Inflatable penile prosthesis(IPP)implantation is the gold standard treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction who are refractory to medical therapy.The standard placement of the reservoir in the space of Retzius...Inflatable penile prosthesis(IPP)implantation is the gold standard treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction who are refractory to medical therapy.The standard placement of the reservoir in the space of Retzius(SOR)may be contraindicated in patients with prior pelvic or abdominal surgery due to altered anatomy and increased risk of complications.This has led to the development of alternative ectopic reservoir placement techniques.In this narrative review,we summarize the literature on various ectopic reservoir approaches,including low and high submuscular placements,submuscular techniques with counter incisions or transfascial fixation,midline submuscular placement,subcutaneous placement,and lateral retroperitoneal approaches.We describe the surgical methods,outcomes,and complication rates associated with each technique.While most methods demonstrate low complication and revision rates,direct comparisons remain limited due to heterogeneity and lack of prospective data.This review highlights the importance of individualized technique selection based on prior surgical history,body habitus,and surgeon experience.As ectopic placement becomes more widely adopted,familiarity with multiple approaches is essential for prosthetic surgeons.展开更多
BACKGROUND Due to the increasing rate of thyroid nodules diagnosis,and the desire to avoid the unsightly cervical scar,remote thyroidectomies were invented and are increasingly performed.Transoral endoscopic thyroidec...BACKGROUND Due to the increasing rate of thyroid nodules diagnosis,and the desire to avoid the unsightly cervical scar,remote thyroidectomies were invented and are increasingly performed.Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach and trans-areolar approaches(TAA)are the two most commonly used remote approaches.No previous meta-analysis has compared postoperative infections and swallowing difficulties among the two procedures.AIM To compared the same among patients undergoing lobectomy for unilateral thyroid carcinoma/benign thyroid nodule.METHODS We searched PubMed MEDLINE,Google Scholar,and Cochrane Library from the date of the first published article up to August 2025.The term used were transoral thyroidectomy vestibular approach,trans areolar thyroidectomy,scarless thyroidectomy,remote thyroidectomy,infections,postoperative,inflammation,dysphagia,and swallowing difficulties.We identified 130 studies,of them,30 full texts were screened and only six studies were included in the final meta-analysis.RESULTS Postoperative infections were not different between the two approaches,odd ratio=1.33,95%confidence interval:0.50-3.53,theχ2 was 1.92 and the P-value for overall effect of 0.57.Similarly,transient swallowing difficulty was not different between the two forms of surgery,with odd ratio=0.91,95%confidence interval:0.35-2.40;theχ2 was 1.32,and the P-value for overall effect of 0.85.CONCLUSION No significant statistical differences were evident between trans-oral endoscopic Mirghani H.Infections and swallowing difficulty in scarless thyroidectomy WJCC https://www.wjgnet.com 2 January 6,2026 Volume 14 Issue 1 thyroidectomy vestibular approach and trans-areolar approach regarding postoperative infection and transient swallowing difficulties.Further longer randomized trials are needed.展开更多
With the expansion of peanut planting area year by year,film mulching cultivation has become increasingly important in peanut production due to its unique advantages in enhancing both yield per unit area and overall e...With the expansion of peanut planting area year by year,film mulching cultivation has become increasingly important in peanut production due to its unique advantages in enhancing both yield per unit area and overall economic benefits.Based on the varietal characteristics of‘Zhouhua 5’and addressing practical issues in peanut production,this paper summarized key techniques for high-yield and high-efficiency film mulching cultivation of this variety.These techniques cover all critical stages,including land preparation and fertilization,seed preparation,sowing methods,field management,and timely harvesting,providing technical guidance for varietal promotion and peanut production.展开更多
Currently,the number of patients with myopia is increasing rapidly across the globe.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with its long history and rich experience,has shown promise in effectively managing and treating th...Currently,the number of patients with myopia is increasing rapidly across the globe.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with its long history and rich experience,has shown promise in effectively managing and treating this condition.Nevertheless,considering the vast amount of research that is currently being conducted,focusing on the utilization of TCM in the management of myopia,there is an urgent requirement for a thorough and comprehensive review.The review would serve to clarify the practical applications of TCM within this specific field,and it would also aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that are at play,providing a deeper understanding of how TCM principles can be effectively integrated into modern medical practices.Here,some modern medical pathogenesis of myopia and appropriate TCM techniques studies are summarized in the prevention and treatment of myopia.Further,we discussed the potential mechanisms and the future research directions of TCM against myopia.Identifying these mechanisms is crucial for understanding how TCM can be effectively utilized in this context.The combination of various TCM methods or the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine is of great significance for the prevention and control of myopia in the future.展开更多
Network-on-Chip(NoC)systems are progressively deployed in connecting massively parallel megacore systems in the new computing architecture.As a result,application mapping has become an important aspect of performance ...Network-on-Chip(NoC)systems are progressively deployed in connecting massively parallel megacore systems in the new computing architecture.As a result,application mapping has become an important aspect of performance and scalability,as current trends require the distribution of computation across network nodes/points.In this paper,we survey a large number of mapping and scheduling techniques designed for NoC architectures.This time,we concentrated on 3D systems.We take a systematic literature review approach to analyze existing methods across static,dynamic,hybrid,and machine-learning-based approaches,alongside preliminary AI-based dynamic models in recent works.We classify them into several main aspects covering power-aware mapping,fault tolerance,load-balancing,and adaptive for dynamic workloads.Also,we assess the efficacy of each method against performance parameters,such as latency,throughput,response time,and error rate.Key challenges,including energy efficiency,real-time adaptability,and reinforcement learning integration,are highlighted as well.To the best of our knowledge,this is one of the recent reviews that identifies both traditional and AI-based algorithms for mapping over a modern NoC,and opens research challenges.Finally,we provide directions for future work toward improved adaptability and scalability via lightweight learned models and hierarchical mapping frameworks.展开更多
With the increasing emphasis on personal information protection,encryption through security protocols has emerged as a critical requirement in data transmission and reception processes.Nevertheless,IoT ecosystems comp...With the increasing emphasis on personal information protection,encryption through security protocols has emerged as a critical requirement in data transmission and reception processes.Nevertheless,IoT ecosystems comprise heterogeneous networks where outdated systems coexist with the latest devices,spanning a range of devices from non-encrypted ones to fully encrypted ones.Given the limited visibility into payloads in this context,this study investigates AI-based attack detection methods that leverage encrypted traffic metadata,eliminating the need for decryption and minimizing system performance degradation—especially in light of these heterogeneous devices.Using the UNSW-NB15 and CICIoT-2023 dataset,encrypted and unencrypted traffic were categorized according to security protocol,and AI-based intrusion detection experiments were conducted for each traffic type based on metadata.To mitigate the problem of class imbalance,eight different data sampling techniques were applied.The effectiveness of these sampling techniques was then comparatively analyzed using two ensemble models and three Deep Learning(DL)models from various perspectives.The experimental results confirmed that metadata-based attack detection is feasible using only encrypted traffic.In the UNSW-NB15 dataset,the f1-score of encrypted traffic was approximately 0.98,which is 4.3%higher than that of unencrypted traffic(approximately 0.94).In addition,analysis of the encrypted traffic in the CICIoT-2023 dataset using the same method showed a significantly lower f1-score of roughly 0.43,indicating that the quality of the dataset and the preprocessing approach have a substantial impact on detection performance.Furthermore,when data sampling techniques were applied to encrypted traffic,the recall in the UNSWNB15(Encrypted)dataset improved by up to 23.0%,and in the CICIoT-2023(Encrypted)dataset by 20.26%,showing a similar level of improvement.Notably,in CICIoT-2023,f1-score and Receiver Operation Characteristic-Area Under the Curve(ROC-AUC)increased by 59.0%and 55.94%,respectively.These results suggest that data sampling can have a positive effect even in encrypted environments.However,the extent of the improvement may vary depending on data quality,model architecture,and sampling strategy.展开更多
This paper elaborates on the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)nursing appropriate techniques,selects techniques including moxibustion,auricular seed pressing,acupoint application,massage and Tuina,Chinese h...This paper elaborates on the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)nursing appropriate techniques,selects techniques including moxibustion,auricular seed pressing,acupoint application,massage and Tuina,Chinese herbal foot bath,five-tone therapy,and aromatherapy,and summarizes the application mechanisms,methods,and clinical effects of these techniques in patients with insomnia.It also analyzes the existing problems in their application and discusses future development and practice directions,aiming to provide references for establishing more standardized and scientific nursing plans for patients with insomnia.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the preventive effect of shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing on shoulder dystocia. Methods: A total of 82 high-risk pregnant women with shoulder dystocia admi...Objective: To evaluate the preventive effect of shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing on shoulder dystocia. Methods: A total of 82 high-risk pregnant women with shoulder dystocia admitted for childbirth from January 2022 to January 2025 were selected and equally divided using a random number table. The experimental group received shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing, while the reference group received routine midwifery care. Indicators such as the preventive effect on shoulder dystocia were compared between the two groups. Results: The incidence of shoulder dystocia in the experimental group was lower than that in the reference group, the duration of labor was shorter, the amount of intra-partum bleeding was less, the incidence of adverse delivery outcomes was lower, and the score for fear of childbirth after intervention was lower than that in the reference group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Implementing shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing for high-risk pregnant women with shoulder dystocia can prevent shoulder dystocia and other adverse delivery outcomes, shorten the duration of labor, reduce intra-partum bleeding, and alleviate pregnant women’s fear of childbirth, demonstrating high nursing value.展开更多
Ganmai Dazao Decoction,originating from“Jin Gui Yao Lue”(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),is a classical prescription for treating visceral agitation.Composed of three medicinal and edible substances-licorice(Gancao)...Ganmai Dazao Decoction,originating from“Jin Gui Yao Lue”(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),is a classical prescription for treating visceral agitation.Composed of three medicinal and edible substances-licorice(Gancao),wheat(Xiaomai),and jujube(Dazao),it functions to nourish the heart and calm the mind,harmonize the middle burner and regulate Qi,and alleviate urgency and restlessness.As its clinical application has expanded from traditional emotional disorders to neurological,endocrine,and various psychosomatic diseases,establishing a scientifically precise quality control system and deeply elucidating its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action have become critical tasks.Modern analytical methods,typified by chromatography,spectroscopy,and their hyphenated techniques,with their high sensitivity,high resolution,and powerful substance characterization capabilities,have become the core driving force for standardizing the quality control and modernizing the clinical application research of this formula.This paper systematically reviews the progress of the aforementioned analytical techniques and chemometrics in interpreting the chemical composition,establishing fingerprint profiles,controlling process quality,and researching the pharmacodynamic material basis of Ganmai Dazao Decoction.Furthermore,it discusses integrated approaches combining analytical techniques with pharmacology and clinical medicine to reveal mechanisms of action and explore therapeutic biomarkers.Finally,it provides an outlook on future directions and challenges,including technological integration and innovation,standardization of whole-process quality control systems,and evidence-based research aimed at internationalization.展开更多
Synaptic pruning is a crucial process in synaptic refinement,eliminating unstable synaptic connections in neural circuits.This process is triggered and regulated primarily by spontaneous neural activity and experience...Synaptic pruning is a crucial process in synaptic refinement,eliminating unstable synaptic connections in neural circuits.This process is triggered and regulated primarily by spontaneous neural activity and experience-dependent mechanisms.The pruning process involves multiple molecular signals and a series of regulatory activities governing the“eat me”and“don't eat me”states.Under physiological conditions,the interaction between glial cells and neurons results in the clearance of unnecessary synapses,maintaining normal neural circuit functionality via synaptic pruning.Alterations in genetic and environmental factors can lead to imbalanced synaptic pruning,thus promoting the occurrence and development of autism spectrum disorder,schizophrenia,Alzheimer's disease,and other neurological disorders.In this review,we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for synaptic pruning during neural development.We focus on how synaptic pruning can regulate neural circuits and its association with neurological disorders.Furthermore,we discuss the application of emerging optical and imaging technologies to observe synaptic structure and function,as well as their potential for clinical translation.Our aim was to enhance our understanding of synaptic pruning during neural development,including the molecular basis underlying the regulation of synaptic function and the dynamic changes in synaptic density,and to investigate the potential role of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases,thus providing a theoretical foundation for the treatment of neurological disorders.展开更多
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)for 2030,adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015,are facing a range of challenges.Factors such as climate change,regional conflicts and economic recession are havi...The 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)for 2030,adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015,are facing a range of challenges.Factors such as climate change,regional conflicts and economic recession are having a significant impact,particularly on global poverty governance.As a platform for dialogue,exchange and technical cooperation,the 2025 International Seminar on Global Poverty Reduction Partnerships was held in Beijing on 10 December 2025.展开更多
Water electrolysis is pivotal for converting renewable energy into clean hydrogen fuel,addressing global energy demand sustainably.However,the development of highly efficient and cost-effective catalysts for the oxyge...Water electrolysis is pivotal for converting renewable energy into clean hydrogen fuel,addressing global energy demand sustainably.However,the development of highly efficient and cost-effective catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)remains a significant challenge,particularly at the industrial scale.This report explores a newly discovered pathway,the oxide path mechanism(OPM) for OER-mechanism involving the oxide formation and evolution during the reaction,emphasizing its potential to overcome existing limitations.OPM enables direct O-O coupling without oxygen vacancies,offering superior stability.We detail both classical and innovative in-situ characterization techniques that are central to unraveling the OER mechanism.The advanced in-situ electrochemical techniques,such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and Mössbauer spectroscopy,coupled with in-situ structural analyses,provide crucial insights into the catalyst surface,the electrode-electrolyte interface and the kinetics of OER.This review provides a systematic analysis integrating classical electrochemical methods with advanced in-situ/operando techniques,specifically focusing on understanding OPM.While numerous studies have examined individual characterization methods,this study systematically integrates traditional electrochemical approaches with in-situ and operando techniques,offering critical insights into their complementary roles in elucidating reaction pathways.The integration of these methodologies provides unprecedented understanding of catalyst behavior under operational conditions,guiding the rational design of next-generation OER catalysts.Furthermore,we discuss essential standardized test toolkits and protocols,such as those for rotating disk electrode and membrane electrode assembly,which are vital for ensuring reproducibility and scalability in OER catalyst research.展开更多
In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein le...In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein level in synapses take the re- construction of synaptic architecture to a new level, while using chromophores to disable specific proteins at selected subcellular locations allows the assessment of their functional roles in such dynamic processes as growth-cone extension and cell division. The subtle influences of axonal chan- nels and receptors on neurotransmission are revealed by recording from the blebs induced by axotomy, while methods from cloning to chemical computation are being applied to dissecting the structural-functional rules by which ion channels operatet41.展开更多
Objective： To sum up 7 patients with cervicothoracic vertebrae tumors （Cr to T3） from March 1999 and May 2002, who underwent operative treatment via anterior approaches. Methods ：The anterior approaches included l...Objective： To sum up 7 patients with cervicothoracic vertebrae tumors （Cr to T3） from March 1999 and May 2002, who underwent operative treatment via anterior approaches. Methods ：The anterior approaches included low anterior cervical approach and high transthoracic approach. In 5 cases of segments of T1 and above involved, the low anterior cervical approaches were adopted, otherwise the high transthoracic approaches were used（2 cases）. Excision of tumor was carried out according to demands of the Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini （WBB） staging system. Spine stability was reconstructed by bone autografting and instrumentation. There were 4 cases of primary tumor and 3 of metastases. Their mean age was 45. 1 years （23 to 66）. The mean follow-up was 18.9 months （3 to 45）. Results were evaluated by occurrence of complications, improvement of symptoms, local recurrence and mortality. Results： All patients stood surgery well. No significant complications occurred during and after operation. Local pain was significantly alleviated and neurological deficit was improved at least one Frankel grade. Three patients died. Local tumor control was obtained in 6 patients （85.7 % ） until the end of follow-up. Conclusion.-Our experience showed that via low anterior cervical approach and high transthoracic approach, the cervicothoracic vertebrae tumor could be excised safely and adequately. Moreover, excision of tumor according to the WBB surgical staging system and reconstruction of spine stability have made great contribution to local tumor control and the neurological function improvement.展开更多
Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,emphasizing the critical need for improved diagnostic techniques.Early detection of lung tumors significantly increases the chances of suc...Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,emphasizing the critical need for improved diagnostic techniques.Early detection of lung tumors significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and survival.However,current diagnostic methods often fail to detect tumors at an early stage or to accurately pinpoint their location within the lung tissue.Single-model deep learning technologies for lung cancer detection,while beneficial,cannot capture the full range of features present in medical imaging data,leading to incomplete or inaccurate detection.Furthermore,it may not be robust enough to handle the wide variability in medical images due to different imaging conditions,patient anatomy,and tumor characteristics.To overcome these disadvantages,dual-model or multi-model approaches can be employed.This research focuses on enhancing the detection of lung cancer by utilizing a combination of two learning models:a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for categorization and the You Only Look Once(YOLOv8)architecture for real-time identification and pinpointing of tumors.CNNs automatically learn to extract hierarchical features from raw image data,capturing patterns such as edges,textures,and complex structures that are crucial for identifying lung cancer.YOLOv8 incorporates multiscale feature extraction,enabling the detection of tumors of varying sizes and scales within a single image.This is particularly beneficial for identifying small or irregularly shaped tumors that may be challenging to detect.Furthermore,through the utilization of cutting-edge data augmentation methods,such as Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),the suggested approach can handle the issue of limited data and boost the models’ability to learn from diverse and comprehensive datasets.The combined method not only improved accuracy and localization but also ensured efficient real-time processing,which is crucial for practical clinical applications.The CNN achieved an accuracy of 97.67%in classifying lung tissues into healthy and cancerous categories.The YOLOv8 model achieved an Intersection over Union(IoU)score of 0.85 for tumor localization,reflecting high precision in detecting and marking tumor boundaries within the images.Finally,the incorporation of synthetic images generated by DCGAN led to a 10%improvement in both the CNN classification accuracy and YOLOv8 detection performance.展开更多
Construction engineering and management(CEM)has become increasingly complicated with the increasing size of engineering projects under different construction environments,motivating the digital transformation of CEM.T...Construction engineering and management(CEM)has become increasingly complicated with the increasing size of engineering projects under different construction environments,motivating the digital transformation of CEM.To contribute to a better understanding of the state of the art of smart techniques for engineering projects,this paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)techniques,intelligent techniques,and their applications in CEM.First,a comprehensive framework detailing smart technologies for construction projects is developed.Next,the characteristics of CEM are summarized.A bibliometric review is then conducted to investigate the keywords,journals,and clusters related to the application of smart techniques in CEM during 2000-2022.Recent advancements in intelligent techniques are also discussed under the following six topics:①big data technology;②computer vision;③speech recognition;④natural language processing;⑤machine learning;and⑥knowledge representation,understanding,and reasoning.The applications of smart techniques are then illustrated via underground space exploitation.Finally,future research directions for the sustainable development of smart construction are highlighted.展开更多
BACKGROUND Uniportal full-endoscopy(UFE)technique has been continuously developed and applied for treating lumbar spinal stenosis.However,achieving effective decompression outcome of using the UFE technique remains te...BACKGROUND Uniportal full-endoscopy(UFE)technique has been continuously developed and applied for treating lumbar spinal stenosis.However,achieving effective decompression outcome of using the UFE technique remains technically demanding and uncertain.Previously,we have proposed the biportal full-endoscopy(BFE)technique to integrate the respective advantages of both UFE and unilateral biportal endoscopy technique.There is limited published data on the comparison of clinical outcomes between biportal and UFE techniques in lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms.AIM To contrast the clinical outcomes between biportal and UFE techniques for treating lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms.METHODS This study retrospectively examined 100 patients diagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis and bilateral symptoms.Among them,52 cases were part of group A(BFE technique group),and 48 cases belonged to group B(UFE technique group).The visual analogue scale(VAS),Oswestry Disability Index(ODI),and modified Macnab criteria were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes.RESULTS Group A had significantly shorter operation time than group B.Both groups experienced substantial relief in lower back and lower extremity pain on the severe side at postoperative 3 days,3 months,and 12 months.Group A had notably lower VAS scores for mild side lower extremity pain at postoperative 3 months and 12 months compared to group B.Group A's ODI scores were significantly lower at postoperative 3 months and 12 months,whereas group B's scores did not significantly differ from preoperative values.Group A's ODI scores were significantly lower than group B's at postoperative 3 months and 12 months.Group A had a significantly higher excellent and good response rate(94.23%)compared to group B(81.25%)at postoperative 12 months based on the modified Macnab scale outcomes.CONCLUSION The BFE technique offers multiple benefits,including reduced trauma and quicker recovery as a minimally invasive surgery,and enhanced decompression efficiency over the UFE technique when treating lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms.展开更多
Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in...Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.展开更多
Precise transverse emittance assessment in electron beams is crucial for advancing high-brightness beam injectors.As opposed to intricate methodologies that use specialized devices,quadrupole focusing strength scannin...Precise transverse emittance assessment in electron beams is crucial for advancing high-brightness beam injectors.As opposed to intricate methodologies that use specialized devices,quadrupole focusing strength scanning(Q-scanning)techniques offer notable advantages for various injectors owing to their inherent convenience and cost-effectiveness.However,their stringent approximation conditions lead to inevitable errors in practical operation,thereby limiting their widespread application.This study addressed these challenges by revisiting the analytical derivation procedure and investigating the effects of the underlying approximation conditions.Preliminary corrections were explored through a combination of data processing analysis and numerical simulations.Furthermore,based on theoretical derivations,virtual measurements using beam dynamics calculations were employed to evaluate the correction reliability.Subsequent experimental validations were performed at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology injector to verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensation method.Both the virtual and experimental results confirm the feasibility and reliability of the enhanced Q-scanning-based diagnosis for transverse emittance in typical beam injectors operating under common conditions.Through the integration of these corrections and compensations,enhanced Q-scanning-based techniques emerge as promising alternatives to traditional emittance diagnosis methods.展开更多
This paper presents a high-fidelity lumpedparameter(LP)thermal model(HF-LPTM)for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)in electric vehicle(EV)applications,where various cooling techniques are considered,includin...This paper presents a high-fidelity lumpedparameter(LP)thermal model(HF-LPTM)for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)in electric vehicle(EV)applications,where various cooling techniques are considered,including frame forced air/liquid cooling,oil jet cooling for endwinding,and rotor shaft cooling.To address the temperature misestimation in the LP thermal modelling due to assumptions of concentrated loss input and uniform heat flows,the developed HF-LPTM introduces two compensation thermal resistances for the winding and PM components,which are analytically derived from the multi-dimensional heat transfer equations and are robust against different load/thermal conditions.As validated by the finite element analysis method and experiments,the conventional LPTMs exhibit significant winding temperature deviations,while the proposed HF-LPTM can accurately predict both the midpoint and average temperatures.The developed HFLPTM is further used to assess the effectiveness of various cooling techniques under different scenarios,i.e.,steady-state thermal states under the rated load condition,and transient temperature profiles under city,freeway,and hybrid(city+freeway)driving cycles.Results indicate that no single cooling technique can maintain both winding and PM temperatures within safety limits.The combination of frame liquid cooling and oil jet cooling for end winding can sufficiently mitigate PMSM thermal stress in EV applications.展开更多
文摘Inflatable penile prosthesis(IPP)implantation is the gold standard treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction who are refractory to medical therapy.The standard placement of the reservoir in the space of Retzius(SOR)may be contraindicated in patients with prior pelvic or abdominal surgery due to altered anatomy and increased risk of complications.This has led to the development of alternative ectopic reservoir placement techniques.In this narrative review,we summarize the literature on various ectopic reservoir approaches,including low and high submuscular placements,submuscular techniques with counter incisions or transfascial fixation,midline submuscular placement,subcutaneous placement,and lateral retroperitoneal approaches.We describe the surgical methods,outcomes,and complication rates associated with each technique.While most methods demonstrate low complication and revision rates,direct comparisons remain limited due to heterogeneity and lack of prospective data.This review highlights the importance of individualized technique selection based on prior surgical history,body habitus,and surgeon experience.As ectopic placement becomes more widely adopted,familiarity with multiple approaches is essential for prosthetic surgeons.
文摘BACKGROUND Due to the increasing rate of thyroid nodules diagnosis,and the desire to avoid the unsightly cervical scar,remote thyroidectomies were invented and are increasingly performed.Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach and trans-areolar approaches(TAA)are the two most commonly used remote approaches.No previous meta-analysis has compared postoperative infections and swallowing difficulties among the two procedures.AIM To compared the same among patients undergoing lobectomy for unilateral thyroid carcinoma/benign thyroid nodule.METHODS We searched PubMed MEDLINE,Google Scholar,and Cochrane Library from the date of the first published article up to August 2025.The term used were transoral thyroidectomy vestibular approach,trans areolar thyroidectomy,scarless thyroidectomy,remote thyroidectomy,infections,postoperative,inflammation,dysphagia,and swallowing difficulties.We identified 130 studies,of them,30 full texts were screened and only six studies were included in the final meta-analysis.RESULTS Postoperative infections were not different between the two approaches,odd ratio=1.33,95%confidence interval:0.50-3.53,theχ2 was 1.92 and the P-value for overall effect of 0.57.Similarly,transient swallowing difficulty was not different between the two forms of surgery,with odd ratio=0.91,95%confidence interval:0.35-2.40;theχ2 was 1.32,and the P-value for overall effect of 0.85.CONCLUSION No significant statistical differences were evident between trans-oral endoscopic Mirghani H.Infections and swallowing difficulty in scarless thyroidectomy WJCC https://www.wjgnet.com 2 January 6,2026 Volume 14 Issue 1 thyroidectomy vestibular approach and trans-areolar approach regarding postoperative infection and transient swallowing difficulties.Further longer randomized trials are needed.
基金Supported by Zhoukou Key Science and Technology Research Project(20200816).
文摘With the expansion of peanut planting area year by year,film mulching cultivation has become increasingly important in peanut production due to its unique advantages in enhancing both yield per unit area and overall economic benefits.Based on the varietal characteristics of‘Zhouhua 5’and addressing practical issues in peanut production,this paper summarized key techniques for high-yield and high-efficiency film mulching cultivation of this variety.These techniques cover all critical stages,including land preparation and fertilization,seed preparation,sowing methods,field management,and timely harvesting,providing technical guidance for varietal promotion and peanut production.
基金supported by Healthy China initiative of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.889042).
文摘Currently,the number of patients with myopia is increasing rapidly across the globe.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with its long history and rich experience,has shown promise in effectively managing and treating this condition.Nevertheless,considering the vast amount of research that is currently being conducted,focusing on the utilization of TCM in the management of myopia,there is an urgent requirement for a thorough and comprehensive review.The review would serve to clarify the practical applications of TCM within this specific field,and it would also aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that are at play,providing a deeper understanding of how TCM principles can be effectively integrated into modern medical practices.Here,some modern medical pathogenesis of myopia and appropriate TCM techniques studies are summarized in the prevention and treatment of myopia.Further,we discussed the potential mechanisms and the future research directions of TCM against myopia.Identifying these mechanisms is crucial for understanding how TCM can be effectively utilized in this context.The combination of various TCM methods or the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine is of great significance for the prevention and control of myopia in the future.
基金the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Programthe Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,KSA for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FFR-2025-2903-09”.
文摘Network-on-Chip(NoC)systems are progressively deployed in connecting massively parallel megacore systems in the new computing architecture.As a result,application mapping has become an important aspect of performance and scalability,as current trends require the distribution of computation across network nodes/points.In this paper,we survey a large number of mapping and scheduling techniques designed for NoC architectures.This time,we concentrated on 3D systems.We take a systematic literature review approach to analyze existing methods across static,dynamic,hybrid,and machine-learning-based approaches,alongside preliminary AI-based dynamic models in recent works.We classify them into several main aspects covering power-aware mapping,fault tolerance,load-balancing,and adaptive for dynamic workloads.Also,we assess the efficacy of each method against performance parameters,such as latency,throughput,response time,and error rate.Key challenges,including energy efficiency,real-time adaptability,and reinforcement learning integration,are highlighted as well.To the best of our knowledge,this is one of the recent reviews that identifies both traditional and AI-based algorithms for mapping over a modern NoC,and opens research challenges.Finally,we provide directions for future work toward improved adaptability and scalability via lightweight learned models and hierarchical mapping frameworks.
基金supported by the Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00235509Development of security monitoring technology based network behavior against encrypted cyber threats in ICT convergence environment).
文摘With the increasing emphasis on personal information protection,encryption through security protocols has emerged as a critical requirement in data transmission and reception processes.Nevertheless,IoT ecosystems comprise heterogeneous networks where outdated systems coexist with the latest devices,spanning a range of devices from non-encrypted ones to fully encrypted ones.Given the limited visibility into payloads in this context,this study investigates AI-based attack detection methods that leverage encrypted traffic metadata,eliminating the need for decryption and minimizing system performance degradation—especially in light of these heterogeneous devices.Using the UNSW-NB15 and CICIoT-2023 dataset,encrypted and unencrypted traffic were categorized according to security protocol,and AI-based intrusion detection experiments were conducted for each traffic type based on metadata.To mitigate the problem of class imbalance,eight different data sampling techniques were applied.The effectiveness of these sampling techniques was then comparatively analyzed using two ensemble models and three Deep Learning(DL)models from various perspectives.The experimental results confirmed that metadata-based attack detection is feasible using only encrypted traffic.In the UNSW-NB15 dataset,the f1-score of encrypted traffic was approximately 0.98,which is 4.3%higher than that of unencrypted traffic(approximately 0.94).In addition,analysis of the encrypted traffic in the CICIoT-2023 dataset using the same method showed a significantly lower f1-score of roughly 0.43,indicating that the quality of the dataset and the preprocessing approach have a substantial impact on detection performance.Furthermore,when data sampling techniques were applied to encrypted traffic,the recall in the UNSWNB15(Encrypted)dataset improved by up to 23.0%,and in the CICIoT-2023(Encrypted)dataset by 20.26%,showing a similar level of improvement.Notably,in CICIoT-2023,f1-score and Receiver Operation Characteristic-Area Under the Curve(ROC-AUC)increased by 59.0%and 55.94%,respectively.These results suggest that data sampling can have a positive effect even in encrypted environments.However,the extent of the improvement may vary depending on data quality,model architecture,and sampling strategy.
文摘This paper elaborates on the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)nursing appropriate techniques,selects techniques including moxibustion,auricular seed pressing,acupoint application,massage and Tuina,Chinese herbal foot bath,five-tone therapy,and aromatherapy,and summarizes the application mechanisms,methods,and clinical effects of these techniques in patients with insomnia.It also analyzes the existing problems in their application and discusses future development and practice directions,aiming to provide references for establishing more standardized and scientific nursing plans for patients with insomnia.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the preventive effect of shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing on shoulder dystocia. Methods: A total of 82 high-risk pregnant women with shoulder dystocia admitted for childbirth from January 2022 to January 2025 were selected and equally divided using a random number table. The experimental group received shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing, while the reference group received routine midwifery care. Indicators such as the preventive effect on shoulder dystocia were compared between the two groups. Results: The incidence of shoulder dystocia in the experimental group was lower than that in the reference group, the duration of labor was shorter, the amount of intra-partum bleeding was less, the incidence of adverse delivery outcomes was lower, and the score for fear of childbirth after intervention was lower than that in the reference group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Implementing shoulder dystocia midwifery techniques combined with predictive nursing for high-risk pregnant women with shoulder dystocia can prevent shoulder dystocia and other adverse delivery outcomes, shorten the duration of labor, reduce intra-partum bleeding, and alleviate pregnant women’s fear of childbirth, demonstrating high nursing value.
文摘Ganmai Dazao Decoction,originating from“Jin Gui Yao Lue”(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),is a classical prescription for treating visceral agitation.Composed of three medicinal and edible substances-licorice(Gancao),wheat(Xiaomai),and jujube(Dazao),it functions to nourish the heart and calm the mind,harmonize the middle burner and regulate Qi,and alleviate urgency and restlessness.As its clinical application has expanded from traditional emotional disorders to neurological,endocrine,and various psychosomatic diseases,establishing a scientifically precise quality control system and deeply elucidating its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action have become critical tasks.Modern analytical methods,typified by chromatography,spectroscopy,and their hyphenated techniques,with their high sensitivity,high resolution,and powerful substance characterization capabilities,have become the core driving force for standardizing the quality control and modernizing the clinical application research of this formula.This paper systematically reviews the progress of the aforementioned analytical techniques and chemometrics in interpreting the chemical composition,establishing fingerprint profiles,controlling process quality,and researching the pharmacodynamic material basis of Ganmai Dazao Decoction.Furthermore,it discusses integrated approaches combining analytical techniques with pharmacology and clinical medicine to reveal mechanisms of action and explore therapeutic biomarkers.Finally,it provides an outlook on future directions and challenges,including technological integration and innovation,standardization of whole-process quality control systems,and evidence-based research aimed at internationalization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31760290,82160688the Key Development Areas Project of Ganzhou Science and Technology,No.2022B-SF9554(all to XL)。
文摘Synaptic pruning is a crucial process in synaptic refinement,eliminating unstable synaptic connections in neural circuits.This process is triggered and regulated primarily by spontaneous neural activity and experience-dependent mechanisms.The pruning process involves multiple molecular signals and a series of regulatory activities governing the“eat me”and“don't eat me”states.Under physiological conditions,the interaction between glial cells and neurons results in the clearance of unnecessary synapses,maintaining normal neural circuit functionality via synaptic pruning.Alterations in genetic and environmental factors can lead to imbalanced synaptic pruning,thus promoting the occurrence and development of autism spectrum disorder,schizophrenia,Alzheimer's disease,and other neurological disorders.In this review,we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for synaptic pruning during neural development.We focus on how synaptic pruning can regulate neural circuits and its association with neurological disorders.Furthermore,we discuss the application of emerging optical and imaging technologies to observe synaptic structure and function,as well as their potential for clinical translation.Our aim was to enhance our understanding of synaptic pruning during neural development,including the molecular basis underlying the regulation of synaptic function and the dynamic changes in synaptic density,and to investigate the potential role of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases,thus providing a theoretical foundation for the treatment of neurological disorders.
文摘The 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)for 2030,adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015,are facing a range of challenges.Factors such as climate change,regional conflicts and economic recession are having a significant impact,particularly on global poverty governance.As a platform for dialogue,exchange and technical cooperation,the 2025 International Seminar on Global Poverty Reduction Partnerships was held in Beijing on 10 December 2025.
基金funded by the EU H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (1439425)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52171199 and 22479011)
文摘Water electrolysis is pivotal for converting renewable energy into clean hydrogen fuel,addressing global energy demand sustainably.However,the development of highly efficient and cost-effective catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)remains a significant challenge,particularly at the industrial scale.This report explores a newly discovered pathway,the oxide path mechanism(OPM) for OER-mechanism involving the oxide formation and evolution during the reaction,emphasizing its potential to overcome existing limitations.OPM enables direct O-O coupling without oxygen vacancies,offering superior stability.We detail both classical and innovative in-situ characterization techniques that are central to unraveling the OER mechanism.The advanced in-situ electrochemical techniques,such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and Mössbauer spectroscopy,coupled with in-situ structural analyses,provide crucial insights into the catalyst surface,the electrode-electrolyte interface and the kinetics of OER.This review provides a systematic analysis integrating classical electrochemical methods with advanced in-situ/operando techniques,specifically focusing on understanding OPM.While numerous studies have examined individual characterization methods,this study systematically integrates traditional electrochemical approaches with in-situ and operando techniques,offering critical insights into their complementary roles in elucidating reaction pathways.The integration of these methodologies provides unprecedented understanding of catalyst behavior under operational conditions,guiding the rational design of next-generation OER catalysts.Furthermore,we discuss essential standardized test toolkits and protocols,such as those for rotating disk electrode and membrane electrode assembly,which are vital for ensuring reproducibility and scalability in OER catalyst research.
文摘In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein level in synapses take the re- construction of synaptic architecture to a new level, while using chromophores to disable specific proteins at selected subcellular locations allows the assessment of their functional roles in such dynamic processes as growth-cone extension and cell division. The subtle influences of axonal chan- nels and receptors on neurotransmission are revealed by recording from the blebs induced by axotomy, while methods from cloning to chemical computation are being applied to dissecting the structural-functional rules by which ion channels operatet41.
文摘Objective： To sum up 7 patients with cervicothoracic vertebrae tumors （Cr to T3） from March 1999 and May 2002, who underwent operative treatment via anterior approaches. Methods ：The anterior approaches included low anterior cervical approach and high transthoracic approach. In 5 cases of segments of T1 and above involved, the low anterior cervical approaches were adopted, otherwise the high transthoracic approaches were used（2 cases）. Excision of tumor was carried out according to demands of the Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini （WBB） staging system. Spine stability was reconstructed by bone autografting and instrumentation. There were 4 cases of primary tumor and 3 of metastases. Their mean age was 45. 1 years （23 to 66）. The mean follow-up was 18.9 months （3 to 45）. Results were evaluated by occurrence of complications, improvement of symptoms, local recurrence and mortality. Results： All patients stood surgery well. No significant complications occurred during and after operation. Local pain was significantly alleviated and neurological deficit was improved at least one Frankel grade. Three patients died. Local tumor control was obtained in 6 patients （85.7 % ） until the end of follow-up. Conclusion.-Our experience showed that via low anterior cervical approach and high transthoracic approach, the cervicothoracic vertebrae tumor could be excised safely and adequately. Moreover, excision of tumor according to the WBB surgical staging system and reconstruction of spine stability have made great contribution to local tumor control and the neurological function improvement.
文摘Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,emphasizing the critical need for improved diagnostic techniques.Early detection of lung tumors significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and survival.However,current diagnostic methods often fail to detect tumors at an early stage or to accurately pinpoint their location within the lung tissue.Single-model deep learning technologies for lung cancer detection,while beneficial,cannot capture the full range of features present in medical imaging data,leading to incomplete or inaccurate detection.Furthermore,it may not be robust enough to handle the wide variability in medical images due to different imaging conditions,patient anatomy,and tumor characteristics.To overcome these disadvantages,dual-model or multi-model approaches can be employed.This research focuses on enhancing the detection of lung cancer by utilizing a combination of two learning models:a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for categorization and the You Only Look Once(YOLOv8)architecture for real-time identification and pinpointing of tumors.CNNs automatically learn to extract hierarchical features from raw image data,capturing patterns such as edges,textures,and complex structures that are crucial for identifying lung cancer.YOLOv8 incorporates multiscale feature extraction,enabling the detection of tumors of varying sizes and scales within a single image.This is particularly beneficial for identifying small or irregularly shaped tumors that may be challenging to detect.Furthermore,through the utilization of cutting-edge data augmentation methods,such as Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),the suggested approach can handle the issue of limited data and boost the models’ability to learn from diverse and comprehensive datasets.The combined method not only improved accuracy and localization but also ensured efficient real-time processing,which is crucial for practical clinical applications.The CNN achieved an accuracy of 97.67%in classifying lung tissues into healthy and cancerous categories.The YOLOv8 model achieved an Intersection over Union(IoU)score of 0.85 for tumor localization,reflecting high precision in detecting and marking tumor boundaries within the images.Finally,the incorporation of synthetic images generated by DCGAN led to a 10%improvement in both the CNN classification accuracy and YOLOv8 detection performance.
基金funded by the project of Guangdong Provincial Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund Committee(2022A1515240073)the Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program(2019CX01G338),Guangdong Province.
文摘Construction engineering and management(CEM)has become increasingly complicated with the increasing size of engineering projects under different construction environments,motivating the digital transformation of CEM.To contribute to a better understanding of the state of the art of smart techniques for engineering projects,this paper provides a comprehensive review of multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)techniques,intelligent techniques,and their applications in CEM.First,a comprehensive framework detailing smart technologies for construction projects is developed.Next,the characteristics of CEM are summarized.A bibliometric review is then conducted to investigate the keywords,journals,and clusters related to the application of smart techniques in CEM during 2000-2022.Recent advancements in intelligent techniques are also discussed under the following six topics:①big data technology;②computer vision;③speech recognition;④natural language processing;⑤machine learning;and⑥knowledge representation,understanding,and reasoning.The applications of smart techniques are then illustrated via underground space exploitation.Finally,future research directions for the sustainable development of smart construction are highlighted.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82202694Clinical Research Innovation Plan of Shanghai General Hospital,No.CTCCR-2021C10.
文摘BACKGROUND Uniportal full-endoscopy(UFE)technique has been continuously developed and applied for treating lumbar spinal stenosis.However,achieving effective decompression outcome of using the UFE technique remains technically demanding and uncertain.Previously,we have proposed the biportal full-endoscopy(BFE)technique to integrate the respective advantages of both UFE and unilateral biportal endoscopy technique.There is limited published data on the comparison of clinical outcomes between biportal and UFE techniques in lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms.AIM To contrast the clinical outcomes between biportal and UFE techniques for treating lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms.METHODS This study retrospectively examined 100 patients diagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis and bilateral symptoms.Among them,52 cases were part of group A(BFE technique group),and 48 cases belonged to group B(UFE technique group).The visual analogue scale(VAS),Oswestry Disability Index(ODI),and modified Macnab criteria were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes.RESULTS Group A had significantly shorter operation time than group B.Both groups experienced substantial relief in lower back and lower extremity pain on the severe side at postoperative 3 days,3 months,and 12 months.Group A had notably lower VAS scores for mild side lower extremity pain at postoperative 3 months and 12 months compared to group B.Group A's ODI scores were significantly lower at postoperative 3 months and 12 months,whereas group B's scores did not significantly differ from preoperative values.Group A's ODI scores were significantly lower than group B's at postoperative 3 months and 12 months.Group A had a significantly higher excellent and good response rate(94.23%)compared to group B(81.25%)at postoperative 12 months based on the modified Macnab scale outcomes.CONCLUSION The BFE technique offers multiple benefits,including reduced trauma and quicker recovery as a minimally invasive surgery,and enhanced decompression efficiency over the UFE technique when treating lumbar spinal stenosis with bilateral symptoms.
基金funded by the United Arab Emirates UniversityResearch Officegrant number 12F041 to KM。
文摘Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12341501 and 11905074)。
文摘Precise transverse emittance assessment in electron beams is crucial for advancing high-brightness beam injectors.As opposed to intricate methodologies that use specialized devices,quadrupole focusing strength scanning(Q-scanning)techniques offer notable advantages for various injectors owing to their inherent convenience and cost-effectiveness.However,their stringent approximation conditions lead to inevitable errors in practical operation,thereby limiting their widespread application.This study addressed these challenges by revisiting the analytical derivation procedure and investigating the effects of the underlying approximation conditions.Preliminary corrections were explored through a combination of data processing analysis and numerical simulations.Furthermore,based on theoretical derivations,virtual measurements using beam dynamics calculations were employed to evaluate the correction reliability.Subsequent experimental validations were performed at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology injector to verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensation method.Both the virtual and experimental results confirm the feasibility and reliability of the enhanced Q-scanning-based diagnosis for transverse emittance in typical beam injectors operating under common conditions.Through the integration of these corrections and compensations,enhanced Q-scanning-based techniques emerge as promising alternatives to traditional emittance diagnosis methods.
文摘This paper presents a high-fidelity lumpedparameter(LP)thermal model(HF-LPTM)for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs)in electric vehicle(EV)applications,where various cooling techniques are considered,including frame forced air/liquid cooling,oil jet cooling for endwinding,and rotor shaft cooling.To address the temperature misestimation in the LP thermal modelling due to assumptions of concentrated loss input and uniform heat flows,the developed HF-LPTM introduces two compensation thermal resistances for the winding and PM components,which are analytically derived from the multi-dimensional heat transfer equations and are robust against different load/thermal conditions.As validated by the finite element analysis method and experiments,the conventional LPTMs exhibit significant winding temperature deviations,while the proposed HF-LPTM can accurately predict both the midpoint and average temperatures.The developed HFLPTM is further used to assess the effectiveness of various cooling techniques under different scenarios,i.e.,steady-state thermal states under the rated load condition,and transient temperature profiles under city,freeway,and hybrid(city+freeway)driving cycles.Results indicate that no single cooling technique can maintain both winding and PM temperatures within safety limits.The combination of frame liquid cooling and oil jet cooling for end winding can sufficiently mitigate PMSM thermal stress in EV applications.
