Crunch!Apples are a sweet and delicious fruit.There are over 7,500 different kinds!The fruit is usually red,but it can be green or other colors.Applesaren't expensive.They make a great snack.You can eat a whole ap...Crunch!Apples are a sweet and delicious fruit.There are over 7,500 different kinds!The fruit is usually red,but it can be green or other colors.Applesaren't expensive.They make a great snack.You can eat a whole apple.You can slice it,too.They're also good with other foods.Do you like apples?展开更多
5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of...5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of apple(Malus×domestica'Gala')when the detached leaves or cultured calli were used as the materials.The expression of MdWRKY71,a WRKY transcription factor(TF)gene was found to be responsive to NaCl as well as ALA treatment.Functional analysis showed that overexpressing(OE)-MdWRKY71 significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic apple,while RNA interfering(RNAi)-MdWRKY71 reduced the salt tolerance.However,exogenous ALA alleviated the salt damage in the RNAi-MdWRKY71 apple.When MdWRKY71 was transferred into tobacco,the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced,which was further improved by exogenous ALA.Subsequently,MdWRKY71 bound to the W-box of promoters of MdSOS2,MdNHX1,MdCLC-g,MdSOD1,MdCAT1 and MdAPX1,transcriptionally activating the gene expressions.Since the genes are responsible for Na+and Cl-transport and antioxidant enzyme activity respectively,it can be concluded that MdWRKY71,a new TF,is involved in ALA-improved salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and redox homeostasis.These results provided new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ALA in enhancing apple salt tolerance.展开更多
The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms as...The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.展开更多
[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality featu...[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality features, and set up optimum proposals of fruit mineral elements for good fruit qualities, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable orchard soil and foliar fertilizer applications to increase fruit quality and reduce the physiological diseases related to the ＇Fuji＇ apple. [Methods] The fruit mineral elements and quality indicators of ＇Fuji＂ apples were in- vestigated and analyzed, which were collected from the 153 commercial apple or- chards of ＂Fuji＇ apple located in 51 counties. The variable importance for projection （VlP） of partial least squares regression （PLS） method was used to analyze the model effect and weight analysis impact of the fruit mineral element contents to fruit quality, screen out major factors of fruit mineral elements influencing the different fruit qualities, and set up the regression equation of the fruit qualities and major fruit mineral elements. Linear programming was used to obtain optimum proposals of the fruit mineral elements to achieve good ＇Fuji＇ apple qualities. [Results] The mineral elements content and quality characteristics in ＂Fuji＇ apple fruit had great differences in the different produce regions in which the maximum content of nitro- gen, iron, zinc and boron in the ＇Fuji＇ fruit were12.06, 6.17, 7.7, and 10.08 times greater than the minimum respectively, and the differences for titratable acid and the SSC/TA ratio were 2.33 and 2.16 times respectively. The correlation analysis between the fruit mineral element contents and qualities showed that the nitrogen content of fruit had a significantly negative correlation with the soluble solid content, SSC/TA ratio and red color area, while the calcium and iron contents in the fruit were in significantly positive correlation with the soluble solid content and SSC/TA ratio. The model effect and weight analysis showed that the content of nitrogen and iron in the fruit had a greater influence on the integral fruit quality, followed by phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The variable importance for projection （VlP） technology of PLS found that the mean fruit weight was primarily affected by nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium, and the soluble solid was primarily affected by ni- trogen, calcium and iron, while the red color area was primarily affected by nitro- gen, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc. The regression equation between fruit quality and mineral element contents showed that the mean fruit weight had a greater pos- itive effect coefficient with the content of phosphorus and potassium, and a greater negative effect coefficient with the content of nitrogen in the fruit. Moreover, the sol- uble solid had the largest negative effect coefficient with nitrogen and largest posi- tive effect coefficient with calcium and iron in the fruit. [Conclusion] The maximum content of soluble solid and titratable acid were 1.5 times more than the minimum, and nitrogen, iron, zinc and boron were 6 times more than in the ＇Fuji＇ apple fruit in the different produce regions. Therefore, it is a key technological measure to improve the overall qualities of the ＂Fuji＇ apple by decreasing the content of nitrogen, and increasing the contents of iron, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the fruit.展开更多
Dear Song Tao,How are you these days?I miss you very much.I’m very happy to hear from you.Now let me tell you something about my favorites.My favorite food is fruit,especially apples.I think they are good for my health.
The pivotal role of N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)demethylases in regulating plant stress responses has been widely explored;however,the function of apple m^(6)A demethylases under heat stress and fixed-carbon starvati...The pivotal role of N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)demethylases in regulating plant stress responses has been widely explored;however,the function of apple m^(6)A demethylases under heat stress and fixed-carbon starvation is unclear.In this study,the apple RNA demethylase gene family was identified,and the demethylase gene MdALKBH1A was selected for further analysis.Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)analysis,we demonstrated that MdALKBH1A is the m^(6)A demethylase of apple.Moreover,transgenic‘Micro Tom’tomato plants overexpressing MdALKBH1A were more sensitive to high temperature,probably due to the decreased antioxidant ability,increased membrane lipid peroxidation and reduced plasma membrane stability.However,these tomato plants overexpressing MdALKBH1A were more resistant to fixed-carbon starvation,as evidenced by the improved plasma membrane stability,enhanced photosynthetic rates and elevated autophagic activity.In summary,our results highlight the crucial role played by Md ALKBH1A in the response of apple plants to high-temperature stress and fixedcarbon starvation.展开更多
Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fu...Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.展开更多
Apple polyphenols are widely present in apple pulp,peel,kernel,and leaves.They are natural bioactive substances with a variety of health functions.This review describes the antioxidant functions of anthocyanins,querce...Apple polyphenols are widely present in apple pulp,peel,kernel,and leaves.They are natural bioactive substances with a variety of health functions.This review describes the antioxidant functions of anthocyanins,quercetin,phlorizin,chlorogenic acid,and epicatechin in apple polyphenols through the regulation of signal pathways and transcription factors,and the inhibition or induction of enzymes.Massive food applications of apple polyphenols are summarized,including excellent color protection of fruits and vegetables,meat preservation,preparation of composite packaging fi lms as active ingredients,enhancement of nutritional value as functional ingredients,and improvement of food taste and physical stability.This review would provide a reference for the exploration of apple polyphenol resources and its development in the food field.展开更多
Cadmium(Cd)stress is a serious threat to apple growth and development.Ethylene response factors(ERFs)are a major family of transcription factors(TFs)that play a key role in the resistance to Cd stress.In this study,we...Cadmium(Cd)stress is a serious threat to apple growth and development.Ethylene response factors(ERFs)are a major family of transcription factors(TFs)that play a key role in the resistance to Cd stress.In this study,we found that the ERF TF Md ERF114 was induced in response to Cd stress.The overexpression of Md ERF114 in apple(Malus domestica)roots reduced the accumulation of Cd in the plants and enhanced their tolerance to Cd stress.Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)assays,dual-luciferase assays,and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that MdERF114 directly binds to the promoter of MdATG16 and activates its expression to increase autophagic activity,which leads to higher resistance to Cd stress.In addition,MdMYB306 interacts with MdERF114 and enhances the resistance to Cd stress by promoting the binding of MdERF114 to the promoter of MdATG16.Our findings reveal an important mechanism by which MdMYB306-MdERF114-MdATG16 influences the resistance of apple to Cd stress.展开更多
Conversation A(in the break room)Sara:Do I see a picture of a pie?Greg:Youdo.I'm looking at achart of people'sfavoritefall sweettreats.Sara:Yummy!Applepie ismyfavorite.Greg:It'salsothefavoriteof 30percento...Conversation A(in the break room)Sara:Do I see a picture of a pie?Greg:Youdo.I'm looking at achart of people'sfavoritefall sweettreats.Sara:Yummy!Applepie ismyfavorite.Greg:It'salsothefavoriteof 30percentofpeople.This chartsays that.Sara:Well,apple pie is great.展开更多
Ethylene response factors 2(ERF2) are essential for plant growth, fruit ripening, metabolism, and resistance tostress. In this study, the expression levels of the genes for MdERF2 implicated in the biosynthesis, compo...Ethylene response factors 2(ERF2) are essential for plant growth, fruit ripening, metabolism, and resistance tostress. In this study, the expression levels of the genes for MdERF2 implicated in the biosynthesis, compositionand ultrastructure of fruit cuticular wax in apple(Malus domestica) were studied by the transfection of apple fruitand/or calli with MdERF2-overexpression(ERF2-OE) and MdERF2-interference(ERF2-AN) vectors. In addition,the direct target genes of MdERF2 related to wax biosynthesis were identified using electrophoretic mobility shiftassays(EMSAs) and dual-luciferase reporter(DLR) assays. The findings indicated that the expression levels offour wax biosynthetic genes, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2(MdLACS2), eceriferum 1(MdCER1), eceriferum4(MdCER4), and eceriferum 6(MdCER6), were upregulated by ERF2-OE. In contrast, the expression levels ofthese genes were inhibited when MdERF2 was silenced. Furthermore, the overall structure and accumulationof fruit cuticular wax were influenced by the expression level of MdERF2. Treatment with ERF2-OE significantlyincreased the proportions of alkanes and ketones and reduced the proportions of fatty acids and esters. In addition,the EMSAs and DLR assays demonstrated that MdERF2 could bind directly to GCC-box elements in the promotersof MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 to activate their transcription. These results confirmed that MdERF2 targetsthe up-regulation of expression of the MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 genes, thereby altering the composition,content, and microstructure of apple epidermal wax.展开更多
5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening.Starch degradation,catalyzed byβ-amylase(EC3.2.1.2,BAM),plays an important role in stomata...5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening.Starch degradation,catalyzed byβ-amylase(EC3.2.1.2,BAM),plays an important role in stomatal opening.However,whether the starch breakdown is involved in ALA-regulating stomatal movement is unclear.In the current study,we found that exogenous ALA effectively stimulated the starch breakdown in guard cells,increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted stomatal opening in leaves of apple(Malus×domestica).Based on genome-wide identification,we identified a total of 119 members of BAM gene family in ten commonly Rosaceae crops.Analyses of gene structure,motif identification,and gene pair collinearity revealed relative conservation among members within the same group or subgroup.Among these genes,MdBAM17 and other 12 genes were identified as the orthologous genes of AtBAM1,which is responsible for starch degradation to modulate the stomatal movement in Arabidopsis.qRT-PCR analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expressions of MdBAM17 and stomatal aperture,as well asβ-amylase activity,whereas a negative correlation was observed with the starch content.Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that MdBAM17 is a chloroplast protein,consistent with the AtBAM1.MdBAM17 was mainly expressed in guard cells and responsive to exogenous ALA.Overexpressing MdBAM17 increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted starch breakdown,leading to stomatal opening,which was further strengthened by ALA.RNA-interfering MdBAM17 decreasedβ-amylase activity,resulting in starch accumulation,and impairing the stomatal opening by ALA.However,modulation of MdBAM17 expression did not affect the levels of flavonols and H_(2)O_(2)in guard cells,suggesting that MdBAM17-promoted starch degradation may function at downstream of ROS signaling in the ALAregulated stomatal opening.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of ALA-regulated stomatal movement.展开更多
Apples are popular fruits worldwide and rich in phenolic compounds that can alleviate obesity and related metabolic diseases.However,the mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity actions of apple polyphenols(AP)like phlo...Apples are popular fruits worldwide and rich in phenolic compounds that can alleviate obesity and related metabolic diseases.However,the mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity actions of apple polyphenols(AP)like phlorizin(PZ)and procyanidin B2(PB2)on transplanted obese patient fecal microbiota(TOPFM)-induced obesity and related syndromes have not yet been fully examined in vivo.Herein,a commercial AP product,PZ compound or PB2 compound was used to ameliorate TOPFM-induced obesity in mice.The results indicated that the AP,PZ or PB2 supplementation markedly alleviate TOPFM-induced obesity in mice through effectively suppressing body weight gain and fat accumulation,alleviating insulin resistance and liver inflammation,regulating gut microecology and lipid synthesis/metabolism,and improving gut barrier function and antioxidant capacity.The gut barrier function and integrity were improved through regulating the expression of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines,tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6),and gut barrier function-related genes,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and Occludin,and raising the glucagon-like peptide 2(GLP-2)level via increasing the contents of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Interestingly,the AP,PZ or PB2 supplementation could significantly improve the production of SCFAs and restore the microbial community structure and diversity in mice with TOPFM-induced obesity,in particular,increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Bifidobacteriaceae possibly by inhibiting Blautia and Bifidobacterium phages.The influences of AP,PZ or PB2 on gut microorganisms and phases of the mice upon TOPFM were species-specific.This study was the first report on the ability of an AP,PZ or PB2 supplementation to promote the production of SCFAs by modulating gut microbiota possibly via regulating gut phages.展开更多
Apple fruit firmness is a crucial index for measuring the internal quality of apples,which influences palatability,storage capacity and transportability.The primary cause of reduced firmness during fruit development i...Apple fruit firmness is a crucial index for measuring the internal quality of apples,which influences palatability,storage capacity and transportability.The primary cause of reduced firmness during fruit development is the hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides.Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase(XTH)is a key enzyme involved in the depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides,but the mechanism of its involvement in the formation of fruit firmness remains unclear.Here,we identified the gene MdXTH2 by integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic data,and analyzed its function and molecular mechanism in the formation of apple fruit firmness.The results showed downward trends in both fruit frmness and cell wall components throughout fruit development.The contents of cell wall material,cellulose,and hemicellulose in various apple varieties exhibited signifcant positive correlations with frmness,with total correlation coeffcients of 0.862,0.884,and 0.891,respectively.Overexpression of MdXTH2 signifcantly increased fruit frmness in apple and tomato,inhibited fruit ripening,and signifcantly suppressed the growth of calli.The upstream transcription factor MdNAC72 of the MdXTH2 gene can promote the expression of fruit ripening-related genes.Furthermore,dual-luciferase,yeast one-hybrid,and electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)demonstrated that MdNAC72 down-regulates the transcription of MdXTH2 by binding to its promoter.In summary,the results of this study provide a strategy for examining fruit quality regulation and a theoretical basis for breeding apple varieties with moderate frmness through genetic improvement.展开更多
Cashew processing in Côte d’Ivoire focuses only on the cashew nut, to the detriment of the apple. Only a very small proportion of the apple is processed into juice. The aim of this work is to enhance the value o...Cashew processing in Côte d’Ivoire focuses only on the cashew nut, to the detriment of the apple. Only a very small proportion of the apple is processed into juice. The aim of this work is to enhance the value of cashew apples by transforming them into jam. Specifically, the aim was first to characterize the sensory properties of cashew apple jam formulations using baobab powder as a source of pectin and then to optimise the formulations. A Box-Behken design with pH, Sugar, and Baobab as factors was used to model and characterize the jam sensory descriptors, and a multivariate analysis with SensomineR was used to characterize the jam formulations. The desirability function was used to optimise the formulations. The results show globally significant regressions at the 0.05 threshold for the sensory descriptors Gelling, Brilliance, Smell, Sweetness, and (-)Astringency, with the exception of (-)Salinity. The R2 coefficients are greater than 80%. The factors studied could have effects on the sensory descriptors of cashew jam formulations. The Baobab had the main effect on the gelling, smell, and astringency of the jams. Brilliance depended on the added sugar. A product effect (p < 0.001) was observed for the descriptors Smell, Gelling, Brilliance, and Sweetness, as these allowed the panelists to find differences between the formulations. Optimum jam formulation can be achieved with 51.56% sugar and 2.12% Baobab at a pH of 3.15. Cashew apple jam using Baobab offers opportunities to add value to apples that have long been abandoned in the field. It would be important to find conditions for prolonged storage of this jam.展开更多
Chlorogenic acid(CGA),a potent antioxidant with antimicrobial,antiviral,and metabolic regulatory properties,plays multifunctional roles in apple fruit by enhancing postharvest quality,extending shelf life through oxid...Chlorogenic acid(CGA),a potent antioxidant with antimicrobial,antiviral,and metabolic regulatory properties,plays multifunctional roles in apple fruit by enhancing postharvest quality,extending shelf life through oxidative stress reduction,and inhibiting enzymatic browning to preserve color,flavor,and nutritional integrity.Despite the established role of hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HCT)as a rate-limiting enzyme in CGA biosynthesis,the specific HCT gene responsible for this process and its regulatory mechanisms remain elusive.To address this knowledge gap,we systematically investigated CGA accumulation dynamics during apple storage and functionally characterized MdHCT6,a candidate gene within the HCT family.We found that the chlorogenic acid content in apple fruit increased significantly during postharvest storage compared with the initial storage.Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression level of MdHCT6 was significantly higher than that of other HCT homologues,which was consistent with the reverse transcription quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)results.In vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that MdHCT6 catalyzes the synthesis of chlorogenic acid using shikimic acid and quinic acid as precursors,while genetic evidence confirmed its role as a key positive regulator of chlorogenic acid accumulation in apples.Furthermore,we identified the transcription factor MdMYB93 as a direct upstream activator of MdHCT6,establishing a regulatory cascade that governs CGA production.This work not only deciphers the molecular hierarchy of CGA biosynthesis in apples but also provides actionable targets for genetic improvement of antioxidant capacity and postharvest resilience in apple germplasm.展开更多
Anthocyanin is widely acknowledged as a crucial component contributing to apple fruit quality.However,research on the influence of NAC transcription factors on anthocyanin accumulation in red flesh apple is limited.In...Anthocyanin is widely acknowledged as a crucial component contributing to apple fruit quality.However,research on the influence of NAC transcription factors on anthocyanin accumulation in red flesh apple is limited.In this study,a NAC transcription factor MdNAC77L was identified as highly related to the change of anthocyanin content,based on a combined anthocyanin metabolome and transcriptome analysis.Overexpression of MdNAC77L significantly increased the accumulation of anthocyanin in both apple and strawberry fruits,along with the expression of several anthocyanin-related enzymes.Molecular-level analyses demonstrated that MdNAC77L was directly combined with the promoters of three pivotal enzymes(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase,anthocyanin synthase,and UDP-flavonoid glucosyltransferase)of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.We found that ABA strongly induced the expression of MdNAC77L,which activated the expression of three downstream target genes.In addition,MdNAC77L showed higher transcript accumulation in flesh with lower anthocyanin content than that in red peel.We revealed the new core factor,MdNAC77L,involved in anthocyanin accumulation in apple red flesh.This research provides a fresh perspective on the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apples.展开更多
The cultivation of apples in replanted orchards is essential given limitations in land resources.However,the presence of Fusarium and phenolic acids in the replanted soil harms the soil environment,which impedes the s...The cultivation of apples in replanted orchards is essential given limitations in land resources.However,the presence of Fusarium and phenolic acids in the replanted soil harms the soil environment,which impedes the sustainable development of the apple industry.In this study,earthworm was used as the fermentation precursor protein to optimize the fermentation conditions,and the inhibition mechanism of the fermentation product on Fusarium and its potential to repair the apple replant soil environment were explored.Laboratory experiments showed that the optimum initial pH,temperature and time of earthworm fermentation were 7,37℃ and 10 d,respectively.The inhibition rates of earthworm fermentation products against F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum,and F.moniliforme were 79.8%,75.1%,78.7%and 79.2%,respectively.The inhibition rates of spore germination on F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum,and F.moniliforme were 83.8%,87.3%,83.2%and84.8%,respectively.In the field,use 300 mL of earthworm fermentation products for each planting pits before planting.The experimental results showed that,compared with the control,the content of soil pathogenic Fusarium and phenolic acid in Wantou(W3)were decreased by75.1%and 59.8%,respectively,after treatment with earthworm fermentation products in 2019.Soil urease,phosphatase,sucrase and catalase activities increased by 383.2%,78.2%,130.3%and 43.5%,respectively.The fruit weight,anthocyanin content,soluble sugar,sugar-acid ratio,total ester ratio,total ester concentration and yield increased by 80.7%,60.6%,25.6%,50.3%,19.7%,262.4%and 193.5%,respectively,while titratable acid content decreased by 16.9%.In conclusion,earthworm fermentation products can be used as a sustainable amendment to control apple replant disease.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber(SDF)from apple pomace.[Methods]Soluble dietary fiber(SDF)from apple pomace was extracted by di...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber(SDF)from apple pomace.[Methods]Soluble dietary fiber(SDF)from apple pomace was extracted by direct water extraction(W),lactic acid bacteria fermentation(F)and steam explosion(SE)respectively,and the extraction methods and physicochemical and functional characteristics were compared and analyzed.[Results]The solubility,water holding capacities,oil holding capacities and swelling capacities of W-SDF,F-SDF and SE-SDF were(2.13,3.95 and 5.13 g/g),(9.02,13.75 and 15.88 g/g),(2.13,4.08 and 5.11 g/g),and(10.82,14.03 and 15.77 ml/g),respectively.Their emulsifying activity,emulsifying stability and least gelation concentration were(30.28,47.95 and 58.72 ml/100 ml),(37.88,45.25 and 57.13 ml/100 ml),and(12.11,11.25 and 9.87%),respectively.The adsorption capacities of W-SDF,F-SDF and SE-SDF for heavy metals(Pb,As and Cu)in the intestinal environment(pH 7)were(162.7,183.5 and 197.3μmol/g),(132.8,156.7 and 168.9μmol/g),and(57.2,63.5 and 89.2μmol/g)respectively.In the gastric environment(pH 2),they were(72.8,110.5,138.9μmol/g),(82.1,112.5,135.7μmol/g),and(38.9,42.7,55.1μmol/g)respectively.[Conclusions]The study can provide a theoretical basis for functional modification and comprehensive utilization of dietary fiber from apple pomace.展开更多
The recurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF)in patients after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation(RFCA)appears to be an unresolved clinical issue and needs to be clearly elucidated.There are many factors associat...The recurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF)in patients after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation(RFCA)appears to be an unresolved clinical issue and needs to be clearly elucidated.There are many factors associated with AF recurrence,such as duration of AF,male sex,concomitant heart failure,hemodynamic parameters,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,hypertension,obstructive sleep apnea,hyperthyroidism,smoking and obesity.However,the inflammatory changes are strongly associated with electrical and structural cardiac remodeling,cardiac damage,myocardial fibrotic changes,microvascular dysfunction and altered reparative response.In this context,biomarkers reflecting the different stages of AF pathogenesis deserve thorough investigation.The authors of the retrospective study revealed that one-year recurrence rate of non-valvular AF in the high systemic immune inflammation(SII)index group was significantly increased compared to that of the low SII index group and provided additional predictive value to the APPLE.Furthermore,the authors suggest that this biomarker may help physicians to optimize the selection of AF patients and to develop a personalized treatment approach.In conclusion,the SII index may serve as a valuable indicator of recurrent AF in patients after RFCA and may be a biomarker with plausible predictive value for poor clinical outcomes.展开更多
文摘Crunch!Apples are a sweet and delicious fruit.There are over 7,500 different kinds!The fruit is usually red,but it can be green or other colors.Applesaren't expensive.They make a great snack.You can eat a whole apple.You can slice it,too.They're also good with other foods.Do you like apples?
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32230097 and 32172512)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(20)2023]+1 种基金the Jiangsu Special Fund for Frontier Foundation Research of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization(Grant No.BK20220005)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA),is a novel plant growth regulator that can enhance plant tolerance against salt stress.However,the molecular mechanism of ALA is not well studied.In this study,ALA improved salt tolerance of apple(Malus×domestica'Gala')when the detached leaves or cultured calli were used as the materials.The expression of MdWRKY71,a WRKY transcription factor(TF)gene was found to be responsive to NaCl as well as ALA treatment.Functional analysis showed that overexpressing(OE)-MdWRKY71 significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic apple,while RNA interfering(RNAi)-MdWRKY71 reduced the salt tolerance.However,exogenous ALA alleviated the salt damage in the RNAi-MdWRKY71 apple.When MdWRKY71 was transferred into tobacco,the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was enhanced,which was further improved by exogenous ALA.Subsequently,MdWRKY71 bound to the W-box of promoters of MdSOS2,MdNHX1,MdCLC-g,MdSOD1,MdCAT1 and MdAPX1,transcriptionally activating the gene expressions.Since the genes are responsible for Na+and Cl-transport and antioxidant enzyme activity respectively,it can be concluded that MdWRKY71,a new TF,is involved in ALA-improved salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis and redox homeostasis.These results provided new insights into the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of ALA in enhancing apple salt tolerance.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32122080,31972375)Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020YQ25)。
文摘The content of soluble sugars is a vital parameter that indicates the quality of fleshy fruits such as apple(Malus domestica Borkh.).Studying the patterns of accumulation of soluble sugars and regulatory mechanisms associated with fruit development is crucial for breeding improved fruit varieties.Here,we report that MdCIbHLH1,a low temperature-induced b HLH transcription factor,inhibits the accumulation of soluble sugars by regulating sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities,photosynthetic performance,and the expression of sugar-related genes in developing apple fruits.MdCIbHLH1 inhibits MdFBP and MdPEPCK expression,thus blocking the conversion of acids to sugars in apple fruits.We also discovered that MdCIbHLH1 decreases the photosynthetic rate and carbohydrate accumulation in apple leaves.Our results suggest that soluble sugar accumulation in apple fruits is influenced by multiple factors,including metabolic status,photosynthesis,and carbohydrate allocation.MdCIbHLH1 is critically involved in controlling the accumulation of soluble sugars by coordinating carbohydrate synthesis and allocation,thus influencing sugar transport and its metabolism during the development of apple fruits.
基金Supported by the Special Funds for Forestry Industry Research in Public Welfare(201404720)the National Science and Technology Support Program(2014BAD16B02-3)the Science and Technology Innovation Ability Construction Projects of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(KJCX20150403)~~
文摘[Objective] The aims were to explore the relationship between the contents of fruit mineral elements and quality features of the ＇Fuji＇ apple, screen major mineral elements of the fruit affecting fruit quality features, and set up optimum proposals of fruit mineral elements for good fruit qualities, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the reasonable orchard soil and foliar fertilizer applications to increase fruit quality and reduce the physiological diseases related to the ＇Fuji＇ apple. [Methods] The fruit mineral elements and quality indicators of ＇Fuji＂ apples were in- vestigated and analyzed, which were collected from the 153 commercial apple or- chards of ＂Fuji＇ apple located in 51 counties. The variable importance for projection （VlP） of partial least squares regression （PLS） method was used to analyze the model effect and weight analysis impact of the fruit mineral element contents to fruit quality, screen out major factors of fruit mineral elements influencing the different fruit qualities, and set up the regression equation of the fruit qualities and major fruit mineral elements. Linear programming was used to obtain optimum proposals of the fruit mineral elements to achieve good ＇Fuji＇ apple qualities. [Results] The mineral elements content and quality characteristics in ＂Fuji＇ apple fruit had great differences in the different produce regions in which the maximum content of nitro- gen, iron, zinc and boron in the ＇Fuji＇ fruit were12.06, 6.17, 7.7, and 10.08 times greater than the minimum respectively, and the differences for titratable acid and the SSC/TA ratio were 2.33 and 2.16 times respectively. The correlation analysis between the fruit mineral element contents and qualities showed that the nitrogen content of fruit had a significantly negative correlation with the soluble solid content, SSC/TA ratio and red color area, while the calcium and iron contents in the fruit were in significantly positive correlation with the soluble solid content and SSC/TA ratio. The model effect and weight analysis showed that the content of nitrogen and iron in the fruit had a greater influence on the integral fruit quality, followed by phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The variable importance for projection （VlP） technology of PLS found that the mean fruit weight was primarily affected by nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium, and the soluble solid was primarily affected by ni- trogen, calcium and iron, while the red color area was primarily affected by nitro- gen, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc. The regression equation between fruit quality and mineral element contents showed that the mean fruit weight had a greater pos- itive effect coefficient with the content of phosphorus and potassium, and a greater negative effect coefficient with the content of nitrogen in the fruit. Moreover, the sol- uble solid had the largest negative effect coefficient with nitrogen and largest posi- tive effect coefficient with calcium and iron in the fruit. [Conclusion] The maximum content of soluble solid and titratable acid were 1.5 times more than the minimum, and nitrogen, iron, zinc and boron were 6 times more than in the ＇Fuji＇ apple fruit in the different produce regions. Therefore, it is a key technological measure to improve the overall qualities of the ＂Fuji＇ apple by decreasing the content of nitrogen, and increasing the contents of iron, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the fruit.
文摘Dear Song Tao,How are you these days?I miss you very much.I’m very happy to hear from you.Now let me tell you something about my favorites.My favorite food is fruit,especially apples.I think they are good for my health.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-27)。
文摘The pivotal role of N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)demethylases in regulating plant stress responses has been widely explored;however,the function of apple m^(6)A demethylases under heat stress and fixed-carbon starvation is unclear.In this study,the apple RNA demethylase gene family was identified,and the demethylase gene MdALKBH1A was selected for further analysis.Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)analysis,we demonstrated that MdALKBH1A is the m^(6)A demethylase of apple.Moreover,transgenic‘Micro Tom’tomato plants overexpressing MdALKBH1A were more sensitive to high temperature,probably due to the decreased antioxidant ability,increased membrane lipid peroxidation and reduced plasma membrane stability.However,these tomato plants overexpressing MdALKBH1A were more resistant to fixed-carbon starvation,as evidenced by the improved plasma membrane stability,enhanced photosynthetic rates and elevated autophagic activity.In summary,our results highlight the crucial role played by Md ALKBH1A in the response of apple plants to high-temperature stress and fixedcarbon starvation.
基金supported by a project grant from the Key Research and Development and Promotion Projects of Henan Province,China(212102110113)the Special Fund for Henan Agriculture Research System,China(HARS-22-09-Z2).
文摘Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.
文摘Apple polyphenols are widely present in apple pulp,peel,kernel,and leaves.They are natural bioactive substances with a variety of health functions.This review describes the antioxidant functions of anthocyanins,quercetin,phlorizin,chlorogenic acid,and epicatechin in apple polyphenols through the regulation of signal pathways and transcription factors,and the inhibition or induction of enzymes.Massive food applications of apple polyphenols are summarized,including excellent color protection of fruits and vegetables,meat preservation,preparation of composite packaging fi lms as active ingredients,enhancement of nutritional value as functional ingredients,and improvement of food taste and physical stability.This review would provide a reference for the exploration of apple polyphenol resources and its development in the food field.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-27)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972389)the Key S&T Special Projects of Shaanxi Province,China(2020zdzx03-01-02)。
文摘Cadmium(Cd)stress is a serious threat to apple growth and development.Ethylene response factors(ERFs)are a major family of transcription factors(TFs)that play a key role in the resistance to Cd stress.In this study,we found that the ERF TF Md ERF114 was induced in response to Cd stress.The overexpression of Md ERF114 in apple(Malus domestica)roots reduced the accumulation of Cd in the plants and enhanced their tolerance to Cd stress.Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)assays,dual-luciferase assays,and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that MdERF114 directly binds to the promoter of MdATG16 and activates its expression to increase autophagic activity,which leads to higher resistance to Cd stress.In addition,MdMYB306 interacts with MdERF114 and enhances the resistance to Cd stress by promoting the binding of MdERF114 to the promoter of MdATG16.Our findings reveal an important mechanism by which MdMYB306-MdERF114-MdATG16 influences the resistance of apple to Cd stress.
文摘Conversation A(in the break room)Sara:Do I see a picture of a pie?Greg:Youdo.I'm looking at achart of people'sfavoritefall sweettreats.Sara:Yummy!Applepie ismyfavorite.Greg:It'salsothefavoriteof 30percentofpeople.This chartsays that.Sara:Well,apple pie is great.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272384)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2020MC149)。
文摘Ethylene response factors 2(ERF2) are essential for plant growth, fruit ripening, metabolism, and resistance tostress. In this study, the expression levels of the genes for MdERF2 implicated in the biosynthesis, compositionand ultrastructure of fruit cuticular wax in apple(Malus domestica) were studied by the transfection of apple fruitand/or calli with MdERF2-overexpression(ERF2-OE) and MdERF2-interference(ERF2-AN) vectors. In addition,the direct target genes of MdERF2 related to wax biosynthesis were identified using electrophoretic mobility shiftassays(EMSAs) and dual-luciferase reporter(DLR) assays. The findings indicated that the expression levels offour wax biosynthetic genes, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2(MdLACS2), eceriferum 1(MdCER1), eceriferum4(MdCER4), and eceriferum 6(MdCER6), were upregulated by ERF2-OE. In contrast, the expression levels ofthese genes were inhibited when MdERF2 was silenced. Furthermore, the overall structure and accumulationof fruit cuticular wax were influenced by the expression level of MdERF2. Treatment with ERF2-OE significantlyincreased the proportions of alkanes and ketones and reduced the proportions of fatty acids and esters. In addition,the EMSAs and DLR assays demonstrated that MdERF2 could bind directly to GCC-box elements in the promotersof MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 to activate their transcription. These results confirmed that MdERF2 targetsthe up-regulation of expression of the MdLACS2, MdCER1, and MdCER6 genes, thereby altering the composition,content, and microstructure of apple epidermal wax.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172512)the Jiangsu Special Fund for Frontier Foundation Research of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization(Grant No.BK20220005)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening.Starch degradation,catalyzed byβ-amylase(EC3.2.1.2,BAM),plays an important role in stomatal opening.However,whether the starch breakdown is involved in ALA-regulating stomatal movement is unclear.In the current study,we found that exogenous ALA effectively stimulated the starch breakdown in guard cells,increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted stomatal opening in leaves of apple(Malus×domestica).Based on genome-wide identification,we identified a total of 119 members of BAM gene family in ten commonly Rosaceae crops.Analyses of gene structure,motif identification,and gene pair collinearity revealed relative conservation among members within the same group or subgroup.Among these genes,MdBAM17 and other 12 genes were identified as the orthologous genes of AtBAM1,which is responsible for starch degradation to modulate the stomatal movement in Arabidopsis.qRT-PCR analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expressions of MdBAM17 and stomatal aperture,as well asβ-amylase activity,whereas a negative correlation was observed with the starch content.Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that MdBAM17 is a chloroplast protein,consistent with the AtBAM1.MdBAM17 was mainly expressed in guard cells and responsive to exogenous ALA.Overexpressing MdBAM17 increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted starch breakdown,leading to stomatal opening,which was further strengthened by ALA.RNA-interfering MdBAM17 decreasedβ-amylase activity,resulting in starch accumulation,and impairing the stomatal opening by ALA.However,modulation of MdBAM17 expression did not affect the levels of flavonols and H_(2)O_(2)in guard cells,suggesting that MdBAM17-promoted starch degradation may function at downstream of ROS signaling in the ALAregulated stomatal opening.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of ALA-regulated stomatal movement.
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024QC147)Key Research&Development Project of Shandong Province(2021TZXD007,2019GNCI06048)+2 种基金Major Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Projects in Shandong Province(SD2019ZZ023)Youth Innovation Science and Technology Program of Shandong College and Universities Plan(2020KJE007)Shandong Double Tops Program(SYT2017XTTD04).
文摘Apples are popular fruits worldwide and rich in phenolic compounds that can alleviate obesity and related metabolic diseases.However,the mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity actions of apple polyphenols(AP)like phlorizin(PZ)and procyanidin B2(PB2)on transplanted obese patient fecal microbiota(TOPFM)-induced obesity and related syndromes have not yet been fully examined in vivo.Herein,a commercial AP product,PZ compound or PB2 compound was used to ameliorate TOPFM-induced obesity in mice.The results indicated that the AP,PZ or PB2 supplementation markedly alleviate TOPFM-induced obesity in mice through effectively suppressing body weight gain and fat accumulation,alleviating insulin resistance and liver inflammation,regulating gut microecology and lipid synthesis/metabolism,and improving gut barrier function and antioxidant capacity.The gut barrier function and integrity were improved through regulating the expression of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines,tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1beta(IL-1β)and interleukin-6(IL-6),and gut barrier function-related genes,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and Occludin,and raising the glucagon-like peptide 2(GLP-2)level via increasing the contents of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Interestingly,the AP,PZ or PB2 supplementation could significantly improve the production of SCFAs and restore the microbial community structure and diversity in mice with TOPFM-induced obesity,in particular,increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Bifidobacteriaceae possibly by inhibiting Blautia and Bifidobacterium phages.The influences of AP,PZ or PB2 on gut microorganisms and phases of the mice upon TOPFM were species-specific.This study was the first report on the ability of an AP,PZ or PB2 supplementation to promote the production of SCFAs by modulating gut microbiota possibly via regulating gut phages.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302683)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M752636)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-27)the Project of Weinan Experimental Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University,China(2024WNXNZX-1)。
文摘Apple fruit firmness is a crucial index for measuring the internal quality of apples,which influences palatability,storage capacity and transportability.The primary cause of reduced firmness during fruit development is the hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides.Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase(XTH)is a key enzyme involved in the depolymerization of cell wall polysaccharides,but the mechanism of its involvement in the formation of fruit firmness remains unclear.Here,we identified the gene MdXTH2 by integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic data,and analyzed its function and molecular mechanism in the formation of apple fruit firmness.The results showed downward trends in both fruit frmness and cell wall components throughout fruit development.The contents of cell wall material,cellulose,and hemicellulose in various apple varieties exhibited signifcant positive correlations with frmness,with total correlation coeffcients of 0.862,0.884,and 0.891,respectively.Overexpression of MdXTH2 signifcantly increased fruit frmness in apple and tomato,inhibited fruit ripening,and signifcantly suppressed the growth of calli.The upstream transcription factor MdNAC72 of the MdXTH2 gene can promote the expression of fruit ripening-related genes.Furthermore,dual-luciferase,yeast one-hybrid,and electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)demonstrated that MdNAC72 down-regulates the transcription of MdXTH2 by binding to its promoter.In summary,the results of this study provide a strategy for examining fruit quality regulation and a theoretical basis for breeding apple varieties with moderate frmness through genetic improvement.
文摘Cashew processing in Côte d’Ivoire focuses only on the cashew nut, to the detriment of the apple. Only a very small proportion of the apple is processed into juice. The aim of this work is to enhance the value of cashew apples by transforming them into jam. Specifically, the aim was first to characterize the sensory properties of cashew apple jam formulations using baobab powder as a source of pectin and then to optimise the formulations. A Box-Behken design with pH, Sugar, and Baobab as factors was used to model and characterize the jam sensory descriptors, and a multivariate analysis with SensomineR was used to characterize the jam formulations. The desirability function was used to optimise the formulations. The results show globally significant regressions at the 0.05 threshold for the sensory descriptors Gelling, Brilliance, Smell, Sweetness, and (-)Astringency, with the exception of (-)Salinity. The R2 coefficients are greater than 80%. The factors studied could have effects on the sensory descriptors of cashew jam formulations. The Baobab had the main effect on the gelling, smell, and astringency of the jams. Brilliance depended on the added sugar. A product effect (p < 0.001) was observed for the descriptors Smell, Gelling, Brilliance, and Sweetness, as these allowed the panelists to find differences between the formulations. Optimum jam formulation can be achieved with 51.56% sugar and 2.12% Baobab at a pH of 3.15. Cashew apple jam using Baobab offers opportunities to add value to apples that have long been abandoned in the field. It would be important to find conditions for prolonged storage of this jam.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2023YFD2301000,2022YFD2100102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32302616)+1 种基金Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2023QC032)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023CXGC010709).
文摘Chlorogenic acid(CGA),a potent antioxidant with antimicrobial,antiviral,and metabolic regulatory properties,plays multifunctional roles in apple fruit by enhancing postharvest quality,extending shelf life through oxidative stress reduction,and inhibiting enzymatic browning to preserve color,flavor,and nutritional integrity.Despite the established role of hydroxycinnamoyl transferase(HCT)as a rate-limiting enzyme in CGA biosynthesis,the specific HCT gene responsible for this process and its regulatory mechanisms remain elusive.To address this knowledge gap,we systematically investigated CGA accumulation dynamics during apple storage and functionally characterized MdHCT6,a candidate gene within the HCT family.We found that the chlorogenic acid content in apple fruit increased significantly during postharvest storage compared with the initial storage.Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression level of MdHCT6 was significantly higher than that of other HCT homologues,which was consistent with the reverse transcription quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)results.In vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated that MdHCT6 catalyzes the synthesis of chlorogenic acid using shikimic acid and quinic acid as precursors,while genetic evidence confirmed its role as a key positive regulator of chlorogenic acid accumulation in apples.Furthermore,we identified the transcription factor MdMYB93 as a direct upstream activator of MdHCT6,establishing a regulatory cascade that governs CGA production.This work not only deciphers the molecular hierarchy of CGA biosynthesis in apples but also provides actionable targets for genetic improvement of antioxidant capacity and postharvest resilience in apple germplasm.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Xuzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.RC2021002).
文摘Anthocyanin is widely acknowledged as a crucial component contributing to apple fruit quality.However,research on the influence of NAC transcription factors on anthocyanin accumulation in red flesh apple is limited.In this study,a NAC transcription factor MdNAC77L was identified as highly related to the change of anthocyanin content,based on a combined anthocyanin metabolome and transcriptome analysis.Overexpression of MdNAC77L significantly increased the accumulation of anthocyanin in both apple and strawberry fruits,along with the expression of several anthocyanin-related enzymes.Molecular-level analyses demonstrated that MdNAC77L was directly combined with the promoters of three pivotal enzymes(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase,anthocyanin synthase,and UDP-flavonoid glucosyltransferase)of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.We found that ABA strongly induced the expression of MdNAC77L,which activated the expression of three downstream target genes.In addition,MdNAC77L showed higher transcript accumulation in flesh with lower anthocyanin content than that in red peel.We revealed the new core factor,MdNAC77L,involved in anthocyanin accumulation in apple red flesh.This research provides a fresh perspective on the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed apples.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672104)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-27)+1 种基金Taishan Scholar Funded Project(Grant No.20190923)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2020MC131)。
文摘The cultivation of apples in replanted orchards is essential given limitations in land resources.However,the presence of Fusarium and phenolic acids in the replanted soil harms the soil environment,which impedes the sustainable development of the apple industry.In this study,earthworm was used as the fermentation precursor protein to optimize the fermentation conditions,and the inhibition mechanism of the fermentation product on Fusarium and its potential to repair the apple replant soil environment were explored.Laboratory experiments showed that the optimum initial pH,temperature and time of earthworm fermentation were 7,37℃ and 10 d,respectively.The inhibition rates of earthworm fermentation products against F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum,and F.moniliforme were 79.8%,75.1%,78.7%and 79.2%,respectively.The inhibition rates of spore germination on F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum,and F.moniliforme were 83.8%,87.3%,83.2%and84.8%,respectively.In the field,use 300 mL of earthworm fermentation products for each planting pits before planting.The experimental results showed that,compared with the control,the content of soil pathogenic Fusarium and phenolic acid in Wantou(W3)were decreased by75.1%and 59.8%,respectively,after treatment with earthworm fermentation products in 2019.Soil urease,phosphatase,sucrase and catalase activities increased by 383.2%,78.2%,130.3%and 43.5%,respectively.The fruit weight,anthocyanin content,soluble sugar,sugar-acid ratio,total ester ratio,total ester concentration and yield increased by 80.7%,60.6%,25.6%,50.3%,19.7%,262.4%and 193.5%,respectively,while titratable acid content decreased by 16.9%.In conclusion,earthworm fermentation products can be used as a sustainable amendment to control apple replant disease.
基金Supported by High-end Talent Project of Hebei ProvinceTangshan Talent Funding Project(B202302006).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber(SDF)from apple pomace.[Methods]Soluble dietary fiber(SDF)from apple pomace was extracted by direct water extraction(W),lactic acid bacteria fermentation(F)and steam explosion(SE)respectively,and the extraction methods and physicochemical and functional characteristics were compared and analyzed.[Results]The solubility,water holding capacities,oil holding capacities and swelling capacities of W-SDF,F-SDF and SE-SDF were(2.13,3.95 and 5.13 g/g),(9.02,13.75 and 15.88 g/g),(2.13,4.08 and 5.11 g/g),and(10.82,14.03 and 15.77 ml/g),respectively.Their emulsifying activity,emulsifying stability and least gelation concentration were(30.28,47.95 and 58.72 ml/100 ml),(37.88,45.25 and 57.13 ml/100 ml),and(12.11,11.25 and 9.87%),respectively.The adsorption capacities of W-SDF,F-SDF and SE-SDF for heavy metals(Pb,As and Cu)in the intestinal environment(pH 7)were(162.7,183.5 and 197.3μmol/g),(132.8,156.7 and 168.9μmol/g),and(57.2,63.5 and 89.2μmol/g)respectively.In the gastric environment(pH 2),they were(72.8,110.5,138.9μmol/g),(82.1,112.5,135.7μmol/g),and(38.9,42.7,55.1μmol/g)respectively.[Conclusions]The study can provide a theoretical basis for functional modification and comprehensive utilization of dietary fiber from apple pomace.
文摘The recurrence of atrial fibrillation(AF)in patients after successful radiofrequency catheter ablation(RFCA)appears to be an unresolved clinical issue and needs to be clearly elucidated.There are many factors associated with AF recurrence,such as duration of AF,male sex,concomitant heart failure,hemodynamic parameters,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,hypertension,obstructive sleep apnea,hyperthyroidism,smoking and obesity.However,the inflammatory changes are strongly associated with electrical and structural cardiac remodeling,cardiac damage,myocardial fibrotic changes,microvascular dysfunction and altered reparative response.In this context,biomarkers reflecting the different stages of AF pathogenesis deserve thorough investigation.The authors of the retrospective study revealed that one-year recurrence rate of non-valvular AF in the high systemic immune inflammation(SII)index group was significantly increased compared to that of the low SII index group and provided additional predictive value to the APPLE.Furthermore,the authors suggest that this biomarker may help physicians to optimize the selection of AF patients and to develop a personalized treatment approach.In conclusion,the SII index may serve as a valuable indicator of recurrent AF in patients after RFCA and may be a biomarker with plausible predictive value for poor clinical outcomes.
