Saxitoxin(STX)is a marine biotoxin produced by cyanobacteria and methanobacteria,which is harmful to humans and aquatic organisms.Therefore,it is urgent to establish an efficient,sensitive and selective method for the...Saxitoxin(STX)is a marine biotoxin produced by cyanobacteria and methanobacteria,which is harmful to humans and aquatic organisms.Therefore,it is urgent to establish an efficient,sensitive and selective method for the screening of STX.In this paper,based on the HAuCl_(4)/H_(2)O_(2)reaction system,gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)decorated Fe_(3)O_(4)magnetic beads(Fe3O4@Au NPs)and Pt/Au nanozymes(Pt/Au NZs),an improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)aptasensor was proposed for sensitive and selective detection of STX.Firstly,SERS tag(4-mercaptobenzoic acid)and aptamer modified Fe3O4@Au NPs were hybridized with complementary DNA modified Pt/Au NZs(Pt/Au-cDNA)to form the specific complexes.Wherein,aptamer acted as capture agent to specifically recognize STX,Pt/Au NZs catalyzed HAuCl_(4)/H_(2)O_(2)reaction to enhance SERS signal,and Fe_(3)O_(4)facilitated the magnetic separation and simple detection operations.The SERS aptasensor achieved sensitive detection of STX with a wide linear range from 0.02 to 0.8μmol/L and a low limit of detection(LOD)of 13 nmol/L(signal-to-noise(S/N)=3).To evaluate the performance of this method,STX were detected in the spiked seafood samples with recoveries from 78.75%to 150%with relative standard deviation below 6.52%.Besides,the SERS aptasensor behaved good stability and repeatability,revealing its promising potential in STX detection and food safety detection.展开更多
Ochratoxin A(OTA),one of the most dangerous mycotoxins for human health,has been subjected to numerous studies for separation and detection in minimal amounts.Aptamers as novel recognition elements have been employed ...Ochratoxin A(OTA),one of the most dangerous mycotoxins for human health,has been subjected to numerous studies for separation and detection in minimal amounts.Aptamers as novel recognition elements have been employed to fabricate ultrasensitive biosensors for the detection of OTA and designing delicate analytical tools.This review attempted to comprehensively examine all reported aptamer-based detection and separation platforms for ochratoxin.The most relevant databases were considered to discover all specific aptamers for dealing with OTA.Aptamer-based detection and separation devices specified for OTA were searched for,analyzed,discussed,and classified based on their specifications.The optical aptasensors have gathered a higher interest than electrochemical aptasensors,which can achieve a lower limit of detections.Moreover,some extraction platforms based on these aptamers were also found.However,aptamer-based devices seem to have some challenges in their application.展开更多
In this paper, the DNA-templated Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoclusters were successfully synthesized using an optimized synthetic scheme. The obtained DNA-Ag/Pt NCs have an ultrasmall particle size and excellent distribution....In this paper, the DNA-templated Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoclusters were successfully synthesized using an optimized synthetic scheme. The obtained DNA-Ag/Pt NCs have an ultrasmall particle size and excellent distribution. The DNA-Ag/Pt NCs show intrinsic peroxidase-mimicking activity and can effectively catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of a substrate, 3,30,5,50-tetramethylbenzidine（TMB）, to produce a blue colored product. Based on this specific property, we employed the aptamer of VEGF to design a label-free electrochemical biosensor for VEGF detection. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a linear range from 6.0 pmol/L to 20 pmol/L was obtained with a detection limit of 4.6 pmol/L. The proposed biosensor demonstrated its high specificity for VEGF and could directly detect the VEGF concentration in human serum samples of breast cancer patients with satisfactory results. This novel electrochemical aptasensor was simple and convenient to use and was cost-effective and label-free in design, and would hold potential applications in medical diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Due to their high specificity and affinity towards various targets,along with other unique advantages such as stability and low cost,aptamers are widely applied in analytical techniques.A typical aptamerbased electroc...Due to their high specificity and affinity towards various targets,along with other unique advantages such as stability and low cost,aptamers are widely applied in analytical techniques.A typical aptamerbased electrochemical biosensor is composed of a aptamer as the biological recognition element and transducer converting the biologic interaction into electrical signals for the quantitative measurement of targets.Improvement of the sensitivity of a biosensor is significantly important in order to achieve the detection of biomolecules with low abundance,and different amplification strategies have been explored.The strategies either employ nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles to con struct electrodes which can transfer the biological reactions more efficiently,or attempt to obtain enhanced signal through multi-labeled carriers or utilize enzyme mimics to catalyze redox cycling.This review discusses recent advances in signal amplification methods and their applications.Critical assessment of each method is also considered.展开更多
Okadaic acid(OA)is a typical marine toxin with strong toxicity causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning(DSP).Aptamers show great advantages in toxin detection and attract increasing attentions in the field of food analys...Okadaic acid(OA)is a typical marine toxin with strong toxicity causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning(DSP).Aptamers show great advantages in toxin detection and attract increasing attentions in the field of food analysis.In this study,a label-free col-orimetric aptasensor was constructed for visual and rapid detection of OA in shellfish.To exploit the binding capability of the anti-OA aptamer,the inherent molecular recognition mechanism of aptamer and OA was studied,based on molecular docking,fluorescent assay,and biolayer interferometry.Consistent results showed that the stem-loop near the 3’terminal of the aptamer exhibit dominate binding capacity.Based on the revealed recognition information,the aptamer was thus rationally utilized and combined with AuNPs and cationic polymer polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(PDDA)for the development of the label-free colorimetric aptasensor,in which the 3’terminal was thoroughly exposed to OA.The aptasensor provided robust performance with a linear detection range of 100-1200 nmol L-1,a limit of detection of 41.30 nmol L-1,recovery rates of 91.6%-106.2%,as well as a high selectivity towards OA in shellfish samples.The whole detection process can be completed within 1 h.To our best knowledge,this is the first time that the anti-OA aptamer was thoroughly studied,and a label-free colorimetric aptasensor was rationally designed in this way.This study not only provides a rapid detection method for highly sensitive and specific detection of OA,but also serves as a reference for the design of efficient aptasensors in the future.展开更多
Access to security and safe food is a basic human necessity and essential for a sustainable world. To perform hi-end rood safety analysis and risk assessment with state of the art technologies is of utmost importance ...Access to security and safe food is a basic human necessity and essential for a sustainable world. To perform hi-end rood safety analysis and risk assessment with state of the art technologies is of utmost importance thereof. With applications as exemplified by microfiuidic immunoassay, aptasensor, direct analysis in real time, high resolution mass spectrometry, benchmark dose and chemical specific adjustment factor, this review presents frontier food safety analysis and risk assessment technologies, from which both food quality and public health will benefit undoubtedly in a foreseeable future.展开更多
More and more attentions have been focused on design and synthesis of novel metal-organic framework/graphene oxide(MOF/GO)composites with unique performance.Zirconium-porphyrin MOF(PCN-222)is in-situ synthesis with th...More and more attentions have been focused on design and synthesis of novel metal-organic framework/graphene oxide(MOF/GO)composites with unique performance.Zirconium-porphyrin MOF(PCN-222)is in-situ synthesis with the existence of GO with-COOH group to artfully fabricate a PCN-222/GO composite.This composite can be employed as functional material to modify the working electrode.Thanks to excellent electrical conductivity of GO,abundant mesoporous channels and numerous Zr(Ⅳ)metal sites of PCN-222,this composite can immobilize a large amount of aptamer through strongπ-πstacking interaction and high affinity between phosphate group of aptamer and Zr(Ⅳ)site of PCN-222 simultaneously.Hence,an ultra-sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on PCN-222/GO composite can quantificationally detect trace chloramphenicol with limit of detection of 7.04 pg/m L(21.79 pmol/L)from 0.01 ng/m L to 50 ng/m L by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy even in real samples.Meanwhile,this fabricated aptasensor reveals good repeatability,outstanding selectivity and preferable long-term storage.This research provides a useful approach to construct MOF/GO composites for fabricating electrochemical aptasensors in the electrochemical detection field.展开更多
An improved ssDNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by enrichment(SELEX)was applied to select aptamers against carbaryl.After nine selection rounds,a highly enriched ssDNA pool was obtained.The Apta3...An improved ssDNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by enrichment(SELEX)was applied to select aptamers against carbaryl.After nine selection rounds,a highly enriched ssDNA pool was obtained.The Apta3 was demonstrated as the optimal aptame r.In order to facilitate the modification of aptamer,the Apta3 was further truncated with the dissociation constant(K_(d))of 0.364±0.055μmol/L and a fluorescent aptasensor was developed.The linear range for carbaryl was from 100 nmol/L to1500 nmol/L,with the limit of detection was as low as 15.23 nmol/L.Besides,the biosensor was validated for the carbaryl spiked real samples,and the recoveries were between 97.7%and 107.3%.展开更多
In this work, a simple gold nanoparticles(Au NPs) based colorimetric biosensor was developed for chlorpyrifos(Chl) detection using an aptamer as the capture probe. The Chl-aptamer with low dissociation constant(Kd) of...In this work, a simple gold nanoparticles(Au NPs) based colorimetric biosensor was developed for chlorpyrifos(Chl) detection using an aptamer as the capture probe. The Chl-aptamer with low dissociation constant(Kd) of 58.59 ± 6.08 nmol/L was selected by ss DNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by enrichment(SELEX). In the absence of Chl, the Chl-aptamer acted as the stabilizer for Au NPs in salt solution. In the presence of Chl, the highly specific Chl-aptamer bound with Chl targets immediately,thus a self-aggregation of Au NPs induced by salt was displayed. The fabricated colorimetric aptasensor exhibited an excellent sensitivity for Chl detection with the LOD as low as 14.46 nmol/L. In addition, the aptasensor was applied to test Chl in tap water, cucumber and cabbage samples, the excellent recoveries with acceptable RSD values below 5% demonstrated that the method can be considered as a promising tool for simple, rapid Chl detection.展开更多
In this study,a fluorescent(FL)aptasensor was developed for on-site detection of live Salmonella typhimurium(S.T.)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(V.P.).Complementary DNA(cDNA)of aptamer(Apt)-functionalized multicolor poly...In this study,a fluorescent(FL)aptasensor was developed for on-site detection of live Salmonella typhimurium(S.T.)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(V.P.).Complementary DNA(cDNA)of aptamer(Apt)-functionalized multicolor polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-perovskite quantum dots(cDNA-POSSPQDs)were used as encoded probes and combined with dual-stirring-bar-assisted signal amplification for pathogen quantification.In this system,bar 1 was labeled with the S.T.and V.P.Apts,and then bar 2 was functionalized with cDNA-POSS-PQDs.When S.T.and V.P.were introduced,pathogen-Apt complexes would form and be released into the supernatant from bar 1.Under agitation,the two complexes reached bar 2 and subsequently reacted with cDNA-POSS-PQDs,which were immobilized on MXene.Then,the encoded probes would be detached from bar 2 to generate FL signals in the supernatant.Notably,the pathogens can resume their free state and initiate next cycle.They swim between the two bars,and the FL signals can be gradually enhanced to maximum after several cycles.The FL signals from released encoded probes can be used to detect the analytes.In particular,live pathogens can be distinguished from dead ones by using an assay.The detection limits and linear range for S.T.and V.P.were 30 and 10 CFU/mL and 10^(2) -10^(6) CFU/mL,respectively.Therefore,this assay has broad application potential for simultaneous on-site detection of various live pathogenic bacteria in water.展开更多
Saxitoxin(STX),one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish poisons discovered to date,is listed as a required item of aquatic product safety inspection worldwide.However,conventional detection methods for STX are limite...Saxitoxin(STX),one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish poisons discovered to date,is listed as a required item of aquatic product safety inspection worldwide.However,conventional detection methods for STX are limited by various issues,such as low sensitivity,complicated operations,and ethical considerations.In this study,an aptamer-triplex molecular switch(APT-TMS)and gold nanoparticle(AuNP)nanozyme were combined to develop a label-free colorimetric aptasensor for the rapid and highly sensitive de-tection of STX.An anti-STX aptamer designed with pyrimidine arms and a purine chain was fabricated to form an APT-TMS.Specific binding between the aptamer and STX triggered the opening of the switch,which causes the purine chains to adsorb onto the surface of the AuNPs and enhances the peroxidase-like activity of the AuNP nanozyme toward 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine.Under optimized conditions,the proposed aptasensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity for STX,with a limit of detection of 335.6 pmol L^(−1) and a linear range of 0.59-150 nmol L^(−1).Moreover,good recoveries of 82.70%-92.66%for shellfish and 88.97%-106.5%for seawater were obtained.The analysis could be completed within 1 h.The proposed design also offers a robust strategy to achieve detection of other marine toxin targets by altering the corresponding aptamers.展开更多
This work introduces a simple and facile approach for the morphology and size controlled synthesis of Co-doped MIL-96.By using different bases as modulators,Co-doped MIL-96 was obtained with sizes that varied from 5 ...This work introduces a simple and facile approach for the morphology and size controlled synthesis of Co-doped MIL-96.By using different bases as modulators,Co-doped MIL-96 was obtained with sizes that varied from 5 μm to 300 nm,and four different morphologies,including hexagonal prism,icosahedron,hexagonal spindle and ellipsoid.Among these,nano-sized Co-doped MIL-96 with an ellipsoid morphology exhibited the highest electroactive surface area and good conductivity as well as the best electrochemical sensing performance towards α-fetoprotein.展开更多
In this paper, a novel and sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for detecting tetracycline(TET)with prussian blue(PB) as the label-free signal was fabricated. A PB-chitosan-glutaraldehyde(PB-CS-GA)system acting as the...In this paper, a novel and sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for detecting tetracycline(TET)with prussian blue(PB) as the label-free signal was fabricated. A PB-chitosan-glutaraldehyde(PB-CS-GA)system acting as the signal indicator was developed to improve the sensitivity of the electrochemical aptasensor.Firstly, the PB-CS-GA was fixed onto the glass carbon electrode surface. Then, colloidal gold nanoparticles(Au NPs) were droped onto the electrode to immobilize the anti-TET aptamer for preparation of the aptasensor.The stepwise assembly process of the aptasensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry(C-V) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The target TET captured onto the electrode induced the current response of the electrode due to the non-conducting biomoleculars. Under the optimum operating conditions, the response of differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) was used for detecting the concentration of TET. The proposed aptasensor showed a high sensitivity and a wide linear range of 109-～ 105-M and 105-～ 102-M with the correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.992, respectively. The detection limit was 3.2×1010-M(RSD 4.12%). Due to its rapidity, sensitivity and low cost, the proposed aptasensor could be used as a pre-scanning method in TET determination for the analysis of livestock products.展开更多
There has been a need for rapid detection of Avian Influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 due to it being a potential pandemic threat. Most of the current methods, including culture isolation and PCR, are very sensitive and speci...There has been a need for rapid detection of Avian Influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 due to it being a potential pandemic threat. Most of the current methods, including culture isolation and PCR, are very sensitive and specific but require specialized laboratories and trained personnel in order to complete the tests and are time-consuming. The goal of this study was to design a biosensor that would be able to rapidly detect AIV H5N1 using aptamers as biosensing material and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for transducing method. Specific DNA aptamers against AIV H5N1 were immobilized, through biotin and streptavidin conjugation, onto the gold surface of QCM sensor to capture the target virus. Magnetic nanobeads (150 nm in diameter) were then added as amplifiers considering its large surface/volume ratio which allows for faster movement and a higher target molecule binding rate. The result showed that the captured AIV caused frequency change, and more change was observed when the AIV concentration increased. The nanobead amplification was effective at the lower concentrations of AIV, however, it was not significant when the AIV concentration was 1 HA or higher. The detection limit of the aptasensor was 1 HAU with a detection time of 1 h. The capture of the target virus on to the surface of QCM sensor and the binding of magnetic nanobeads with the virus was confirmed with electron microscopy. Aptamers have unlimited shelf life and are temperature stable which allows this aptasensor to give much more consistent results specifically for in field applications.展开更多
As an acidic glycoprotein,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)is of great value as a broad-spectrum tumor marker in the differential diagnosis and surveillance of malignant tumors.In this work,we report an electrochemical ap...As an acidic glycoprotein,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)is of great value as a broad-spectrum tumor marker in the differential diagnosis and surveillance of malignant tumors.In this work,we report an electrochemical aptasensor for the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of CEA,taking advantage of the dual amplification by the boronate affinity-assisted electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization(BA-eATRP).Specifically,the BAeATRP-based electrochemical aptasensing of CEA involves the capture of target antigens by nucleic acid aptamers,the covalent crosslinking of ATRP initiators to CEA antigens via the selective interactions between the phenylboronic acid(PBA)group and the cis-diol group of the monosaccharide residues,and the collection of the ferrocene(Fc)reporters via the eATRP of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate(FcMMA).As CEA is decorated with hundreds of cis-diol groups,the BA-based crosslinking can result in the labeling of each CEA with hundreds of ATRP initiators;furthermore,the eATRP of FcMMA results in the surface-initiated growth of long-chain ferrocenyl polymers,leading to the tethering of each ATRP initiator-conjugated site with hundreds to thousands of Fc reporters.Such that,the BAeATRP can result in the efficient labeling of each CEA with a plenty of Fc reporters.Under the optimized conditions,the BA-eATRP-based strategy enables the highly selective aptasensing of CEA at a concentration as low as 0.34 pg·mL^(-1),with a linear range of 1.01000 pg·mL^(-1).Besides,this aptasensor has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of CEA in human serum.The BA-eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensor is cost-effective and simple in operation,holding broad application prospect in the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of CEA.展开更多
We report the design of a sensitive,electrochemical aptasensor for detection of ochratoxin A(OTA)with an extraordinary tunable dynamic sensing range.This electrochemical aptasensor is constructed based on the target i...We report the design of a sensitive,electrochemical aptasensor for detection of ochratoxin A(OTA)with an extraordinary tunable dynamic sensing range.This electrochemical aptasensor is constructed based on the target induced aptamer-folding detection mechanism and the recognition between OTA and its aptamers results in the conformational change of the aptamer probe and thus signal changes for measurement.The dynamic sensing range of the electrochemical aptasensor is successfully tuned by introduction of free assistant aptamer probes in the sensing system.Our electrochemical aptasensor shows an extraordinary dynamic sensing range of 11-order magnitude of OTA concentration from 10^−8 to 10^2 ng/g.Of great significance,the signal response in all OTA concentration ranges is at the same current scale,demonstrating that our sensing protocol in this research could be applied for accurate detections of OTA in a broad range without using any complicated treatment of signal amplification.Finally,OTA spiked red wine and maize samples in different dynamic sensing ranges are determined with the electrochemical aptasensor under optimized sensing conditions.This tuning strategy of dynamic sensing range may offer a promising platform for electrochemical aptasensor optimizations in practical applications.展开更多
A novel electrochemical detection approach for platelet-derived growth factor（PDGF） via ＂sandwich＂structure is reported in this paper. 3D-4MgCO3 Mg（OH）2 4H2O-Au NPs inorganic hybrid composite was utilized as imm...A novel electrochemical detection approach for platelet-derived growth factor（PDGF） via ＂sandwich＂structure is reported in this paper. 3D-4MgCO3 Mg（OH）2 4H2O-Au NPs inorganic hybrid composite was utilized as immobilized substrate for sensitive PDGF detection and Pt-Au bimetallic nanoparticles were labelled on PDGF aptamer to indirectly detect PDGF for the first time. The proposed aptasensor exhibited a high catalytic efficiency towards reduction of H2O2, hence the sensitive detection of PDGF was achieved.Results showed that the aptasensor exhibited excellent linear response to PDGF, in the range of 0.1 pg/m L–10 ng/m L（4 fmol/L–400 pmol/L）, with detection limit of 0.03 pg/m L（1.2 fmol/L）.展开更多
Porous organic frameworks(POFs)are excellently stable porous materials,which can be employed as host platforms to support metal nanoparticles as functional composites for various applications.Herein,a novel POF is suc...Porous organic frameworks(POFs)are excellently stable porous materials,which can be employed as host platforms to support metal nanoparticles as functional composites for various applications.Herein,a novel POF is successfully prepared via Friedel-Crafts reaction.Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)are embedded in the prepared POF to generate an Ag@POF composite,which not only possesses high surface area,outstanding physicochemical stability and outstretchedπ-conjugation skeleton,but also exhibits preferable electrochemical stability and conductivity.This composite is able to immobilize a mass of aptamer strands to fabricate an intriguing electrochemical aptasensor.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)is a commonly used technology to analyze the electrochemical signal variation.The Ag@POF-based biosensor shows the excellent electrochemical detection behavior through analyzing EIS.For instance theophylline as a research mode,the Ag@POF based electrochemical aptasensor reveals ultra-sensitiveness,high selectivity,remarkable stability,good repeatability and simple operability even in various real samples.Notably,this aptasensor has the sensitive detection performance with the limit of detection of 0.191 pg/m L(1.06 pmol/L)in a wide concentration range of 5.0×10^(-4)–5.0 ng/m L(2.78×10^(-3)–27.8 nmol/L).展开更多
Simple yet efficient detection methods for food allergens are in urgent need to help people avoid the risks imposed by allergenic food.In this work,a polydopamine(PDA)-based fluorescent aptasensor was developed to det...Simple yet efficient detection methods for food allergens are in urgent need to help people avoid the risks imposed by allergenic food.In this work,a polydopamine(PDA)-based fluorescent aptasensor was developed to detect arginine kinase(AK),one of the major allergens in shellfish.The aptamer towards AK was firstly selected via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method and labeled with fluorescein amidite(FAM)to build a fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)system with PDA particles.Polyethylene glycol(PEG)was employed to construct an antifouling surface for the aptasensor to eliminate food matrix interferences.With the presence of AK,the PDA-based aptasensor exhibited elevated fluorescent signals as the FAM-labeled aptamer bound to AK and detached from the PDA particles.The aptasensor showed great stability and resistance to nonspecific interference of background proteins and had a limit of detection(LOD)of 0.298μg/mL.The proposed aptasensor was further proved to be feasible for quantitative analysis of AK in nine species of shrimps and five commercial processed products,which indicated its high potential in tracing the presence of AK in complex aquatic products.展开更多
Antibiotic abuse now poses a grave threat to global ecology and bestirs public concerns about the residue issue in daily necessities.The traceability measurements along supply chain or logistic circulation have become...Antibiotic abuse now poses a grave threat to global ecology and bestirs public concerns about the residue issue in daily necessities.The traceability measurements along supply chain or logistic circulation have become increasingly essential given the labile nature of diverse synthetic residuals on site.In an attempt to answer this urgency,here a miniaturized fluorometric aptasensor prototype was contrived that catered to the point-of-care screening norm for two typical additives:chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin.The key target-indicating module worked in vitro based on the competitive binding-induced fluorescence recovery of fluorescein-labeled aptamers,which were photobleached beforehand in the format of double helix on burlike nanogold carriers.The“prickly”geometry of the latter not just enriched the capture probes at preferentially substrate-accessible spires;but also contributed to a tip-enhanced surface plasmon effect,sensitizing the signal-on during the duplex dissociation even at nanomolar threshold of the analytes.On the other hand,to encompass a full portable,a set of optical devices were mounted within a 3D-printed cartridge(adaptor)to converge the light beam and route it towards the detector,for which the smartphone camera came up in handy with a home-developed App for calibrating the emissive brightness.Enlightened by the high-dynamic-range compression,an imaging diagnostic algorithm was built in to grid and digitize each slide in the album for augmented detection performance.Thus,a novel bio-to-silico integration was invented that capable of in situ rapid reporting on the antibiotic presence with high sensitivity and selectivity.Further field practices in spiked milk on sales proved the precision and rudimentary feasibility of the well-assembled model of appliance,thus holding nice prospects in nonexpert(e.g.,family and local community)utilities for foodborne antibiotic identification.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3236062242388101)+2 种基金the Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(YSPTZX202152)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety,State Administration for Market Regulation(KF-2025001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M760311).
文摘Saxitoxin(STX)is a marine biotoxin produced by cyanobacteria and methanobacteria,which is harmful to humans and aquatic organisms.Therefore,it is urgent to establish an efficient,sensitive and selective method for the screening of STX.In this paper,based on the HAuCl_(4)/H_(2)O_(2)reaction system,gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)decorated Fe_(3)O_(4)magnetic beads(Fe3O4@Au NPs)and Pt/Au nanozymes(Pt/Au NZs),an improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)aptasensor was proposed for sensitive and selective detection of STX.Firstly,SERS tag(4-mercaptobenzoic acid)and aptamer modified Fe3O4@Au NPs were hybridized with complementary DNA modified Pt/Au NZs(Pt/Au-cDNA)to form the specific complexes.Wherein,aptamer acted as capture agent to specifically recognize STX,Pt/Au NZs catalyzed HAuCl_(4)/H_(2)O_(2)reaction to enhance SERS signal,and Fe_(3)O_(4)facilitated the magnetic separation and simple detection operations.The SERS aptasensor achieved sensitive detection of STX with a wide linear range from 0.02 to 0.8μmol/L and a low limit of detection(LOD)of 13 nmol/L(signal-to-noise(S/N)=3).To evaluate the performance of this method,STX were detected in the spiked seafood samples with recoveries from 78.75%to 150%with relative standard deviation below 6.52%.Besides,the SERS aptasensor behaved good stability and repeatability,revealing its promising potential in STX detection and food safety detection.
文摘Ochratoxin A(OTA),one of the most dangerous mycotoxins for human health,has been subjected to numerous studies for separation and detection in minimal amounts.Aptamers as novel recognition elements have been employed to fabricate ultrasensitive biosensors for the detection of OTA and designing delicate analytical tools.This review attempted to comprehensively examine all reported aptamer-based detection and separation platforms for ochratoxin.The most relevant databases were considered to discover all specific aptamers for dealing with OTA.Aptamer-based detection and separation devices specified for OTA were searched for,analyzed,discussed,and classified based on their specifications.The optical aptasensors have gathered a higher interest than electrochemical aptasensors,which can achieve a lower limit of detections.Moreover,some extraction platforms based on these aptamers were also found.However,aptamer-based devices seem to have some challenges in their application.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21375017, 21105012 and 21205015)the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Fujian Province (No. 2013J06003)+3 种基金the Key Project of Fujian Science and Technology (No. 2013Y0045)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents of Colleges and Universities in Fujian Province (Nos. JA13130 and JA13088)the Program for Fujian University Outstanding Youth Scientific Research (Nos. JA11105 and JA10295)the Foundation of Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau (No. 2013-S-122-4)
文摘In this paper, the DNA-templated Ag/Pt bimetallic nanoclusters were successfully synthesized using an optimized synthetic scheme. The obtained DNA-Ag/Pt NCs have an ultrasmall particle size and excellent distribution. The DNA-Ag/Pt NCs show intrinsic peroxidase-mimicking activity and can effectively catalyze the H2O2-mediated oxidation of a substrate, 3,30,5,50-tetramethylbenzidine（TMB）, to produce a blue colored product. Based on this specific property, we employed the aptamer of VEGF to design a label-free electrochemical biosensor for VEGF detection. Under the optimized experimental conditions, a linear range from 6.0 pmol/L to 20 pmol/L was obtained with a detection limit of 4.6 pmol/L. The proposed biosensor demonstrated its high specificity for VEGF and could directly detect the VEGF concentration in human serum samples of breast cancer patients with satisfactory results. This novel electrochemical aptasensor was simple and convenient to use and was cost-effective and label-free in design, and would hold potential applications in medical diagnosis and treatment.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0205301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61527806,81902153 and 61871180)+1 种基金the Clinical Advanced Technology of Social Development Projects in Jiangsu Province(No.BE2018695)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2017JJ2069).
文摘Due to their high specificity and affinity towards various targets,along with other unique advantages such as stability and low cost,aptamers are widely applied in analytical techniques.A typical aptamerbased electrochemical biosensor is composed of a aptamer as the biological recognition element and transducer converting the biologic interaction into electrical signals for the quantitative measurement of targets.Improvement of the sensitivity of a biosensor is significantly important in order to achieve the detection of biomolecules with low abundance,and different amplification strategies have been explored.The strategies either employ nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles to con struct electrodes which can transfer the biological reactions more efficiently,or attempt to obtain enhanced signal through multi-labeled carriers or utilize enzyme mimics to catalyze redox cycling.This review discusses recent advances in signal amplification methods and their applications.Critical assessment of each method is also considered.
基金funded by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(No.31801620).
文摘Okadaic acid(OA)is a typical marine toxin with strong toxicity causing diarrheic shellfish poisoning(DSP).Aptamers show great advantages in toxin detection and attract increasing attentions in the field of food analysis.In this study,a label-free col-orimetric aptasensor was constructed for visual and rapid detection of OA in shellfish.To exploit the binding capability of the anti-OA aptamer,the inherent molecular recognition mechanism of aptamer and OA was studied,based on molecular docking,fluorescent assay,and biolayer interferometry.Consistent results showed that the stem-loop near the 3’terminal of the aptamer exhibit dominate binding capacity.Based on the revealed recognition information,the aptamer was thus rationally utilized and combined with AuNPs and cationic polymer polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(PDDA)for the development of the label-free colorimetric aptasensor,in which the 3’terminal was thoroughly exposed to OA.The aptasensor provided robust performance with a linear detection range of 100-1200 nmol L-1,a limit of detection of 41.30 nmol L-1,recovery rates of 91.6%-106.2%,as well as a high selectivity towards OA in shellfish samples.The whole detection process can be completed within 1 h.To our best knowledge,this is the first time that the anti-OA aptamer was thoroughly studied,and a label-free colorimetric aptasensor was rationally designed in this way.This study not only provides a rapid detection method for highly sensitive and specific detection of OA,but also serves as a reference for the design of efficient aptasensors in the future.
基金financially supported by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project, China (Z131110000613066)the Educational and Teaching Reform Project for Graduate Students, China (G-JG-XJ201408)the Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, China
文摘Access to security and safe food is a basic human necessity and essential for a sustainable world. To perform hi-end rood safety analysis and risk assessment with state of the art technologies is of utmost importance thereof. With applications as exemplified by microfiuidic immunoassay, aptasensor, direct analysis in real time, high resolution mass spectrometry, benchmark dose and chemical specific adjustment factor, this review presents frontier food safety analysis and risk assessment technologies, from which both food quality and public health will benefit undoubtedly in a foreseeable future.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21801187)。
文摘More and more attentions have been focused on design and synthesis of novel metal-organic framework/graphene oxide(MOF/GO)composites with unique performance.Zirconium-porphyrin MOF(PCN-222)is in-situ synthesis with the existence of GO with-COOH group to artfully fabricate a PCN-222/GO composite.This composite can be employed as functional material to modify the working electrode.Thanks to excellent electrical conductivity of GO,abundant mesoporous channels and numerous Zr(Ⅳ)metal sites of PCN-222,this composite can immobilize a large amount of aptamer through strongπ-πstacking interaction and high affinity between phosphate group of aptamer and Zr(Ⅳ)site of PCN-222 simultaneously.Hence,an ultra-sensitive electrochemical aptasensor based on PCN-222/GO composite can quantificationally detect trace chloramphenicol with limit of detection of 7.04 pg/m L(21.79 pmol/L)from 0.01 ng/m L to 50 ng/m L by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy even in real samples.Meanwhile,this fabricated aptasensor reveals good repeatability,outstanding selectivity and preferable long-term storage.This research provides a useful approach to construct MOF/GO composites for fabricating electrochemical aptasensors in the electrochemical detection field.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1602905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61527806 and 61871180)。
文摘An improved ssDNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by enrichment(SELEX)was applied to select aptamers against carbaryl.After nine selection rounds,a highly enriched ssDNA pool was obtained.The Apta3 was demonstrated as the optimal aptame r.In order to facilitate the modification of aptamer,the Apta3 was further truncated with the dissociation constant(K_(d))of 0.364±0.055μmol/L and a fluorescent aptasensor was developed.The linear range for carbaryl was from 100 nmol/L to1500 nmol/L,with the limit of detection was as low as 15.23 nmol/L.Besides,the biosensor was validated for the carbaryl spiked real samples,and the recoveries were between 97.7%and 107.3%.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2018YFC1602905)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61871180 and 61527806) for the financial supports。
文摘In this work, a simple gold nanoparticles(Au NPs) based colorimetric biosensor was developed for chlorpyrifos(Chl) detection using an aptamer as the capture probe. The Chl-aptamer with low dissociation constant(Kd) of 58.59 ± 6.08 nmol/L was selected by ss DNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by enrichment(SELEX). In the absence of Chl, the Chl-aptamer acted as the stabilizer for Au NPs in salt solution. In the presence of Chl, the highly specific Chl-aptamer bound with Chl targets immediately,thus a self-aggregation of Au NPs induced by salt was displayed. The fabricated colorimetric aptasensor exhibited an excellent sensitivity for Chl detection with the LOD as low as 14.46 nmol/L. In addition, the aptasensor was applied to test Chl in tap water, cucumber and cabbage samples, the excellent recoveries with acceptable RSD values below 5% demonstrated that the method can be considered as a promising tool for simple, rapid Chl detection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:21974074)Ningbo Public Welfare Technology Plan Project of China(Grant Nos.:2021Z056,2022Z170,2022S011,and 202002N3112)+2 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Top Discipline of Biological Engineering(Level A)(Grant Nos.:CX2021051 and KF2021004)Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Analysis Test Plan(Grant No.:LGC20B 050006)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.
文摘In this study,a fluorescent(FL)aptasensor was developed for on-site detection of live Salmonella typhimurium(S.T.)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(V.P.).Complementary DNA(cDNA)of aptamer(Apt)-functionalized multicolor polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-perovskite quantum dots(cDNA-POSSPQDs)were used as encoded probes and combined with dual-stirring-bar-assisted signal amplification for pathogen quantification.In this system,bar 1 was labeled with the S.T.and V.P.Apts,and then bar 2 was functionalized with cDNA-POSS-PQDs.When S.T.and V.P.were introduced,pathogen-Apt complexes would form and be released into the supernatant from bar 1.Under agitation,the two complexes reached bar 2 and subsequently reacted with cDNA-POSS-PQDs,which were immobilized on MXene.Then,the encoded probes would be detached from bar 2 to generate FL signals in the supernatant.Notably,the pathogens can resume their free state and initiate next cycle.They swim between the two bars,and the FL signals can be gradually enhanced to maximum after several cycles.The FL signals from released encoded probes can be used to detect the analytes.In particular,live pathogens can be distinguished from dead ones by using an assay.The detection limits and linear range for S.T.and V.P.were 30 and 10 CFU/mL and 10^(2) -10^(6) CFU/mL,respectively.Therefore,this assay has broad application potential for simultaneous on-site detection of various live pathogenic bacteria in water.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31801620).
文摘Saxitoxin(STX),one of the most toxic paralytic shellfish poisons discovered to date,is listed as a required item of aquatic product safety inspection worldwide.However,conventional detection methods for STX are limited by various issues,such as low sensitivity,complicated operations,and ethical considerations.In this study,an aptamer-triplex molecular switch(APT-TMS)and gold nanoparticle(AuNP)nanozyme were combined to develop a label-free colorimetric aptasensor for the rapid and highly sensitive de-tection of STX.An anti-STX aptamer designed with pyrimidine arms and a purine chain was fabricated to form an APT-TMS.Specific binding between the aptamer and STX triggered the opening of the switch,which causes the purine chains to adsorb onto the surface of the AuNPs and enhances the peroxidase-like activity of the AuNP nanozyme toward 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine.Under optimized conditions,the proposed aptasensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity for STX,with a limit of detection of 335.6 pmol L^(−1) and a linear range of 0.59-150 nmol L^(−1).Moreover,good recoveries of 82.70%-92.66%for shellfish and 88.97%-106.5%for seawater were obtained.The analysis could be completed within 1 h.The proposed design also offers a robust strategy to achieve detection of other marine toxin targets by altering the corresponding aptamers.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1904215 and 21471134)Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in University of Henan Province(No.20IRTSTHN003)。
文摘This work introduces a simple and facile approach for the morphology and size controlled synthesis of Co-doped MIL-96.By using different bases as modulators,Co-doped MIL-96 was obtained with sizes that varied from 5 μm to 300 nm,and four different morphologies,including hexagonal prism,icosahedron,hexagonal spindle and ellipsoid.Among these,nano-sized Co-doped MIL-96 with an ellipsoid morphology exhibited the highest electroactive surface area and good conductivity as well as the best electrochemical sensing performance towards α-fetoprotein.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30972055, 31101286)Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Fund Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2011GB2C60020)
文摘In this paper, a novel and sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for detecting tetracycline(TET)with prussian blue(PB) as the label-free signal was fabricated. A PB-chitosan-glutaraldehyde(PB-CS-GA)system acting as the signal indicator was developed to improve the sensitivity of the electrochemical aptasensor.Firstly, the PB-CS-GA was fixed onto the glass carbon electrode surface. Then, colloidal gold nanoparticles(Au NPs) were droped onto the electrode to immobilize the anti-TET aptamer for preparation of the aptasensor.The stepwise assembly process of the aptasensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry(C-V) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The target TET captured onto the electrode induced the current response of the electrode due to the non-conducting biomoleculars. Under the optimum operating conditions, the response of differential pulse voltammetry(DPV) was used for detecting the concentration of TET. The proposed aptasensor showed a high sensitivity and a wide linear range of 109-～ 105-M and 105-～ 102-M with the correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.992, respectively. The detection limit was 3.2×1010-M(RSD 4.12%). Due to its rapidity, sensitivity and low cost, the proposed aptasensor could be used as a pre-scanning method in TET determination for the analysis of livestock products.
文摘There has been a need for rapid detection of Avian Influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 due to it being a potential pandemic threat. Most of the current methods, including culture isolation and PCR, are very sensitive and specific but require specialized laboratories and trained personnel in order to complete the tests and are time-consuming. The goal of this study was to design a biosensor that would be able to rapidly detect AIV H5N1 using aptamers as biosensing material and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for transducing method. Specific DNA aptamers against AIV H5N1 were immobilized, through biotin and streptavidin conjugation, onto the gold surface of QCM sensor to capture the target virus. Magnetic nanobeads (150 nm in diameter) were then added as amplifiers considering its large surface/volume ratio which allows for faster movement and a higher target molecule binding rate. The result showed that the captured AIV caused frequency change, and more change was observed when the AIV concentration increased. The nanobead amplification was effective at the lower concentrations of AIV, however, it was not significant when the AIV concentration was 1 HA or higher. The detection limit of the aptasensor was 1 HAU with a detection time of 1 h. The capture of the target virus on to the surface of QCM sensor and the binding of magnetic nanobeads with the virus was confirmed with electron microscopy. Aptamers have unlimited shelf life and are temperature stable which allows this aptasensor to give much more consistent results specifically for in field applications.
基金This work was co-supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515010618)the Young Talent Support Project of Guangzhou Association for Science and Technology(No.QT-2023-009)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21904026,21974031)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(No.202201010600,202201020170,202201000002)the Innovation Training Program for College Students of Guangzhou University(No.202211078113,S202111078031).
文摘As an acidic glycoprotein,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)is of great value as a broad-spectrum tumor marker in the differential diagnosis and surveillance of malignant tumors.In this work,we report an electrochemical aptasensor for the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of CEA,taking advantage of the dual amplification by the boronate affinity-assisted electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization(BA-eATRP).Specifically,the BAeATRP-based electrochemical aptasensing of CEA involves the capture of target antigens by nucleic acid aptamers,the covalent crosslinking of ATRP initiators to CEA antigens via the selective interactions between the phenylboronic acid(PBA)group and the cis-diol group of the monosaccharide residues,and the collection of the ferrocene(Fc)reporters via the eATRP of ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate(FcMMA).As CEA is decorated with hundreds of cis-diol groups,the BA-based crosslinking can result in the labeling of each CEA with hundreds of ATRP initiators;furthermore,the eATRP of FcMMA results in the surface-initiated growth of long-chain ferrocenyl polymers,leading to the tethering of each ATRP initiator-conjugated site with hundreds to thousands of Fc reporters.Such that,the BAeATRP can result in the efficient labeling of each CEA with a plenty of Fc reporters.Under the optimized conditions,the BA-eATRP-based strategy enables the highly selective aptasensing of CEA at a concentration as low as 0.34 pg·mL^(-1),with a linear range of 1.01000 pg·mL^(-1).Besides,this aptasensor has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of CEA in human serum.The BA-eATRP-based electrochemical aptasensor is cost-effective and simple in operation,holding broad application prospect in the ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of CEA.
基金This work is financially supported by the NSFC grant of 21475030the S&T Research Project of Anhui Province15czz03109the National 10000 Talents-Youth Top-notch Talent Program.
文摘We report the design of a sensitive,electrochemical aptasensor for detection of ochratoxin A(OTA)with an extraordinary tunable dynamic sensing range.This electrochemical aptasensor is constructed based on the target induced aptamer-folding detection mechanism and the recognition between OTA and its aptamers results in the conformational change of the aptamer probe and thus signal changes for measurement.The dynamic sensing range of the electrochemical aptasensor is successfully tuned by introduction of free assistant aptamer probes in the sensing system.Our electrochemical aptasensor shows an extraordinary dynamic sensing range of 11-order magnitude of OTA concentration from 10^−8 to 10^2 ng/g.Of great significance,the signal response in all OTA concentration ranges is at the same current scale,demonstrating that our sensing protocol in this research could be applied for accurate detections of OTA in a broad range without using any complicated treatment of signal amplification.Finally,OTA spiked red wine and maize samples in different dynamic sensing ranges are determined with the electrochemical aptasensor under optimized sensing conditions.This tuning strategy of dynamic sensing range may offer a promising platform for electrochemical aptasensor optimizations in practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.214650236,21165023)
文摘A novel electrochemical detection approach for platelet-derived growth factor（PDGF） via ＂sandwich＂structure is reported in this paper. 3D-4MgCO3 Mg（OH）2 4H2O-Au NPs inorganic hybrid composite was utilized as immobilized substrate for sensitive PDGF detection and Pt-Au bimetallic nanoparticles were labelled on PDGF aptamer to indirectly detect PDGF for the first time. The proposed aptasensor exhibited a high catalytic efficiency towards reduction of H2O2, hence the sensitive detection of PDGF was achieved.Results showed that the aptasensor exhibited excellent linear response to PDGF, in the range of 0.1 pg/m L–10 ng/m L（4 fmol/L–400 pmol/L）, with detection limit of 0.03 pg/m L（1.2 fmol/L）.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21801187)。
文摘Porous organic frameworks(POFs)are excellently stable porous materials,which can be employed as host platforms to support metal nanoparticles as functional composites for various applications.Herein,a novel POF is successfully prepared via Friedel-Crafts reaction.Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)are embedded in the prepared POF to generate an Ag@POF composite,which not only possesses high surface area,outstanding physicochemical stability and outstretchedπ-conjugation skeleton,but also exhibits preferable electrochemical stability and conductivity.This composite is able to immobilize a mass of aptamer strands to fabricate an intriguing electrochemical aptasensor.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)is a commonly used technology to analyze the electrochemical signal variation.The Ag@POF-based biosensor shows the excellent electrochemical detection behavior through analyzing EIS.For instance theophylline as a research mode,the Ag@POF based electrochemical aptasensor reveals ultra-sensitiveness,high selectivity,remarkable stability,good repeatability and simple operability even in various real samples.Notably,this aptasensor has the sensitive detection performance with the limit of detection of 0.191 pg/m L(1.06 pmol/L)in a wide concentration range of 5.0×10^(-4)–5.0 ng/m L(2.78×10^(-3)–27.8 nmol/L).
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1605002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871735)Xinmiao Talent Project of Zhejiang Province(2019R408063)。
文摘Simple yet efficient detection methods for food allergens are in urgent need to help people avoid the risks imposed by allergenic food.In this work,a polydopamine(PDA)-based fluorescent aptasensor was developed to detect arginine kinase(AK),one of the major allergens in shellfish.The aptamer towards AK was firstly selected via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment method and labeled with fluorescein amidite(FAM)to build a fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)system with PDA particles.Polyethylene glycol(PEG)was employed to construct an antifouling surface for the aptasensor to eliminate food matrix interferences.With the presence of AK,the PDA-based aptasensor exhibited elevated fluorescent signals as the FAM-labeled aptamer bound to AK and detached from the PDA particles.The aptasensor showed great stability and resistance to nonspecific interference of background proteins and had a limit of detection(LOD)of 0.298μg/mL.The proposed aptasensor was further proved to be feasible for quantitative analysis of AK in nine species of shrimps and five commercial processed products,which indicated its high potential in tracing the presence of AK in complex aquatic products.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21874071 and 22204077)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M701722)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.30921013112 and 30922010501)。
文摘Antibiotic abuse now poses a grave threat to global ecology and bestirs public concerns about the residue issue in daily necessities.The traceability measurements along supply chain or logistic circulation have become increasingly essential given the labile nature of diverse synthetic residuals on site.In an attempt to answer this urgency,here a miniaturized fluorometric aptasensor prototype was contrived that catered to the point-of-care screening norm for two typical additives:chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin.The key target-indicating module worked in vitro based on the competitive binding-induced fluorescence recovery of fluorescein-labeled aptamers,which were photobleached beforehand in the format of double helix on burlike nanogold carriers.The“prickly”geometry of the latter not just enriched the capture probes at preferentially substrate-accessible spires;but also contributed to a tip-enhanced surface plasmon effect,sensitizing the signal-on during the duplex dissociation even at nanomolar threshold of the analytes.On the other hand,to encompass a full portable,a set of optical devices were mounted within a 3D-printed cartridge(adaptor)to converge the light beam and route it towards the detector,for which the smartphone camera came up in handy with a home-developed App for calibrating the emissive brightness.Enlightened by the high-dynamic-range compression,an imaging diagnostic algorithm was built in to grid and digitize each slide in the album for augmented detection performance.Thus,a novel bio-to-silico integration was invented that capable of in situ rapid reporting on the antibiotic presence with high sensitivity and selectivity.Further field practices in spiked milk on sales proved the precision and rudimentary feasibility of the well-assembled model of appliance,thus holding nice prospects in nonexpert(e.g.,family and local community)utilities for foodborne antibiotic identification.
