rape victim was defined as woman or girl having received medical care from January to December 1999 in care units following reporting having incident of rape. SPSS V 20 software was used for the analyses. A total of 1282 victims were assessed. We documented 106 post-rape pregnancies, of which 58 (54.7%) ended in abortion, 15 (14.2%) in miscarriage and 33 (31.1%) in childbirth. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were common, with 560 (44%) cases among the 1282 victims. Of these, 301 (23%) had trichomoniasis, 123 (10%) had salpingitis, 89 (7%) had vaginal candidiasis and 38 (3%) had gonorrhea. A large proportion of morbidity 362 (28%) was attributed to vulvovaginal injuries and traumatic pelvic pains. In conclusion, our study highlights that rape practice was common in context of armed conflict in Congo. Medical consequences were unwanted pregnancies leading to unsafe abortions, STIs and physical injuries. Results argue in favor of effective public health interventions for a better prevention and care of victims during and after armed conflict.
文摘The literature on disasters mainly focuses on natural disasters and looks at their coverage by the media. The paper argues that armed conflicts are also disasters and that Western relief agencies intervening in natural disasters and conflict are also proactive communicators. Taking a different approach from much of the available research, it explores agencies＇ communication work in these two types of crises and analyses the differences, challenges and dilemmas that they face in communicating their humanitarianism. It outlines the distinguished inherent characteristics of natural disasters and conflicts, and examines their impact on the understanding of the crises, the perception of affected populations, and the implementation of agencies＇ actions. It also investigates how, in turn, all these features influence agencies＇ communication practices that in natural disasters emergencies and conflict-related crises perform a different role and show different parameters. In this sense, the paper distinguishes between ＂humanitarian communication＂ to refer to the former, and ＂humanitarian advocacy＂ to refer to the latter. The paper briefly explores the operational challenges engendered by the contested interpretations of humanitarian advocacy, shows that the use of the parameters of humanitarian communication in conflict-related crises to overcome these problems caused additional concern, and presents two forms of humanitarian advocacy engendering less challenges and dilemmas.
文摘Introduction: Insecurity can be an obstacle to access to emergency obstetric and newborn care, that is why we proposed to study obstetrical emergencies in Ouahigouya Regional Teaching Hospital, a referral hospital in a region plagued by insecurity linked to armed groups. Method: This was an analytical cross-sectional study with prospective data collection over a 4-month period, from June 10 to October 10, 2020. Patients from precarious security areas were compared to those from safer areas. The Chi squared and Fisher tests were used for comparison of variables. Results: Obstetric emergencies accounted for 38.62% of admissions, from which 25.59% came from precarious security zones. Age was similar in both comparison groups. However, patients from unsafe areas were more likely to reside in rural areas (p 0.001) and more likely to be in unpaid occupations (p 0.001). Prenatal visits were less frequent (p 0.01) and women were more often multigravidae (p 0.01) in the precarious security group of patients. Apart from the more frequent uterine rupture (p = 0.02) in the group from precarious security zones, diagnosed complications and maternal mortality were similar in the 2 groups, while perinatal mortality was higher in the group of patients from precarious security zones (p 0.01). Conclusion: The precarious security situation has negative consequences on maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Further studies are needed for better understanding of these consequences, and improvement of health system resilience strategies, to reduce related maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
文摘Objective: to explore the types and causes of knee joint injuries of officers and soldiers in a armed police department, and to provide effective reference data for avoiding more knee joint injuries of officers and soldiers in the future. Methods: patients with knee injury in an armed Police department from July 2019 to July 2021 were selected, and the types and causes of knee injury in these 200 patients were analyzed according to the "Diagnostic Classification Criteria for Military Training Injuries of the People's Liberation Army". Results: (1) Among the 200 patients, 121 patients had single knee injury and 79 patients had double knee injury. (2) Among the 200 patients, medial ligament injury was the least, followed by anterior cruciate ligament injury, and meniscus injury was the most common injury type. (3) Analysis of injury causes included cross-country 5km, 400M barrier running, variable speed running, and others. Cross-country and 400M barrier running were significantly higher than variable speed running and other training items, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). (4) Among the 200 patients, there were recruits, soldiers of one year, two years and more than two years. The incidence of knee joint injury in recruits was significantly higher than that in soldiers of one year, two years and more than two years, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion: knee joint injury is the most common in the training of armed police officers and soldiers. In order to improve the combat effectiveness of troops, it is necessary to prevent knee joint injury of officers and soldiers.
文摘The forests of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo are among the most biodiverse in the world.They are home to many endangered and endemic species,such as the Grauer’s gorilla(Gorilla beringei graueri).Governmentally protected areas(GPAs)in Grauer’s gorilla range face challenges to limit or halt poaching and bushmeat extraction,and it is unclear whether alternative community conservation models can overcome some of these challenges.Here,we examine how protected area(PA)size,conservation models(CM),mode of governance(GM),and the presence of armed groups relate to Return On Investment in land(ROIL)across selected PAs.As proxies of ROIL,we solicited information on the site coverage(area patrolled as a percentage of total surface area)and the level,extent,and trend of poaching or hunting from the[ecosystem or conservation]managers of 11 PA sites to Grauer’s gorillas,of which five were GPAs and six were community based protected areas(CPAs).We found substantial differences in apparent ROIL across PAs.CPA often had higher ROILs than GPA due to the former’s high site coverage,low levels,and decreasing trends in poaching or hunting,and a relatively low presence of armed groups.This suggests that community forests in Grauer’s gorilla range in eastern DRC may have the potential to help address and overcome some of the conservation management challenges currently facing the subspecies.However,follow-up studies are needed to explore the extent to which our findings can be attributed to factors such as the relatively smaller size of community forests,their specific geographical locations,differences in management models or ecosystem attributes(e.g.,the presence of other fauna),or aspects related to the involvement of local communities.
文摘Efforts made to restore the degraded landscape of the Tigray region,Northern Ethiopia,over the last three decades have been relatively successful.However,an armed conflict that broke out in the region in November 2020 has significantly destroyed the restored vegetation,either directly associated with conflict(environment,pollution,fire)or indirectly(agricultural abandonment).This study aimed at assessing spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover in a 50 km radius zone centered on Mekelle city,Tigray.Vegetation cover dynamics was evaluated using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+)and Operational Land Imager(OLI)datasets for the years 2000,2020,and 2022 and analysed using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 software.These data were analysed using the Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(MNDVI),Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(OSAVI),and Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index(MAVI).Based on the MNDVI,results show that vegetation cover increased in the period 2000-2020 by 179 km^(2)or 2%of the area,whereas in the period 2020-2022,there was a decrease in vegetation cover by 403 km^(2)or 5%of the area.This was accompanied by a decrease in vegetation density.These vegetation changes in 2020-2022 are attributed to the impact of armed conflict on the land surface which can include farmlands and village abandonment,spread of weeds and scrub vege-tation,or failure to harvest crops.Monitoring vegetation change using Landsat data can help understand the environmental impacts of armed conflict in rural agricultural landscapes,including potential food security risks.
