The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the cent...The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.展开更多
A graph G is called d-degenerate if every subgraph of G has a vertex of degree at most d.It was known that planar graphs are 5-degenerate and every planar graph without k-cycles for some prescribed k∈{3,5,6}is 3-dege...A graph G is called d-degenerate if every subgraph of G has a vertex of degree at most d.It was known that planar graphs are 5-degenerate and every planar graph without k-cycles for some prescribed k∈{3,5,6}is 3-degenerate.In this paper,we show that if G is a planar graph without kites and 9-or 10-cycles,then G is 3-degenerate,hence 4-choosable and list vertex 2-arborable.展开更多
Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that pla...Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that plays an important role in a broad range of cellular activities from calcium regulation to protein synthesis and trafficking.In neurons,the ER extends from the soma through the axon to presynaptic terminals,and throughout the dendritic arbor into as many as half of all postsynaptic dendritic spines at any given time(Falahati et al.,2022).展开更多
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis(S.Enteritidis)is a global foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to human health,with poultry being the primary reservoir host.Therefore,addressing S.Ente...Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis(S.Enteritidis)is a global foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to human health,with poultry being the primary reservoir host.Therefore,addressing S.Enteritidis infections in poultry is crucial to protect human health and the poultry industry.In this study,we investigated the effect of co-housing Arbor Acres(AA)chickens,a commercial breed susceptible to S.Enteritidis,with Tibetan chickens,a local breed resistant to S.Enteritidis infection,on the resistance of the latter to the pathogen.Results Ninety-six 1-day-old Tibetan chickens and 961-day-old AA chickens were divided into a Tibetan chicken housed alone group(n=48),an AA chicken housed alone group(n=48),and a co-housed group(48 birds from each breed for 2 cages).All birds were provided the same diet,and the experimental period lasted 14 d.At d 7,all chickens were infected with S.Enteritidis,and samples were collected at 1-,3-,and 7-day-post-infection.We found that the body weight of AA chickens significantly increased when co-housed with Tibetan chickens at 1-and 3-day-post-infection(P<0.05).In addition,the cecal S.Enteritidis load in AA chickens was significantly reduced at 1-,3-,and 7-day-post-infection(P<0.05).Furthermore,the inflammatory response in AA chickens decreased,as evidenced by the decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines NOS2,TNF-α,IL-8,IL-1β,and IFN-γin their cecal tonsils(P<0.05).Co-housing with Tibetan chickens significantly increased the height of villi and number of goblet cells(P<0.05),as well as the expression of claudin-1(P<0.05),a tight junction protein,in the jejunum of AA chickens.Further analysis revealed that co-housing altered the gut microbiota composition in AA chickens;specifically,the relative abundances of harmful microbes,such as Intestinimonas,Oscillibacter,Tuzzerella,Anaerotruncus,Paludicola,and Anaerofilum were reduced(P<0.05).Conclusions Our findings indicate that co-housing with Tibetan chickens enhanced the resistance of AA chickens to S.Enteritidis infection without compromising the resistance of Tibetan chickens.This study provides a novel approach for Salmonella control in practical poultry production.展开更多
Pygmy lorises are arboreal primates primarily found in forest environments across Southeast Asia(Nekaris 2014).Theyhave a diverse diet,including plant secretions,nectar,fruits,invertebrates,tree bark,and bird eggs.All...Pygmy lorises are arboreal primates primarily found in forest environments across Southeast Asia(Nekaris 2014).Theyhave a diverse diet,including plant secretions,nectar,fruits,invertebrates,tree bark,and bird eggs.All 9 known speciesof pygmy lorises are listed as globally endangered species(Nekaris 2014).Pygmy lorises exhibit a range of unique phenotypic characteristics rarely seen among primates.展开更多
The main lysosomal protease cathepsin D(cathD)is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis via its degradative function,and its loss leads to ceroid accumulation in the mammalian nervous system,which results in pro...The main lysosomal protease cathepsin D(cathD)is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis via its degradative function,and its loss leads to ceroid accumulation in the mammalian nervous system,which results in progressive neurodegeneration.Increasing evidence implies non-proteolytic roles of cathD in regulating various biological processes such as apoptosis,cell proliferation,and migration.Along these lines,we here showed that cathD is required for modulating dendritic architecture in the nervous system independent of its traditional degradative function.Upon cathD depletion,class I and class III arborization(da)neurons in Drosophila larvae exhibited aberrant dendritic morphology,including overbranching,aberrant turning,and elongation defects.Reintroduction of wild-type cathD or its proteolyticallyinactive mutant dramatically abolished these morphological defects.Moreover,cathD knockdown also led to dendritic defects in the adult mushroom bodies,suggesting that cathD-mediated processes are required in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.Taken together,our results demonstrate a critical role of cathD in shaping dendritic architecture independent of its proteolytic function.展开更多
A typical neuron is comprised of an information input compartment, or the dendrites, and an output compartment, known as the axon. These two compartments are the structural basis for functional neural circuits, Howeve...A typical neuron is comprised of an information input compartment, or the dendrites, and an output compartment, known as the axon. These two compartments are the structural basis for functional neural circuits, However, little is known about how dendritic and axonal growth are differentially regulated. Recent studies have uncovered two distinct types of regulatory mechanisms that differentiate dendritic and axonal growth： dedicated mechanisms and bimodal mechanisms. Dedicated mechanisms regulate either dendrite- specific or axon-specific growth; in contrast, bimodal mechanisms direct dendritic and axonal development in opposite manners. Here, we review the dedicated and bimodal regulators identified by recent Drosophila and mammalian studies. The knowledge of these underlying molecular mechanisms not only expands our understanding about how neural circuits are wired, but also provides insights that will aid in the rational design of therapies for neurological diseases.展开更多
The community characteristics of natural secondary forests on the north slope of Changbai Mountain after selective cutting were investigated, and the dynamics of arborous species diversity during the restoration perio...The community characteristics of natural secondary forests on the north slope of Changbai Mountain after selective cutting were investigated, and the dynamics of arborous species diversity during the restoration period of 28 years were studied. The results showed that the arborous species richness (S) had little change and kept the range of 18-22 all along, the Simpson index (D) of the secondary layer and regeneration layer and whole stand had similar trends of change, but that of the canopy layer descended slowly in initial 15 years and had little change later, and the change of diversity index was not obvious and the Shannon-Wiener index (H? fluctuated in a very small scopes (H±10%).展开更多
The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in various developmental processes.Wnt5a,which activates the non-canonical pathway,has been shown to be particularly important for axon guidance and outgrowth as well as dendr...The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in various developmental processes.Wnt5a,which activates the non-canonical pathway,has been shown to be particularly important for axon guidance and outgrowth as well as dendrite morphogenesis.However,the mechanism underlying the regulation of Wnt5a remains unclear.Here,through conditional disruption of Foxg1 in hippocampal progenitors and postmitotic neurons achieved by crossing Foxg1~(fl/fl)with Emx1-Cre and Nex-Cre,respectively,we found that Wnt5a rather than Wnt3a/Wnt2b was markedly upregulated.Overexpression of Foxg1 had the opposite effects along with decreased dendritic complexity and reduced mossy fibers in the hippocampus.We further demonstrated that FOXG1 directly repressed Wnt5a by binding to its promoter and one enhancer site.These results expand our knowledge of the interaction between Foxg1 and Wnt signaling and help elucidate the mechanisms underlying hippocampal development.展开更多
The structure and principle of the PMAC (Programmable Multi-Axis Controller) were described.The implementation of PMAC hardware was illustrated by taking the winding process of one cell for example.The main obvious ch...The structure and principle of the PMAC (Programmable Multi-Axis Controller) were described.The implementation of PMAC hardware was illustrated by taking the winding process of one cell for example.The main obvious character of PMAC is to complete a movement program in turns of movement sequence.When PMAC is notified to execute a motion program, it will process one command every time and finish all the calculation to be ready for real action.PMAC card works always prior to real action, when necessary, it can always coordinate correctly with the action which will be carried out soon PMAC will automatically carry out the function of resource management periodically to make sure that the whole system is in correct condition.And also, it can communicate with host computer anytime even during a movement series.The responsibility of PMAC is to organize command according to priority to optimize the system, so as to run the application program safely and efficiently.The function and application of control were emphasized.展开更多
Studies on positional behavior and canopy use are essential for understanding how arboreal animals adapt their morphological characteristics and behaviors to the challenges of their environment.This study explores can...Studies on positional behavior and canopy use are essential for understanding how arboreal animals adapt their morphological characteristics and behaviors to the challenges of their environment.This study explores canopy and substrate use along with positional behavior in adult black snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus strykeri,an endemic,critically endangered primate species in Gaoligong Mountains,southwest China.Using continuous focal animal sampling,we collected data over a 52-month period and found that R.strykeri is highly arboreal primarily using the high layers of the forest canopy(15–30 m),along with the terminal zone of tree crowns(52.9%),medium substrates(41.5%),and oblique substrates(56.8%).We also found sex differences in canopy and substrate use.Females use the terminal zones(56.7%versus 40.4%),small/medium(77.7%versus 60.1%),and oblique(59.9%versus 46.5%)substrates significantly more than males.On the other hand,males spend more time on large/very large(39.9%versus 22.3%)and horizontal(49.7%versus 35.2%)substrates.Whereas both sexes mainly sit(84.7%),and stand quadrupedally(9.1%),males stand quadrupedally(11.5%versus 8.3%),and bipedally(2.9%versus 0.8%)more often than females.Clamber,quadrupedalism,and leap/drop are the main locomotor modes for both sexes.Rhinopithecus strykeri populations never enter canopies of degenerated secondary forest and mainly use terminal branches in the middle and upper layers of canopies in intact mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest and hemlock coniferous broadleaf mixed forests across their habitat.展开更多
基金supported by the Wellcome Trust(grant No.103852).
文摘The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.
文摘A graph G is called d-degenerate if every subgraph of G has a vertex of degree at most d.It was known that planar graphs are 5-degenerate and every planar graph without k-cycles for some prescribed k∈{3,5,6}is 3-degenerate.In this paper,we show that if G is a planar graph without kites and 9-or 10-cycles,then G is 3-degenerate,hence 4-choosable and list vertex 2-arborable.
基金supported by AHA Career Development Award 938683 (to PJD)NIH grant R01MH123700 (to MLD)
文摘Since the first electron micrograph of“lace-like structures”over 75 years ago,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is now viewed as a highly dynamic,constantly remodeling,continuous network of tubules and cisternae that plays an important role in a broad range of cellular activities from calcium regulation to protein synthesis and trafficking.In neurons,the ER extends from the soma through the axon to presynaptic terminals,and throughout the dendritic arbor into as many as half of all postsynaptic dendritic spines at any given time(Falahati et al.,2022).
基金supported by the Earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Grant No.CARS-41-G01).
文摘Background Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis(S.Enteritidis)is a global foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to human health,with poultry being the primary reservoir host.Therefore,addressing S.Enteritidis infections in poultry is crucial to protect human health and the poultry industry.In this study,we investigated the effect of co-housing Arbor Acres(AA)chickens,a commercial breed susceptible to S.Enteritidis,with Tibetan chickens,a local breed resistant to S.Enteritidis infection,on the resistance of the latter to the pathogen.Results Ninety-six 1-day-old Tibetan chickens and 961-day-old AA chickens were divided into a Tibetan chicken housed alone group(n=48),an AA chicken housed alone group(n=48),and a co-housed group(48 birds from each breed for 2 cages).All birds were provided the same diet,and the experimental period lasted 14 d.At d 7,all chickens were infected with S.Enteritidis,and samples were collected at 1-,3-,and 7-day-post-infection.We found that the body weight of AA chickens significantly increased when co-housed with Tibetan chickens at 1-and 3-day-post-infection(P<0.05).In addition,the cecal S.Enteritidis load in AA chickens was significantly reduced at 1-,3-,and 7-day-post-infection(P<0.05).Furthermore,the inflammatory response in AA chickens decreased,as evidenced by the decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines NOS2,TNF-α,IL-8,IL-1β,and IFN-γin their cecal tonsils(P<0.05).Co-housing with Tibetan chickens significantly increased the height of villi and number of goblet cells(P<0.05),as well as the expression of claudin-1(P<0.05),a tight junction protein,in the jejunum of AA chickens.Further analysis revealed that co-housing altered the gut microbiota composition in AA chickens;specifically,the relative abundances of harmful microbes,such as Intestinimonas,Oscillibacter,Tuzzerella,Anaerotruncus,Paludicola,and Anaerofilum were reduced(P<0.05).Conclusions Our findings indicate that co-housing with Tibetan chickens enhanced the resistance of AA chickens to S.Enteritidis infection without compromising the resistance of Tibetan chickens.This study provides a novel approach for Salmonella control in practical poultry production.
基金supported by the Shaanxi FundamentalScience Research Project for Chemistry&Biology(grant no.22JHQ049)Basic Research Program of Natural Sciencesof Shaanxi Province(2019JM-339).
文摘Pygmy lorises are arboreal primates primarily found in forest environments across Southeast Asia(Nekaris 2014).Theyhave a diverse diet,including plant secretions,nectar,fruits,invertebrates,tree bark,and bird eggs.All 9 known speciesof pygmy lorises are listed as globally endangered species(Nekaris 2014).Pygmy lorises exhibit a range of unique phenotypic characteristics rarely seen among primates.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31490590,3150112&and 81821091)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0501000)+1 种基金the 111 Project(Bl3026)and Hangzhou Science and Technology Development Plans,China(20110833B29).
文摘The main lysosomal protease cathepsin D(cathD)is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis via its degradative function,and its loss leads to ceroid accumulation in the mammalian nervous system,which results in progressive neurodegeneration.Increasing evidence implies non-proteolytic roles of cathD in regulating various biological processes such as apoptosis,cell proliferation,and migration.Along these lines,we here showed that cathD is required for modulating dendritic architecture in the nervous system independent of its traditional degradative function.Upon cathD depletion,class I and class III arborization(da)neurons in Drosophila larvae exhibited aberrant dendritic morphology,including overbranching,aberrant turning,and elongation defects.Reintroduction of wild-type cathD or its proteolyticallyinactive mutant dramatically abolished these morphological defects.Moreover,cathD knockdown also led to dendritic defects in the adult mushroom bodies,suggesting that cathD-mediated processes are required in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.Taken together,our results demonstrate a critical role of cathD in shaping dendritic architecture independent of its proteolytic function.
基金supported by grants from the NIH (R01MH091186 and R21AA021204) and the Pew Charitable Trusts
文摘A typical neuron is comprised of an information input compartment, or the dendrites, and an output compartment, known as the axon. These two compartments are the structural basis for functional neural circuits, However, little is known about how dendritic and axonal growth are differentially regulated. Recent studies have uncovered two distinct types of regulatory mechanisms that differentiate dendritic and axonal growth： dedicated mechanisms and bimodal mechanisms. Dedicated mechanisms regulate either dendrite- specific or axon-specific growth; in contrast, bimodal mechanisms direct dendritic and axonal development in opposite manners. Here, we review the dedicated and bimodal regulators identified by recent Drosophila and mammalian studies. The knowledge of these underlying molecular mechanisms not only expands our understanding about how neural circuits are wired, but also provides insights that will aid in the rational design of therapies for neurological diseases.
基金This research was supported by Institute of Shenyang Applied Ecology CAS (SCXMS0101),National Key Technologies R&D Program (NKTRDP. 2002BA516A20) and the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education
文摘The community characteristics of natural secondary forests on the north slope of Changbai Mountain after selective cutting were investigated, and the dynamics of arborous species diversity during the restoration period of 28 years were studied. The results showed that the arborous species richness (S) had little change and kept the range of 18-22 all along, the Simpson index (D) of the secondary layer and regeneration layer and whole stand had similar trends of change, but that of the canopy layer descended slowly in initial 15 years and had little change later, and the change of diversity index was not obvious and the Shannon-Wiener index (H? fluctuated in a very small scopes (H±10%).
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930045 and 81870899)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0501001)。
文摘The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in various developmental processes.Wnt5a,which activates the non-canonical pathway,has been shown to be particularly important for axon guidance and outgrowth as well as dendrite morphogenesis.However,the mechanism underlying the regulation of Wnt5a remains unclear.Here,through conditional disruption of Foxg1 in hippocampal progenitors and postmitotic neurons achieved by crossing Foxg1~(fl/fl)with Emx1-Cre and Nex-Cre,respectively,we found that Wnt5a rather than Wnt3a/Wnt2b was markedly upregulated.Overexpression of Foxg1 had the opposite effects along with decreased dendritic complexity and reduced mossy fibers in the hippocampus.We further demonstrated that FOXG1 directly repressed Wnt5a by binding to its promoter and one enhancer site.These results expand our knowledge of the interaction between Foxg1 and Wnt signaling and help elucidate the mechanisms underlying hippocampal development.
文摘The structure and principle of the PMAC (Programmable Multi-Axis Controller) were described.The implementation of PMAC hardware was illustrated by taking the winding process of one cell for example.The main obvious character of PMAC is to complete a movement program in turns of movement sequence.When PMAC is notified to execute a motion program, it will process one command every time and finish all the calculation to be ready for real action.PMAC card works always prior to real action, when necessary, it can always coordinate correctly with the action which will be carried out soon PMAC will automatically carry out the function of resource management periodically to make sure that the whole system is in correct condition.And also, it can communicate with host computer anytime even during a movement series.The responsibility of PMAC is to organize command according to priority to optimize the system, so as to run the application program safely and efficiently.The function and application of control were emphasized.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China(31860168)Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations(Germany,Rhinopithecus.MMR.2015)+1 种基金the Australian National University Fieldwork Funding for Higher Degree Research Students(R61250FW)Young talents program of ten thousand talents plan of Yunnan(YNWRQNBJ-2019-262).
文摘Studies on positional behavior and canopy use are essential for understanding how arboreal animals adapt their morphological characteristics and behaviors to the challenges of their environment.This study explores canopy and substrate use along with positional behavior in adult black snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus strykeri,an endemic,critically endangered primate species in Gaoligong Mountains,southwest China.Using continuous focal animal sampling,we collected data over a 52-month period and found that R.strykeri is highly arboreal primarily using the high layers of the forest canopy(15–30 m),along with the terminal zone of tree crowns(52.9%),medium substrates(41.5%),and oblique substrates(56.8%).We also found sex differences in canopy and substrate use.Females use the terminal zones(56.7%versus 40.4%),small/medium(77.7%versus 60.1%),and oblique(59.9%versus 46.5%)substrates significantly more than males.On the other hand,males spend more time on large/very large(39.9%versus 22.3%)and horizontal(49.7%versus 35.2%)substrates.Whereas both sexes mainly sit(84.7%),and stand quadrupedally(9.1%),males stand quadrupedally(11.5%versus 8.3%),and bipedally(2.9%versus 0.8%)more often than females.Clamber,quadrupedalism,and leap/drop are the main locomotor modes for both sexes.Rhinopithecus strykeri populations never enter canopies of degenerated secondary forest and mainly use terminal branches in the middle and upper layers of canopies in intact mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest and hemlock coniferous broadleaf mixed forests across their habitat.
