Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（freque...Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（frequently known as betel nut） is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world＇s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspep sia, constipation, beriberi and oedema.展开更多
Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,gre...Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.展开更多
The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis fo...The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.展开更多
Areca catechu,as a traditional Chinese medicine,contains a high concentration of therapeutic compounds.However,the biosynthesis of these compounds is largely unexplored.We present a haplotype-resolved genome assembly ...Areca catechu,as a traditional Chinese medicine,contains a high concentration of therapeutic compounds.However,the biosynthesis of these compounds is largely unexplored.We present a haplotype-resolved genome assembly and annotation for A.catechu,with chromosome-level genome sizes of 2.45 Gb(Ac.Hap1)and 2.49 Gb(Ac.Hap2).A comparative analysis of the haplotypes revealed significant divergence,including multiple Mb-level large inversions.Furthermore,A.catechu shared two whole genome duplications with other palm plants and its genome size had increased due to the insertion of transposons within the last 2.5 million years.By integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics,two tandem genes(AcGNMT1 and AcGNMT2)were negatively associated with guvacine and trigonelline in gene-metabolite interaction network.AcGNMT1,AcGNMT2 and their three homologous genes were involved in the conversion of guvacine to arecoline.Further analyses tested the function of AcUGT71CE15,AcUGT74CJ38,AcUGT87EE5 and AcUGT83S982 as glucosyltransferases,and AcUGT78AP14 was identified as a rhamnosyltransferase involved in flavonol glycosylation.Our study provides a high-quality genome of A.catechu,characterizes the arecoline biosynthetic pathway and expands the understanding of the diversity of UDP-glucosyltransferase and UDP-rhamnosyltransferase,offering insights into the potential of A.catechu for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds.展开更多
ε-Poly-L-lysine(ε-PL),a bio-polymer made up of 25-35 L-lysine,demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.However,the full elucidation of its biosynthetic mechanism remains elusive,and its antimicrobial prope...ε-Poly-L-lysine(ε-PL),a bio-polymer made up of 25-35 L-lysine,demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.However,the full elucidation of its biosynthetic mechanism remains elusive,and its antimicrobial properties require further exploration for broader applications.In this study,Streptomyces albulus TG1003 was genetically modified to overexpress four key genes(pgk,ak,ddc,and pls)involved in theε-PL synthesis pathway.Meanwhile,the application ofε-PL in the preservation of Areca catechu fruits was systematically explored,focusing on its inhibitory effect on surface microbiota and its impact on microbial community structure and function.Results showed that overexpressing these genes significantly enhancedε-PL production,andε-PL produced by the TG1003-ddcpgkakpls strain demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.As confirmed by high-throughput inhibition assays,ε-PL effectively inhibited harmful microorganisms on the surface of Areca catechu fruits.Preservation experiments demonstrated thatε-PL treatment extended the shelf life of fresh Areca catechu fruits by slowing down color change and decay.Metagenomic analysis revealed significant alterations in microbial community composition and functional pathways.Specifically,ε-PL induced changes in Quorum Sensing and activated biosynthesis pathways related to cell wall,membrane,and iron repair mechanisms.This study highlights the impact of key enzymes in theε-PL biosynthetic pathway on metabolic regulation,providing valuable insights into its antimicrobial action and modulation of microbial communities,thus presenting a promising strategy for the preservation of industrial foods.展开更多
Many studies have focused on reducing Aw to prevent the growth of spoilage bacteria.The effects of complex phosphates(CP)and Maillard peptide complexes(MPCs)on water activity(Aw),water status,sensory attributes,flavor...Many studies have focused on reducing Aw to prevent the growth of spoilage bacteria.The effects of complex phosphates(CP)and Maillard peptide complexes(MPCs)on water activity(Aw),water status,sensory attributes,flavor,and hardness of the areca nuts were studied to extend their shelf life and improve their eating quality.The results showed that the addition of 1.6%CP and 0.6%MPCs significantly reduced the A w of areca nuts(Aw=0.8116).Low field nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that it was due to that the CP and MPCs promoted the conversion of free water to bound water through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interaction.In addition,CP combined with MPCs reduced the extrusion hardness and puncture hardness of areca nuts,accompanied with a significant increase in softness and pulpiness as assessed through sensory analysis,which might be due to the improved water binding capacity of areca nuts.Moreover,MPCs increased the content of N,S heterocyclic compounds of the areca nuts and contributed to an increased“kokumi”attribute compared with CP.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Programs for Science and Technology Development of China(No.2007B127B04)
文摘Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（frequently known as betel nut） is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world＇s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspep sia, constipation, beriberi and oedema.
基金Fund of Dean of Huachuang Institute of Areca Research-Hainan(HCBL2020YZ-012)。
文摘Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.
基金Supported by National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CATAS-TCGRI(1630032016015)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(317264)
文摘The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0909600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270685)+2 种基金the Hainan Provincial Academician Innovation Platform Project(HD-YSZX-202004)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Nan-fan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture(XTCX2022NYB06)supported by the PhD Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of The Education Department of Hainan Province Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City.
文摘Areca catechu,as a traditional Chinese medicine,contains a high concentration of therapeutic compounds.However,the biosynthesis of these compounds is largely unexplored.We present a haplotype-resolved genome assembly and annotation for A.catechu,with chromosome-level genome sizes of 2.45 Gb(Ac.Hap1)and 2.49 Gb(Ac.Hap2).A comparative analysis of the haplotypes revealed significant divergence,including multiple Mb-level large inversions.Furthermore,A.catechu shared two whole genome duplications with other palm plants and its genome size had increased due to the insertion of transposons within the last 2.5 million years.By integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics,two tandem genes(AcGNMT1 and AcGNMT2)were negatively associated with guvacine and trigonelline in gene-metabolite interaction network.AcGNMT1,AcGNMT2 and their three homologous genes were involved in the conversion of guvacine to arecoline.Further analyses tested the function of AcUGT71CE15,AcUGT74CJ38,AcUGT87EE5 and AcUGT83S982 as glucosyltransferases,and AcUGT78AP14 was identified as a rhamnosyltransferase involved in flavonol glycosylation.Our study provides a high-quality genome of A.catechu,characterizes the arecoline biosynthetic pathway and expands the understanding of the diversity of UDP-glucosyltransferase and UDP-rhamnosyltransferase,offering insights into the potential of A.catechu for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation for Youths of Hunan Province of China(No.2025JJ60150)the Hunan Academy of Binglang Science(2022-HNBL001).
文摘ε-Poly-L-lysine(ε-PL),a bio-polymer made up of 25-35 L-lysine,demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.However,the full elucidation of its biosynthetic mechanism remains elusive,and its antimicrobial properties require further exploration for broader applications.In this study,Streptomyces albulus TG1003 was genetically modified to overexpress four key genes(pgk,ak,ddc,and pls)involved in theε-PL synthesis pathway.Meanwhile,the application ofε-PL in the preservation of Areca catechu fruits was systematically explored,focusing on its inhibitory effect on surface microbiota and its impact on microbial community structure and function.Results showed that overexpressing these genes significantly enhancedε-PL production,andε-PL produced by the TG1003-ddcpgkakpls strain demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.As confirmed by high-throughput inhibition assays,ε-PL effectively inhibited harmful microorganisms on the surface of Areca catechu fruits.Preservation experiments demonstrated thatε-PL treatment extended the shelf life of fresh Areca catechu fruits by slowing down color change and decay.Metagenomic analysis revealed significant alterations in microbial community composition and functional pathways.Specifically,ε-PL induced changes in Quorum Sensing and activated biosynthesis pathways related to cell wall,membrane,and iron repair mechanisms.This study highlights the impact of key enzymes in theε-PL biosynthetic pathway on metabolic regulation,providing valuable insights into its antimicrobial action and modulation of microbial communities,thus presenting a promising strategy for the preservation of industrial foods.
基金financial support of the Key Science and Technology Program of Anhui Province(202203a06020012)“Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province”.
文摘Many studies have focused on reducing Aw to prevent the growth of spoilage bacteria.The effects of complex phosphates(CP)and Maillard peptide complexes(MPCs)on water activity(Aw),water status,sensory attributes,flavor,and hardness of the areca nuts were studied to extend their shelf life and improve their eating quality.The results showed that the addition of 1.6%CP and 0.6%MPCs significantly reduced the A w of areca nuts(Aw=0.8116).Low field nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that it was due to that the CP and MPCs promoted the conversion of free water to bound water through hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interaction.In addition,CP combined with MPCs reduced the extrusion hardness and puncture hardness of areca nuts,accompanied with a significant increase in softness and pulpiness as assessed through sensory analysis,which might be due to the improved water binding capacity of areca nuts.Moreover,MPCs increased the content of N,S heterocyclic compounds of the areca nuts and contributed to an increased“kokumi”attribute compared with CP.
