To adapt to national climate change strategies,understanding the thermal vulnerability of urban functional zones(UFZs)is critical for enhancing the livability and sustainable development of cities.We address the limit...To adapt to national climate change strategies,understanding the thermal vulnerability of urban functional zones(UFZs)is critical for enhancing the livability and sustainable development of cities.We address the limitations of existing thermal vulnerability assessments by incorporating human perception into the analysis.Specifically,we introduce the sky openness index to reflect human perception of the thermal environment and examine variations in thermal vulnerability across different UFZs.Using the Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)-SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)model,we analyze the contributions of 2D and 3D urban form indicators to thermal vulnerability and link these contributions to the unique needs and vulnerability characteristics of UFZs of Foshan City,China in 2023.The results reveal that:1)high-value heat-fragile areas(1.74–2.00]constitute 10.42%of Foshan City;2)traffic zone and publiccommercial zone exhibit the highest levels of thermal vulnerability;and 3)building height and the normalized building index are the most influential factors,with contributions of|0.06|and|0.03|,respectively.We provide a scientific foundation for developing governance strategies to promote urban resilience.展开更多
The Gabes aquifer system,located in southeastern Tunisia,is a crucial resource for supporting local socio-economic activities.Due to its dual porosity structure,is particularly vulnerable to pollution.This study aims ...The Gabes aquifer system,located in southeastern Tunisia,is a crucial resource for supporting local socio-economic activities.Due to its dual porosity structure,is particularly vulnerable to pollution.This study aims to develop a hybrid model that combines the Fracture Aquifer Index(FAI)with the conventional GOD(Groundwater occurrence,Overall lithology,Depth to water table)method,to assess groundwater vulnerability in fractured aquifer.To develop the hybrid model,the classical GOD method was integrated with FAI to produce a single composite index.Each parameter within both GOD and FAI was scored,and a final index was calculated to delineate vulnerable areas.The results show that the study area can be classified into four vulnerability levels:Very low,low,moderate,and high,indicating that approximately 8%of the area exhibits very low vulnerability,29%has low vulnerability,25%falls into the moderate category,and 38%is considered highly vulnerable.The FAI-GOD model further incorporates fracture network characteristics.This refinement reduces the classification to three vulnerability classes:Low,medium,and high.The outcomes demonstrate that 46%of the area is highly vulnerable due to a dense concentration of fractures,while 17%represents an intermediate zone characterized by either shallow or deeper fractures.In contrast,37%corresponds to areas with lightly fractured rock,where the impact on vulnerability is minimal.Multivariate statistical analysis was employed using Principal Components Analysis(PCA)and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA)on 24 samples across six variables.The first three components account for over 76%of the total variance,reinforcing the significance of fracture dynamics in classifying vulnerability levels.The FAI-GOD model removes the very-low-vulnerability class and expands the spatial extent of low-and high-vulnerability zones,reflecting the dominant influence of fracture networks on aquifer sensitivity.While both indices use a five-class system,FAI-GOD redistributes vulnerability by eliminating very-low-vulnerability areas and amplifying low/high categories,highlighting the critical role of fractures.A strong correlation(R2=0.94)between the GOD and FAI-GOD indices,demonstrated through second-order polynomial regression,confirms the robustness of the FAI-GOD model in accurately predicting vulnerability to pollution.This model provides a useful framework for assessing the vulnerability of complex aquifers and serves as a decision-making tool for groundwater managers in similar areas.展开更多
Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)patients face significant psychological challenges alongside physical symptoms,necessitating a comprehensive understanding of how psychological vulnerability and adaptation patterns evolve thro...Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)patients face significant psychological challenges alongside physical symptoms,necessitating a comprehensive understanding of how psychological vulnerability and adaptation patterns evolve throughout the disease course.This review examined 95 studies(2000-2025)from PubMed,Web of Science,and CNKI databases including longitudinal cohorts,randomized controlled trials,and mixed-methods research,to characterize the complex interplay between biological,psychological,and social factors affecting RA patients’mental health.Findings revealed three distinct vulnerability trajectories(45%persistently low,30%fluctuating improvement,25%persistently high)and four adaptation stages,with critical intervention periods occurring 3-6 months postdiagnosis and during disease flares.Multiple factors significantly influence psychological outcomes,including gender(females showing 1.8-fold increased risk),age(younger patients experiencing 42%higher vulnerability),pain intensity,inflammatory markers,and neuroendocrine dysregulation(48%showing cortisol rhythm disruption).Early psychological intervention(within 3 months of diagnosis)demonstrated robust benefits,reducing depression incidence by 42%with effects persisting 24-36 months,while different modalities showed complementary advantages:Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression(Cohen’s d=0.68),mindfulness for pain acceptance(38%improvement),and peer support for meaning reconstruction(25.6%increase).These findings underscore the importance of integrating routine psychological assessment into standard RA care,developing stage-appropriate interventions,and advancing research toward personalized biopsychosocial approaches that address the dynamic psychological dimensions of the disease.展开更多
In the context of modern software development characterized by increasing complexity and compressed development cycles,traditional static vulnerability detection methods face prominent challenges including high false ...In the context of modern software development characterized by increasing complexity and compressed development cycles,traditional static vulnerability detection methods face prominent challenges including high false positive rates and missed detections of complex logic due to their over-reliance on rule templates.This paper proposes a Syntax-Aware Hierarchical Attention Network(SAHAN)model,which achieves high-precision vulnerability detection through grammar-rule-driven multi-granularity code slicing and hierarchical semantic fusion mechanisms.The SAHAN model first generates Syntax Independent Units(SIUs),which slices the code based on Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)and predefined grammar rules,retaining vulnerability-sensitive contexts.Following this,through a hierarchical attention mechanism,the local syntax-aware layer encodes fine-grained patterns within SIUs,while the global semantic correlation layer captures vulnerability chains across SIUs,achieving synergistic modeling of syntax and semantics.Experiments show that on benchmark datasets like QEMU,SAHAN significantly improves detection performance by 4.8%to 13.1%on average compared to baseline models such as Devign and VulDeePecker.展开更多
Efficient and accurate access to coastal land cover information is of great significance for marine disaster prevention and mitigation.Although the popular and common sensors of land resource satellites provide free a...Efficient and accurate access to coastal land cover information is of great significance for marine disaster prevention and mitigation.Although the popular and common sensors of land resource satellites provide free and valuable images to map the land cover,coastal areas often encounter significant cloud cover,especially in tropical areas,which makes the classification in those areas non-ideal.To solve this problem,we proposed a framework of combining medium-resolution optical images and synthetic aperture radar(SAR)data with the recently popular object-based image analysis(OBIA)method and used the Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar(PALSAR)images acquired in Singapore in 2017 as a case study.We designed experiments to confirm two critical factors of this framework:one is the segmentation scale that determines the average object size,and the other is the classification feature.Accuracy assessments of the land cover indicated that the optimal segmentation scale was between 40 and 80,and the features of the combination of OLI and SAR resulted in higher accuracy than any individual features,especially in areas with cloud cover.Based on the land cover generated by this framework,we assessed the vulnerability of the marine disasters of Singapore in 2008 and 2017 and found that the high-vulnerability areas mainly located in the southeast and increased by 118.97 km2 over the past decade.To clarify the disaster response plan for different geographical environments,we classified risk based on altitude and distance from shore.The newly increased high-vulnerability regions within 4 km offshore and below 30 m above sea level are at high risk;these regions may need to focus on strengthening disaster prevention construction.This study serves as a typical example of using remote sensing techniques for the vulnerability assessment of marine disasters,especially those in cloudy coastal areas.展开更多
Western China features a vast area of mountains and high plateaus where millions of people,including diverse ethnic minority groups,have inhabited for generations.Geographically located in the mountainous,remote,and i...Western China features a vast area of mountains and high plateaus where millions of people,including diverse ethnic minority groups,have inhabited for generations.Geographically located in the mountainous,remote,and isolated regions,rural communities are prone to natural hazards and thus become vulnerable to impoverishment.To reduce rural vulnerability,many people residing in mountainous villages opted to out-migrate from their original villages and hometowns while some took in-situ adaptation measures.A host of government-sponsored resettlement programs have been carried out to help rural villagers seek alternative livelihoods elsewhere over the past four decades.To achieve a sustainable future for rural communities in mountainous areas of western China,more effective policies and measures need to be developed and enforced.展开更多
In semi-arid areas of Tanzania vulnerability context is depicted as the starting component for policy process analysis through the sustainable livelihood approach. Giving vulnerability a high prominence in this analys...In semi-arid areas of Tanzania vulnerability context is depicted as the starting component for policy process analysis through the sustainable livelihood approach. Giving vulnerability a high prominence in this analysis allowed the research to consider all kinds of vulnerabilities as central issues to the ways in which livelihoods are shaped. Hence the Sustainable Livelihood framework was used in this research as the comprehensive framework for assessing the contributing factors to limited water resources availability to sustain people’s livelihoods. The study revealed that, changes in the quantity, timing, intensity and duration of rainfall as a result of climate change contributes to greater water stress and making people more vulnerable. Due to over-abstraction upstream of the Great Ruaha River, it implies that, people depending on the water resources downstream of the Great Ruaha River catchment are vulnerable. Their livelihoods are at risks as they don’t have water for irrigation and other economic activities. The study also revealed that, both vulnerability and livelihood strategies are derived through natural water availability which features droughts, climate change and the link between water availability, agricultural production, and outcomes.展开更多
To implement successful policies for the protection of groundwater and curtail the possibility of water supply contamination, an early evaluation of aquifer vulnerability is needed. Rather than implementing broad rest...To implement successful policies for the protection of groundwater and curtail the possibility of water supply contamination, an early evaluation of aquifer vulnerability is needed. Rather than implementing broad restrictions to land use and effluent discharge, it is more cost-effective and economically favourable to approach protection in a stepwise manner by first assessing the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer when defining the level of land use control that is needed to protect groundwater quality. Following aquifer vulnerability evaluation, specific land uses and restrictions should be defined locally for each water supply within the wellhead protection areas (WHPAs), which are identified by means of the groundwater time of travel (TOT). The WHPA should be established for each individual situation, considering the level of vulnerability of the exploited aquifer. We applied our findings to a specific test site in the Piemonte region of NW Italy, following the current local procedure for individuating the WHPAs. Using data gathered from this site-specific exercise, we identified that the procedure allows methods that consider only aquifer parameters to evaluate vulnerability and discourages the use of techniques that already compartmentalize soil parameters in the vulnerability assessment.展开更多
The impact of human activities on sensitive watershed terrains is a critical consideration in the management of urban ecosystems. Degradation of sensitive ecosystem features such as watershed land areas is often irrev...The impact of human activities on sensitive watershed terrains is a critical consideration in the management of urban ecosystems. Degradation of sensitive ecosystem features such as watershed land areas is often irreversible due to the extent and intensity. The vulnerability of 150 m watershed management zone of Otamiri river Owerri Imo State, Nigeria was studied by topographic analysis using 1977 digital elevation model (DEM), 1977 aerial photos, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission DEM of 2000, 2012 satellite imagery and the 2016 Master Plan of the study area. The impact of human activities in elevation change was observed in the parts of substantial human activities while topographical stability was recorded for areas of very low human activities.展开更多
Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved a win-win situation concerning ecological restoration and socio-economic development.However,synergistic development may not be realized at the local scale.In areas undergoing ecolog...Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved a win-win situation concerning ecological restoration and socio-economic development.However,synergistic development may not be realized at the local scale.In areas undergoing ecological restoration,livelihood vulner-ability may be more pronounced due to the inflexibility,policy protection,and susceptibility to climate and market changes in forestry production.Although this issue has attracted academic interest,empirical studies are relatively scarce.This study,centered on Jiaxian County,Shaanxi Province of China explored the households’livelihood vulnerability and coping strategies and group heterogeneity con-cerned with livelihood structures or forestry resources through field investigation,comprehensive index assessment,and nonparametric tests.Findings showed that:1)the percentage of households with high livelihood vulnerability indicator(LVI)(>0.491)reached 46.34%.2)Eight groups in livelihood structures formed by forestry,traditional agriculture,and non-farm activities were significantly different in LVI,land resources(LR),social networks(SN),livelihood strategies(LS),housing characteristics(HC),and socio-demo-graphic profile(SDP).3)The livelihood vulnerability of the groups with highly engaged/reliance on jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)forest demonstrated more prominent livelihood vulnerability due to the increased precipitation and cold market,where the low-engaged with reliance type were significantly more vulnerable in LVI,SDP,LR,and HC.4)The threshold of behavioral triggers widely varied,and farmers dependent on forestry livelihoods showed negative coping behavior.Specifically,the cutting behavior was strongly associated with lagged years and government subsidies,guidance,and high returns of crops.Finally,the findings can provide guidance on the dir-ection of livelihood vulnerability mitigation and adaptive government management in ecologically restored areas.The issue of farmers’livelihood sustainability in the context of ecological conservation calls for immediate attention,and eco-compensations or other forms of assistance in ecologically functional areas are expected to be enhanced and diversified.展开更多
Karst groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination,which urges better land use zoning.This paper proposes a new approach,called COCKPIT-PLUS,to minimize groundwater contamination within cockpit karst regions.The ...Karst groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination,which urges better land use zoning.This paper proposes a new approach,called COCKPIT-PLUS,to minimize groundwater contamination within cockpit karst regions.The method employed four parameters:P(the existence of ponor/swallow hole),L(lineament density),U(sinking stream to an underground river),and S(distance to spring/pumping site).These parameters are essential for identifying contaminant pathways and transport from the surface to the karst groundwater/springs.COCKPIT-PLUS has been developed and validated in the Gunungsewu karst in Java,Indonesia.This research considers a cockpit as a single hydrological unit that uniquely recharges karst groundwater.We analyzed 2,811 cockpits and 81 other closed depressions to develop a land use planning map.The research used the time to first arrival(Ta),time to peak(Tp),and Q_(max/min)ratio parameters of two karst springs and two underground pumping sites for validation.Cockpits with ponors/swallow holes,sinking streams,high lineament density,and short distances to springs are vulnerable to groundwater and thus must be restricted areas for any land uses.The findings show that though the COCKPIT-PLUS uses a limited karst dataset,the proposed method seems reliable enough for a rapid land-use zoning approach in cockpit karst areas.展开更多
This research investigates anthropogenic activities influencing flood vulnerability in Ala riverfront residential areas of Akure,Nigeria with a view to identifying area susceptible to flood hazard in the river basin a...This research investigates anthropogenic activities influencing flood vulnerability in Ala riverfront residential areas of Akure,Nigeria with a view to identifying area susceptible to flood hazard in the river basin and to suggest possible mitigation measures.With respect to data gathering for the study,265 questionnaires which amounted to 1%of the research population were administered using simple random sampling.Findings from the survey revealed erection of buildings on riparian land and indiscriminate dumping of wastes into river bodies as factors responsible for the blockage of river channels and waterways.It also exposed resident’s poor dispositions to flood forecasts and non-adherence to other management measures.The study concludes by recommending public enlightenment campaign to reducing denizen’s vulnerability to flood disaster.There is the need for provision of waste management and drainage facilities as well as regular dredging of the watercourse to stimulate its absorptive capacity in the event of heavy downpour.It further suggests creation of artificial lake as natural basin to collect huge volume of water discharged from all watersheds leading to the river.Ultimately,stringent efforts of environmental and town planning officers are needed to enforce total compliance to all intended management regulations to check the menace.展开更多
Located in northern China,the Hetao Plain is an important agro-economic zone and population centre.The deterioration of local groundwater quality has had a serious impact on human health and economic development.Nowad...Located in northern China,the Hetao Plain is an important agro-economic zone and population centre.The deterioration of local groundwater quality has had a serious impact on human health and economic development.Nowadays,the groundwater vulnerability assessment(GVA)has become an essential task to identify the current status and development trend of groundwater quality.In this study,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)models are integrated to realize the spatio-temporal prediction of regional groundwater vulnerability by introducing the Self-attention mechanism.The study firstly builds the CNN-LSTM modelwith self-attention(SA)mechanism and evaluates the prediction accuracy of the model for groundwater vulnerability compared to other common machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The results indicate that the CNNLSTM model outperforms thesemodels,demonstrating its significance in groundwater vulnerability assessment.It can be posited that the predictions indicate an increased risk of groundwater vulnerability in the study area over the coming years.This increase can be attributed to the synergistic impact of global climate anomalies and intensified local human activities.Moreover,the overall groundwater vulnerability risk in the entire region has increased,evident fromboth the notably high value and standard deviation.This suggests that the spatial variability of groundwater vulnerability in the area is expected to expand in the future due to the sustained progression of climate change and human activities.The model can be optimized for diverse applications across regional environmental assessment,pollution prediction,and risk statistics.This study holds particular significance for ecological protection and groundwater resource management.展开更多
The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to inv...The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.展开更多
Physiographic differences and conditions of use of water resources in anthropogenic basins explain the variability of risk to surface water. Based on the multi-criteria analysis of Saaty, the present work proposes an ...Physiographic differences and conditions of use of water resources in anthropogenic basins explain the variability of risk to surface water. Based on the multi-criteria analysis of Saaty, the present work proposes an assessment of the vulnerability of surface water through a three-factor accessibility index: the slope, the subdivision rate and the drainage density of the basin. It is observed that the topographic (slope) and urbanistic (subdivision) conditions are the most important (weighting of 59%, 34%) in front of the hydrographic condition (drainage 6%) with an overall consistency of 2%. Thus, in the Okpara basin in the city of Parakou, the analysis of the vulnerability of surface waters by the accessibility index highlights two groups. The Ganré and Kokouro basins with about 30% of their areas in the low and moderate classes and the Wonka and Dama basins in the very strong class at more than 50% of their areas.展开更多
Climate change and rising temperatures are accelerating the rate of deglaciation in the Hindu Kush Karakoram Himalaya(HKH)ranges,leading to the formation of new glacial lakes and the expansion of existing ones.These l...Climate change and rising temperatures are accelerating the rate of deglaciation in the Hindu Kush Karakoram Himalaya(HKH)ranges,leading to the formation of new glacial lakes and the expansion of existing ones.These lakes are often vulnerable to failure,posing a significant threat to downstream communities and infrastructure.Therefore,a comprehensive assessment of Glacier-Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF)hazards and risk assessment is crucial to evaluate flood runout characteristics and identify settlements and infrastructure that are exposed and vulnerable to floods,aiding in the development and implementation of risk reduction strategies.This study aims to simulate a GLOF event induced by the Shisper glacier lake in northern Pakistan,using the HEC-RAS,and to assess its impact on settlements,infrastructure,and agricultural land.For the hydrometeorological analysis of the GLOF event,topographic data from unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),stream profiles,discharge data,Manning's roughness coefficient(n),and land use/land cover(LULC)were analyzed using HEC-RAS and geographic information system(GIS).During the GLOF event on May 7,2022,a maximum water depth of 6.3 m and a maximum velocity of 9.5 m/s were recorded.Based on the runout characteristics of this event,vulnerability and risk assessments have been calculated.The physical,social,and environmental vulnerabilities of the at-risk elements were evaluated using the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)and integrated with the hazard data to develop a risk map.The study identified the areas,infrastructure and settlements susceptible to GLOF hazard to support the development and implementation of targeted and evidence-based mitigation and adaptation strategies.展开更多
Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distri...Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distribution,and their associated effects on the ice accretion mechanism in the mountainous region of Southwest China.The maximum ice weight was positively correlated with the duration of ice accretion in the mountainous area.The duration of precipitation accounted for less than 20%of the icing period in the mountainous area,with solid-phase hydrometeors being predominant.Icing events,dominated by freezing rain(FR)and mixed rain–graupel(more than 70%),were characterized by glaze or highdensity mixed icing.The relationship between the melting energy and refreezing energy reflected the distribution characteristics of the proportion of FR under mixed-phase precipitation.The intensity of the warm layer and the dominant precipitation phase significantly affected the variations in the microphysical properties of FR.The melting of large dry snowflakes significantly contributed to FR in the mountainous areas,resulting in smaller generalized intercepts and larger mass-weighted mean diameters in the presence of a stronger warm layer.Under a weaker warm layer,the value of the massweighted mean diameter was significantly smaller because of the inability of large solid particles to melt.Finally,FR in the mountainous area dominated the ice weight during the rapid ice accumulation period.A numerical simulation of FR icing on wires effectively revealed the evolution of disaster-causing icing in mountainous areas.展开更多
In Niger, farms have been facing negative effects of climate change for several decades. The objective of this work is to assess the vulnerability of farms in Tillabery department by proposing an adaptation approach. ...In Niger, farms have been facing negative effects of climate change for several decades. The objective of this work is to assess the vulnerability of farms in Tillabery department by proposing an adaptation approach. A five-step method and descriptive analysis were used on a sample of 250 farmers. The degree of damage caused by pests and crop diseases is significant, with respective proportions of 52.50% and 40.40%. It appears that the main climate risk factors for vulnerability are droughts, floods, soil degradation, and pest invasions. Additionally, the average level of exposure to agricultural operations is very high, with an index of 0.6. The sensitivity index remained constant in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 and is significant (reaching an index of 0.8). However, 61.2% of farms have a medium level of vulnerability and 33.3% have a high vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Nonetheless, a concerning trend regarding the vulnerability of farms has been observed. To assist policymakers and development actors in improving the vulnerability level of these production units, four phases of action are proposed: a diagnostic phase, evaluation, estimation of adaptation needs, implementation, and proper monitoring of actions.展开更多
Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influenci...Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in these areas remains insufficient.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in arid and semi-arid areas of China by utilizing the extended triple collation(ETC),Mann-Kendall test,Theil-Sen estimator,ridge regression analysis,and other relevant methods.The following findings were obtained:(1)at the pixel scale,the long-term monthly SM data from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative(ESA CCI)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient of 0.794 and the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.014 m^(3)/m^(3);(2)from 2000 to 2022,the study area experienced significant increase in annual average SM,with a rate of 0.408×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a).Moreover,higher altitudes showed a notable upward trend,with SM increasing rates at 0.210×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 1000 and 2000 m,0.530×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m,and 0.760×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)at altitudes above 4000 m;(3)land surface temperature(LST),root zone soil moisture(RSM)(10-40 cm depth),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were identified as the primary factors influencing annual average SM,which accounted for 34.37%,24.16%,and 22.64%relative contributions,respectively;and(4)absolute contribution of LST was more significant in subareas at higher altitudes,with average absolute contributions of 0.800×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m and 0.500×10^(-2) m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)above 4000 m.This study reveals the spatiotemporal variations and main influencing factors of SM in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas,highlighting the more pronounced absolute contribution of LST to SM in high-altitude areas,providing valuable insights for ecological research and water resource management in these areas.展开更多
Understanding the response of ecological vulnerability to global changes is essential for sustainable ecosystem management.However,incorporating ecological vulnerability assessment into accurate decision-making to ill...Understanding the response of ecological vulnerability to global changes is essential for sustainable ecosystem management.However,incorporating ecological vulnerability assessment into accurate decision-making to illustrate ecosystem dynamics and drivers remains unclear.Here,we used the Vulnerability Scoping Diagram model(VSD)and ecological vulnerability index(EVI)to evaluate the ecosystem vulnerability in the upper reach of Yellow River(URYR).Our results show that EVI increased from southwest to northeast,and EVI first went down from 2005 to 2015 and then slightly up from 2015 to 2020.The lower EVI can be attributed to improving environmental protection and restoration projects in the URYR.The subareas of the High-High cluster were distributed in the northeast,and those of the Low-Low cluster were distributed in the southwest,respectively.Furthermore,we divided the URYR into four zones(e.g.,Protection Zone,Ecological Degradation Zone,Ecological Improvement Zone,and Comprehensive Zone)according to the EVI.Consequently,a long-term detection system and public education should be enhanced to improve environmental awareness,which plays a beneficial role in the sustainable development of four zones.All in all,our findings not only shed light on the dynamic of ecological vulnerability but also provide the diversification management of the upper reach of the Yellow River.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC2202024)Basic Scientific Research Project(Key Project)of the Education Department of Liaoning Province(No.LJ212410165084)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2111003,N2411001)。
文摘To adapt to national climate change strategies,understanding the thermal vulnerability of urban functional zones(UFZs)is critical for enhancing the livability and sustainable development of cities.We address the limitations of existing thermal vulnerability assessments by incorporating human perception into the analysis.Specifically,we introduce the sky openness index to reflect human perception of the thermal environment and examine variations in thermal vulnerability across different UFZs.Using the Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)-SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)model,we analyze the contributions of 2D and 3D urban form indicators to thermal vulnerability and link these contributions to the unique needs and vulnerability characteristics of UFZs of Foshan City,China in 2023.The results reveal that:1)high-value heat-fragile areas(1.74–2.00]constitute 10.42%of Foshan City;2)traffic zone and publiccommercial zone exhibit the highest levels of thermal vulnerability;and 3)building height and the normalized building index are the most influential factors,with contributions of|0.06|and|0.03|,respectively.We provide a scientific foundation for developing governance strategies to promote urban resilience.
文摘The Gabes aquifer system,located in southeastern Tunisia,is a crucial resource for supporting local socio-economic activities.Due to its dual porosity structure,is particularly vulnerable to pollution.This study aims to develop a hybrid model that combines the Fracture Aquifer Index(FAI)with the conventional GOD(Groundwater occurrence,Overall lithology,Depth to water table)method,to assess groundwater vulnerability in fractured aquifer.To develop the hybrid model,the classical GOD method was integrated with FAI to produce a single composite index.Each parameter within both GOD and FAI was scored,and a final index was calculated to delineate vulnerable areas.The results show that the study area can be classified into four vulnerability levels:Very low,low,moderate,and high,indicating that approximately 8%of the area exhibits very low vulnerability,29%has low vulnerability,25%falls into the moderate category,and 38%is considered highly vulnerable.The FAI-GOD model further incorporates fracture network characteristics.This refinement reduces the classification to three vulnerability classes:Low,medium,and high.The outcomes demonstrate that 46%of the area is highly vulnerable due to a dense concentration of fractures,while 17%represents an intermediate zone characterized by either shallow or deeper fractures.In contrast,37%corresponds to areas with lightly fractured rock,where the impact on vulnerability is minimal.Multivariate statistical analysis was employed using Principal Components Analysis(PCA)and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis(HCA)on 24 samples across six variables.The first three components account for over 76%of the total variance,reinforcing the significance of fracture dynamics in classifying vulnerability levels.The FAI-GOD model removes the very-low-vulnerability class and expands the spatial extent of low-and high-vulnerability zones,reflecting the dominant influence of fracture networks on aquifer sensitivity.While both indices use a five-class system,FAI-GOD redistributes vulnerability by eliminating very-low-vulnerability areas and amplifying low/high categories,highlighting the critical role of fractures.A strong correlation(R2=0.94)between the GOD and FAI-GOD indices,demonstrated through second-order polynomial regression,confirms the robustness of the FAI-GOD model in accurately predicting vulnerability to pollution.This model provides a useful framework for assessing the vulnerability of complex aquifers and serves as a decision-making tool for groundwater managers in similar areas.
基金Supported by Chongqing Health Commission and Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau,No.2023MSXM182。
文摘Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)patients face significant psychological challenges alongside physical symptoms,necessitating a comprehensive understanding of how psychological vulnerability and adaptation patterns evolve throughout the disease course.This review examined 95 studies(2000-2025)from PubMed,Web of Science,and CNKI databases including longitudinal cohorts,randomized controlled trials,and mixed-methods research,to characterize the complex interplay between biological,psychological,and social factors affecting RA patients’mental health.Findings revealed three distinct vulnerability trajectories(45%persistently low,30%fluctuating improvement,25%persistently high)and four adaptation stages,with critical intervention periods occurring 3-6 months postdiagnosis and during disease flares.Multiple factors significantly influence psychological outcomes,including gender(females showing 1.8-fold increased risk),age(younger patients experiencing 42%higher vulnerability),pain intensity,inflammatory markers,and neuroendocrine dysregulation(48%showing cortisol rhythm disruption).Early psychological intervention(within 3 months of diagnosis)demonstrated robust benefits,reducing depression incidence by 42%with effects persisting 24-36 months,while different modalities showed complementary advantages:Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression(Cohen’s d=0.68),mindfulness for pain acceptance(38%improvement),and peer support for meaning reconstruction(25.6%increase).These findings underscore the importance of integrating routine psychological assessment into standard RA care,developing stage-appropriate interventions,and advancing research toward personalized biopsychosocial approaches that address the dynamic psychological dimensions of the disease.
基金supported by the research start-up funds for invited doctor of Lanzhou University of Technology under Grant 14/062402。
文摘In the context of modern software development characterized by increasing complexity and compressed development cycles,traditional static vulnerability detection methods face prominent challenges including high false positive rates and missed detections of complex logic due to their over-reliance on rule templates.This paper proposes a Syntax-Aware Hierarchical Attention Network(SAHAN)model,which achieves high-precision vulnerability detection through grammar-rule-driven multi-granularity code slicing and hierarchical semantic fusion mechanisms.The SAHAN model first generates Syntax Independent Units(SIUs),which slices the code based on Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)and predefined grammar rules,retaining vulnerability-sensitive contexts.Following this,through a hierarchical attention mechanism,the local syntax-aware layer encodes fine-grained patterns within SIUs,while the global semantic correlation layer captures vulnerability chains across SIUs,achieving synergistic modeling of syntax and semantics.Experiments show that on benchmark datasets like QEMU,SAHAN significantly improves detection performance by 4.8%to 13.1%on average compared to baseline models such as Devign and VulDeePecker.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1402003)the CAS Earth Big Data Science Project(No.XDA19060303)the Innovation Project of the State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System(No.O88RAA01YA)
文摘Efficient and accurate access to coastal land cover information is of great significance for marine disaster prevention and mitigation.Although the popular and common sensors of land resource satellites provide free and valuable images to map the land cover,coastal areas often encounter significant cloud cover,especially in tropical areas,which makes the classification in those areas non-ideal.To solve this problem,we proposed a framework of combining medium-resolution optical images and synthetic aperture radar(SAR)data with the recently popular object-based image analysis(OBIA)method and used the Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar(PALSAR)images acquired in Singapore in 2017 as a case study.We designed experiments to confirm two critical factors of this framework:one is the segmentation scale that determines the average object size,and the other is the classification feature.Accuracy assessments of the land cover indicated that the optimal segmentation scale was between 40 and 80,and the features of the combination of OLI and SAR resulted in higher accuracy than any individual features,especially in areas with cloud cover.Based on the land cover generated by this framework,we assessed the vulnerability of the marine disasters of Singapore in 2008 and 2017 and found that the high-vulnerability areas mainly located in the southeast and increased by 118.97 km2 over the past decade.To clarify the disaster response plan for different geographical environments,we classified risk based on altitude and distance from shore.The newly increased high-vulnerability regions within 4 km offshore and below 30 m above sea level are at high risk;these regions may need to focus on strengthening disaster prevention construction.This study serves as a typical example of using remote sensing techniques for the vulnerability assessment of marine disasters,especially those in cloudy coastal areas.
基金This work is supported by the National Social Science Fund of China[Grant number.18BGL008]the Australian Research Council[Grant number.DP110105522].
文摘Western China features a vast area of mountains and high plateaus where millions of people,including diverse ethnic minority groups,have inhabited for generations.Geographically located in the mountainous,remote,and isolated regions,rural communities are prone to natural hazards and thus become vulnerable to impoverishment.To reduce rural vulnerability,many people residing in mountainous villages opted to out-migrate from their original villages and hometowns while some took in-situ adaptation measures.A host of government-sponsored resettlement programs have been carried out to help rural villagers seek alternative livelihoods elsewhere over the past four decades.To achieve a sustainable future for rural communities in mountainous areas of western China,more effective policies and measures need to be developed and enforced.
文摘In semi-arid areas of Tanzania vulnerability context is depicted as the starting component for policy process analysis through the sustainable livelihood approach. Giving vulnerability a high prominence in this analysis allowed the research to consider all kinds of vulnerabilities as central issues to the ways in which livelihoods are shaped. Hence the Sustainable Livelihood framework was used in this research as the comprehensive framework for assessing the contributing factors to limited water resources availability to sustain people’s livelihoods. The study revealed that, changes in the quantity, timing, intensity and duration of rainfall as a result of climate change contributes to greater water stress and making people more vulnerable. Due to over-abstraction upstream of the Great Ruaha River, it implies that, people depending on the water resources downstream of the Great Ruaha River catchment are vulnerable. Their livelihoods are at risks as they don’t have water for irrigation and other economic activities. The study also revealed that, both vulnerability and livelihood strategies are derived through natural water availability which features droughts, climate change and the link between water availability, agricultural production, and outcomes.
文摘To implement successful policies for the protection of groundwater and curtail the possibility of water supply contamination, an early evaluation of aquifer vulnerability is needed. Rather than implementing broad restrictions to land use and effluent discharge, it is more cost-effective and economically favourable to approach protection in a stepwise manner by first assessing the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer when defining the level of land use control that is needed to protect groundwater quality. Following aquifer vulnerability evaluation, specific land uses and restrictions should be defined locally for each water supply within the wellhead protection areas (WHPAs), which are identified by means of the groundwater time of travel (TOT). The WHPA should be established for each individual situation, considering the level of vulnerability of the exploited aquifer. We applied our findings to a specific test site in the Piemonte region of NW Italy, following the current local procedure for individuating the WHPAs. Using data gathered from this site-specific exercise, we identified that the procedure allows methods that consider only aquifer parameters to evaluate vulnerability and discourages the use of techniques that already compartmentalize soil parameters in the vulnerability assessment.
文摘The impact of human activities on sensitive watershed terrains is a critical consideration in the management of urban ecosystems. Degradation of sensitive ecosystem features such as watershed land areas is often irreversible due to the extent and intensity. The vulnerability of 150 m watershed management zone of Otamiri river Owerri Imo State, Nigeria was studied by topographic analysis using 1977 digital elevation model (DEM), 1977 aerial photos, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission DEM of 2000, 2012 satellite imagery and the 2016 Master Plan of the study area. The impact of human activities in elevation change was observed in the parts of substantial human activities while topographical stability was recorded for areas of very low human activities.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42001202,52209030,42171208)Young Talent Fund of Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi,China(No.20240703)+1 种基金Social Science Foundation Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2022R019)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.GK202207005)。
文摘Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved a win-win situation concerning ecological restoration and socio-economic development.However,synergistic development may not be realized at the local scale.In areas undergoing ecological restoration,livelihood vulner-ability may be more pronounced due to the inflexibility,policy protection,and susceptibility to climate and market changes in forestry production.Although this issue has attracted academic interest,empirical studies are relatively scarce.This study,centered on Jiaxian County,Shaanxi Province of China explored the households’livelihood vulnerability and coping strategies and group heterogeneity con-cerned with livelihood structures or forestry resources through field investigation,comprehensive index assessment,and nonparametric tests.Findings showed that:1)the percentage of households with high livelihood vulnerability indicator(LVI)(>0.491)reached 46.34%.2)Eight groups in livelihood structures formed by forestry,traditional agriculture,and non-farm activities were significantly different in LVI,land resources(LR),social networks(SN),livelihood strategies(LS),housing characteristics(HC),and socio-demo-graphic profile(SDP).3)The livelihood vulnerability of the groups with highly engaged/reliance on jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)forest demonstrated more prominent livelihood vulnerability due to the increased precipitation and cold market,where the low-engaged with reliance type were significantly more vulnerable in LVI,SDP,LR,and HC.4)The threshold of behavioral triggers widely varied,and farmers dependent on forestry livelihoods showed negative coping behavior.Specifically,the cutting behavior was strongly associated with lagged years and government subsidies,guidance,and high returns of crops.Finally,the findings can provide guidance on the dir-ection of livelihood vulnerability mitigation and adaptive government management in ecologically restored areas.The issue of farmers’livelihood sustainability in the context of ecological conservation calls for immediate attention,and eco-compensations or other forms of assistance in ecologically functional areas are expected to be enhanced and diversified.
文摘Karst groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination,which urges better land use zoning.This paper proposes a new approach,called COCKPIT-PLUS,to minimize groundwater contamination within cockpit karst regions.The method employed four parameters:P(the existence of ponor/swallow hole),L(lineament density),U(sinking stream to an underground river),and S(distance to spring/pumping site).These parameters are essential for identifying contaminant pathways and transport from the surface to the karst groundwater/springs.COCKPIT-PLUS has been developed and validated in the Gunungsewu karst in Java,Indonesia.This research considers a cockpit as a single hydrological unit that uniquely recharges karst groundwater.We analyzed 2,811 cockpits and 81 other closed depressions to develop a land use planning map.The research used the time to first arrival(Ta),time to peak(Tp),and Q_(max/min)ratio parameters of two karst springs and two underground pumping sites for validation.Cockpits with ponors/swallow holes,sinking streams,high lineament density,and short distances to springs are vulnerable to groundwater and thus must be restricted areas for any land uses.The findings show that though the COCKPIT-PLUS uses a limited karst dataset,the proposed method seems reliable enough for a rapid land-use zoning approach in cockpit karst areas.
文摘This research investigates anthropogenic activities influencing flood vulnerability in Ala riverfront residential areas of Akure,Nigeria with a view to identifying area susceptible to flood hazard in the river basin and to suggest possible mitigation measures.With respect to data gathering for the study,265 questionnaires which amounted to 1%of the research population were administered using simple random sampling.Findings from the survey revealed erection of buildings on riparian land and indiscriminate dumping of wastes into river bodies as factors responsible for the blockage of river channels and waterways.It also exposed resident’s poor dispositions to flood forecasts and non-adherence to other management measures.The study concludes by recommending public enlightenment campaign to reducing denizen’s vulnerability to flood disaster.There is the need for provision of waste management and drainage facilities as well as regular dredging of the watercourse to stimulate its absorptive capacity in the event of heavy downpour.It further suggests creation of artificial lake as natural basin to collect huge volume of water discharged from all watersheds leading to the river.Ultimately,stringent efforts of environmental and town planning officers are needed to enforce total compliance to all intended management regulations to check the menace.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFA0715900).
文摘Located in northern China,the Hetao Plain is an important agro-economic zone and population centre.The deterioration of local groundwater quality has had a serious impact on human health and economic development.Nowadays,the groundwater vulnerability assessment(GVA)has become an essential task to identify the current status and development trend of groundwater quality.In this study,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)and Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)models are integrated to realize the spatio-temporal prediction of regional groundwater vulnerability by introducing the Self-attention mechanism.The study firstly builds the CNN-LSTM modelwith self-attention(SA)mechanism and evaluates the prediction accuracy of the model for groundwater vulnerability compared to other common machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),and Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost).The results indicate that the CNNLSTM model outperforms thesemodels,demonstrating its significance in groundwater vulnerability assessment.It can be posited that the predictions indicate an increased risk of groundwater vulnerability in the study area over the coming years.This increase can be attributed to the synergistic impact of global climate anomalies and intensified local human activities.Moreover,the overall groundwater vulnerability risk in the entire region has increased,evident fromboth the notably high value and standard deviation.This suggests that the spatial variability of groundwater vulnerability in the area is expected to expand in the future due to the sustained progression of climate change and human activities.The model can be optimized for diverse applications across regional environmental assessment,pollution prediction,and risk statistics.This study holds particular significance for ecological protection and groundwater resource management.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931293)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271275).
文摘The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.
文摘Physiographic differences and conditions of use of water resources in anthropogenic basins explain the variability of risk to surface water. Based on the multi-criteria analysis of Saaty, the present work proposes an assessment of the vulnerability of surface water through a three-factor accessibility index: the slope, the subdivision rate and the drainage density of the basin. It is observed that the topographic (slope) and urbanistic (subdivision) conditions are the most important (weighting of 59%, 34%) in front of the hydrographic condition (drainage 6%) with an overall consistency of 2%. Thus, in the Okpara basin in the city of Parakou, the analysis of the vulnerability of surface waters by the accessibility index highlights two groups. The Ganré and Kokouro basins with about 30% of their areas in the low and moderate classes and the Wonka and Dama basins in the very strong class at more than 50% of their areas.
基金the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for supporting the study through the CRG-CPEC-130 project。
文摘Climate change and rising temperatures are accelerating the rate of deglaciation in the Hindu Kush Karakoram Himalaya(HKH)ranges,leading to the formation of new glacial lakes and the expansion of existing ones.These lakes are often vulnerable to failure,posing a significant threat to downstream communities and infrastructure.Therefore,a comprehensive assessment of Glacier-Lake Outburst Flood(GLOF)hazards and risk assessment is crucial to evaluate flood runout characteristics and identify settlements and infrastructure that are exposed and vulnerable to floods,aiding in the development and implementation of risk reduction strategies.This study aims to simulate a GLOF event induced by the Shisper glacier lake in northern Pakistan,using the HEC-RAS,and to assess its impact on settlements,infrastructure,and agricultural land.For the hydrometeorological analysis of the GLOF event,topographic data from unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),stream profiles,discharge data,Manning's roughness coefficient(n),and land use/land cover(LULC)were analyzed using HEC-RAS and geographic information system(GIS).During the GLOF event on May 7,2022,a maximum water depth of 6.3 m and a maximum velocity of 9.5 m/s were recorded.Based on the runout characteristics of this event,vulnerability and risk assessments have been calculated.The physical,social,and environmental vulnerabilities of the at-risk elements were evaluated using the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)and integrated with the hazard data to develop a risk map.The study identified the areas,infrastructure and settlements susceptible to GLOF hazard to support the development and implementation of targeted and evidence-based mitigation and adaptation strategies.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42325503)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and the Meteorological Innovation and Development Project of China(Grant Nos.2023AFD096 and 2022CFD122)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(Grant No.2024020901030454)the Beijige Foundation of NJIAS(Grant No.BJG202304)。
文摘Based on comprehensive observations of 20 wire icing events during winter from 2019 to 2021,we investigated the characteristics of the icing properties,the atmospheric boundary layer structure,the raindrop size distribution,and their associated effects on the ice accretion mechanism in the mountainous region of Southwest China.The maximum ice weight was positively correlated with the duration of ice accretion in the mountainous area.The duration of precipitation accounted for less than 20%of the icing period in the mountainous area,with solid-phase hydrometeors being predominant.Icing events,dominated by freezing rain(FR)and mixed rain–graupel(more than 70%),were characterized by glaze or highdensity mixed icing.The relationship between the melting energy and refreezing energy reflected the distribution characteristics of the proportion of FR under mixed-phase precipitation.The intensity of the warm layer and the dominant precipitation phase significantly affected the variations in the microphysical properties of FR.The melting of large dry snowflakes significantly contributed to FR in the mountainous areas,resulting in smaller generalized intercepts and larger mass-weighted mean diameters in the presence of a stronger warm layer.Under a weaker warm layer,the value of the massweighted mean diameter was significantly smaller because of the inability of large solid particles to melt.Finally,FR in the mountainous area dominated the ice weight during the rapid ice accumulation period.A numerical simulation of FR icing on wires effectively revealed the evolution of disaster-causing icing in mountainous areas.
文摘In Niger, farms have been facing negative effects of climate change for several decades. The objective of this work is to assess the vulnerability of farms in Tillabery department by proposing an adaptation approach. A five-step method and descriptive analysis were used on a sample of 250 farmers. The degree of damage caused by pests and crop diseases is significant, with respective proportions of 52.50% and 40.40%. It appears that the main climate risk factors for vulnerability are droughts, floods, soil degradation, and pest invasions. Additionally, the average level of exposure to agricultural operations is very high, with an index of 0.6. The sensitivity index remained constant in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 and is significant (reaching an index of 0.8). However, 61.2% of farms have a medium level of vulnerability and 33.3% have a high vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Nonetheless, a concerning trend regarding the vulnerability of farms has been observed. To assist policymakers and development actors in improving the vulnerability level of these production units, four phases of action are proposed: a diagnostic phase, evaluation, estimation of adaptation needs, implementation, and proper monitoring of actions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(252300421290)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771438)+1 种基金the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)of Henan University(22IRTSTHN010)the Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province(HNYJS2020JD14).
文摘Soil moisture(SM)is a critical variable in terrestrial ecosystems,especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water sources are limited.Despite its importance,understanding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in these areas remains insufficient.This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SM in arid and semi-arid areas of China by utilizing the extended triple collation(ETC),Mann-Kendall test,Theil-Sen estimator,ridge regression analysis,and other relevant methods.The following findings were obtained:(1)at the pixel scale,the long-term monthly SM data from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative(ESA CCI)exhibited the highest correlation coefficient of 0.794 and the lowest root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.014 m^(3)/m^(3);(2)from 2000 to 2022,the study area experienced significant increase in annual average SM,with a rate of 0.408×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a).Moreover,higher altitudes showed a notable upward trend,with SM increasing rates at 0.210×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 1000 and 2000 m,0.530×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m,and 0.760×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)at altitudes above 4000 m;(3)land surface temperature(LST),root zone soil moisture(RSM)(10-40 cm depth),and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were identified as the primary factors influencing annual average SM,which accounted for 34.37%,24.16%,and 22.64%relative contributions,respectively;and(4)absolute contribution of LST was more significant in subareas at higher altitudes,with average absolute contributions of 0.800×10^(-3)m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)between 2000 and 4000 m and 0.500×10^(-2) m^(3)/(m^(3)•a)above 4000 m.This study reveals the spatiotemporal variations and main influencing factors of SM in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas,highlighting the more pronounced absolute contribution of LST to SM in high-altitude areas,providing valuable insights for ecological research and water resource management in these areas.
基金supported by Ecological Conservation and High-Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin program(2022-YRUC-01-0102)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0405).
文摘Understanding the response of ecological vulnerability to global changes is essential for sustainable ecosystem management.However,incorporating ecological vulnerability assessment into accurate decision-making to illustrate ecosystem dynamics and drivers remains unclear.Here,we used the Vulnerability Scoping Diagram model(VSD)and ecological vulnerability index(EVI)to evaluate the ecosystem vulnerability in the upper reach of Yellow River(URYR).Our results show that EVI increased from southwest to northeast,and EVI first went down from 2005 to 2015 and then slightly up from 2015 to 2020.The lower EVI can be attributed to improving environmental protection and restoration projects in the URYR.The subareas of the High-High cluster were distributed in the northeast,and those of the Low-Low cluster were distributed in the southwest,respectively.Furthermore,we divided the URYR into four zones(e.g.,Protection Zone,Ecological Degradation Zone,Ecological Improvement Zone,and Comprehensive Zone)according to the EVI.Consequently,a long-term detection system and public education should be enhanced to improve environmental awareness,which plays a beneficial role in the sustainable development of four zones.All in all,our findings not only shed light on the dynamic of ecological vulnerability but also provide the diversification management of the upper reach of the Yellow River.
