Military image encryption plays a vital role in ensuring the secure transmission of sensitive visual information from unauthorized access.This paper proposes a new Tri-independent keying method for encrypting military...Military image encryption plays a vital role in ensuring the secure transmission of sensitive visual information from unauthorized access.This paper proposes a new Tri-independent keying method for encrypting military images.The proposed encryption method is based on multilevel security stages of pixel-level scrambling,bitlevel manipulation,and block-level shuffling operations.For having a vast key space,the input password is hashed by the Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit(SHA-256)for generating independently deterministic keys used in the multilevel stages.A piecewise pixel-level scrambling function is introduced to perform a dual flipping process controlled with an adaptive key for obscuring the spatial relationships between the adjacent pixels.Adynamicmasking scheme is presented for conducting a bit-level manipulation based on distinct keys that change over image regions,providing completely different encryption results on identical regions.To handle the global correlation between large-scale patterns,a chaotic index-map system is employed for shuffling image regions randomly across the image domain based on a logistic map seeded with a private key.Experimental results on a dataset of military images show the effectiveness of the proposed encryption method in producing excellent quantitative and qualitative results.The proposed method obtains uniform histogram distributions,high entropy values around the ideal(≈8 bits),Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR)values above 99.5%,and low Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)over all encrypted images.This validates the robustness of the proposed method against cryptanalytic attacks,verifying its ability to serve as a practical basis for secure image transmission in defense systems.展开更多
Driven by advancements in mobile internet technology,images have become a crucial data medium.Ensuring the security of image information during transmission has thus emerged as an urgent challenge.This study proposes ...Driven by advancements in mobile internet technology,images have become a crucial data medium.Ensuring the security of image information during transmission has thus emerged as an urgent challenge.This study proposes a novel image encryption algorithm specifically designed for grayscale image security.This research introduces a new Cantor diagonal matrix permutation method.The proposed permutation method uses row and column index sequences to control the Cantor diagonal matrix,where the row and column index sequences are generated by a spatiotemporal chaotic system named coupled map lattice(CML).The high initial value sensitivity of the CML system makes the permutation method highly sensitive and secure.Additionally,leveraging fractal theory,this study introduces a chaotic fractal matrix and applies this matrix in the diffusion process.This chaotic fractal matrix exhibits selfsimilarity and irregularity.Using the Cantor diagonal matrix and chaotic fractal matrix,this paper introduces a fast image encryption algorithm involving two diffusion steps and one permutation step.Moreover,the algorithm achieves robust security with only a single encryption round,ensuring high operational efficiency.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm features an expansive key space,robust security,high sensitivity,high efficiency,and superior statistical properties for the ciphered images.Thus,the proposed algorithm not only provides a practical solution for secure image transmission but also bridges fractal theory with image encryption techniques,thereby opening new research avenues in chaotic cryptography and advancing the development of information security technology.展开更多
Elliptic curve(EC)based cryptosystems gained more attention due to enhanced security than the existing public key cryptosystems.A substitution box(S-box)plays a vital role in securing modern symmetric key cryptosystem...Elliptic curve(EC)based cryptosystems gained more attention due to enhanced security than the existing public key cryptosystems.A substitution box(S-box)plays a vital role in securing modern symmetric key cryptosystems.However,the recently developed EC based algorithms usually trade off between computational efficiency and security,necessitating the design of a new algorithm with the desired cryptographic strength.To address these shortcomings,this paper proposes a new scheme based onMordell elliptic curve(MEC)over the complex field for generating distinct,dynamic,and highly uncorrelated S-boxes.Furthermore,we count the exact number of the obtained S-boxes,and demonstrate that the permuted version of the presented S-box is statistically optimal.The nonsingularity of the presented algorithm and the injectivity of the resultant output are explored.Rigorous theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposedmethod is highly effective in generating a large number of dynamic S-boxes with adequate cryptographic properties,surpassing current state-of-the-art S-box generation algorithms in terms of security.Apart fromthis,the generated S-box is benchmarked using side-channel attacks,and its performance is compared with highly nonlinear S-boxes,demonstrating comparable results.In addition,we present an application of our proposed S-box generator by incorporating it into an image encryption technique.The encrypted and decrypted images are tested by employing extensive standard security metrics,including the Number of Pixel Change Rate,the Unified Average Changing Intensity,information entropy,correlation coefficient,and histogram analysis.Moreover,the analysis is extended beyond conventional metrics to validate the new method using advanced tests,such as the NIST statistical test suite,robustness analysis,and noise and cropping attacks.Experimental outcomes show that the presented algorithm strengthens the existing encryption scheme against various well-known cryptographic attacks.展开更多
The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks,expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media.Consequently...The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks,expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media.Consequently,the protection of sensitive data has become increasingly critical.Regardless of the complexity of the encryption algorithm used,a robust and highly secure encryption key is essential,with randomness and key space being crucial factors.This paper proposes a new Robust Deoxyribonucleic Acid(RDNA)nucleotide-based encryption method.The RDNA encryption method leverages the unique properties of DNA nucleotides,including their inherent randomness and extensive key space,to generate a highly secure encryption key.By employing transposition and substitution operations,the RDNA method ensures significant diffusion and confusion in the encrypted images.Additionally,it utilises a pseudorandom generation technique based on the random sequence of nucleotides in the DNA secret key.The performance of the RDNA encryption method is evaluated through various statistical and visual tests,and compared against established encryption methods such as 3DES,AES,and a DNA-based method.Experimental results demonstrate that the RDNA encryption method outperforms its rivals in the literature,and achieves superior performance in terms of information entropy,avalanche effect,encryption execution time,and correlation reduction,while maintaining competitive values for NMAE,PSNR,NPCR,and UACI.The high degree of randomness and sensitivity to key changes inherent in the RDNA method offers enhanced security,making it highly resistant to brute force and differential attacks.展开更多
A medical image encryption is proposed based on the Fisher-Yates scrambling,filter diffusion and S-box substitution.First,chaotic sequence associated with the plaintext is generated by logistic-sine-cosine system,whic...A medical image encryption is proposed based on the Fisher-Yates scrambling,filter diffusion and S-box substitution.First,chaotic sequence associated with the plaintext is generated by logistic-sine-cosine system,which is used for the scrambling,substitution and diffusion processes.The three-dimensional Fisher-Yates scrambling,S-box substitution and diffusion are employed for the first round of encryption.The chaotic sequence is adopted for secondary encryption to scramble the ciphertext obtained in the first round.Then,three-dimensional filter is applied to diffusion for further useful information hiding.The key to the algorithm is generated by the combination of hash value of plaintext image and the input parameters.It improves resisting ability of plaintext attacks.The security analysis shows that the algorithm is effective and efficient.It can resist common attacks.In addition,the good diffusion effect shows that the scheme can solve the differential attacks encountered in the transmission of medical images and has positive implications for future research.展开更多
This paper introduces a novel lightweight colour image encryption algorithm,specifically designed for resource-constrained environments such as Internet of Things(IoT)devices.As IoT systems become increasingly prevale...This paper introduces a novel lightweight colour image encryption algorithm,specifically designed for resource-constrained environments such as Internet of Things(IoT)devices.As IoT systems become increasingly prevalent,secure and efficient data transmission becomes crucial.The proposed algorithm addresses this need by offering a robust yet resource-efficient solution for image encryption.Traditional image encryption relies on confusion and diffusion steps.These stages are generally implemented linearly,but this work introduces a new RSP(Random Strip Peeling)algorithm for the confusion step,which disrupts linearity in the lightweight category by using two different sequences generated by the 1D Tent Map with varying initial conditions.The diffusion stage then employs an XOR matrix generated by the Logistic Map.Different evaluation metrics,such as entropy analysis,key sensitivity,statistical and differential attacks resistance,and robustness analysis demonstrate the proposed algorithm's lightweight,robust,and efficient.The proposed encryption scheme achieved average metric values of 99.6056 for NPCR,33.4397 for UACI,and 7.9914 for information entropy in the SIPI image dataset.It also exhibits a time complexity of O(2×M×N)for an image of size M×N.展开更多
Ensuring information security in the quantum era is a growing challenge due to advancements in cryptographic attacks and the emergence of quantum computing.To address these concerns,this paper presents the mathematica...Ensuring information security in the quantum era is a growing challenge due to advancements in cryptographic attacks and the emergence of quantum computing.To address these concerns,this paper presents the mathematical and computer modeling of a novel two-dimensional(2D)chaotic system for secure key generation in quantum image encryption(QIE).The proposed map employs trigonometric perturbations in conjunction with rational-saturation functions and hence,named as Trigonometric-Rational-Saturation(TRS)map.Through rigorous mathematical analysis and computational simulations,the map is extensively evaluated for bifurcation behaviour,chaotic trajectories,and Lyapunov exponents.The security evaluation validates the map’s non-linearity,unpredictability,and sensitive dependence on initial conditions.In addition,the proposed TRS map has further been tested by integrating it in a QIE scheme.The QIE scheme first quantum-encodes the classic image using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation(NEQR)technique,the TRS map is used for the generation of secure diffusion key,which is XOR-ed with the quantum-ready image to obtain the encrypted images.The security evaluation of the QIE scheme demonstrates superior security of the encrypted images in terms of statistical security attacks and also against Differential attacks.The encrypted images exhibit zero correlation and maximum entropy with demonstrating strong resilience due to 99.62%and 33.47%results for Number of Pixels Change Rate(NPCR)and Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI).The results validate the effectiveness of TRS-based quantum encryption scheme in securing digital images against emerging quantum threats,making it suitable for secure image encryption in IoT and edge-based applications.展开更多
With the fast development of multimedia social platforms,content dissemination on social media platforms is becomingmore popular.Social image sharing can also raise privacy concerns.Image encryption can protect social...With the fast development of multimedia social platforms,content dissemination on social media platforms is becomingmore popular.Social image sharing can also raise privacy concerns.Image encryption can protect social images.However,most existing image protection methods cannot be applied to multimedia social platforms because of encryption in the spatial domain.In this work,the authors propose a secure social image-sharing method with watermarking/fingerprinting and encryption.First,the fingerprint code with a hierarchical community structure is designed based on social network analysis.Then,discrete wavelet transform(DWT)from block discrete cosine transform(DCT)directly is employed.After that,all codeword segments are embedded into the LL,LH,and HL subbands,respectively.The selected subbands are confused based on Game of Life(GoL),and then all subbands are diffused with singular value decomposition(SVD).Experimental results and security analysis demonstrate the security,invisibility,and robustness of our method.Further,the superiority of the technique is elaborated through comparison with some related image security algorithms.The solution not only performs the fast transformation from block DCT to one-level DWT but also protects users’privacy in multimedia social platforms.With the proposed method,JPEG image secure sharing in multimedia social platforms can be ensured.展开更多
Ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of patient medical information is a critical priority in the healthcare sector.In the context of security,this paper proposes a novel encryption algorithm that integrates Blo...Ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of patient medical information is a critical priority in the healthcare sector.In the context of security,this paper proposes a novel encryption algorithm that integrates Blockchain technology,aiming to improve the security and privacy of transmitted data.The proposed encryption algorithm is a block-cipher image encryption scheme based on different chaotic maps:The logistic Map,the Tent Map,and the Henon Map used to generate three encryption keys.The proposed block-cipher system employs the Hilbert curve to perform permutation while a generated chaos-based S-Box is used to perform substitution.Furthermore,the integration of a Blockchain-based solution for securing data transmission and communication between nodes and authenticating the encrypted medical image’s authenticity adds a layer of security to our proposed method.Our proposed cryptosystem is divided into two principal modules presented as a pseudo-random number generator(PRNG)used for key generation and an encryption and decryption system based on the properties of confusion and diffusion.The security analysis and experimental tests for the proposed algorithm show that the average value of the information entropy of the encrypted images is 7.9993,the Number of Pixels Change Rate(NPCR)values are over 99.5%and the Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI)values are greater than 33%.These results prove the strength of our proposed approach,demonstrating that it can significantly enhance the security of encrypted images.展开更多
Existing chaotic encryption schemes primarily focus on single types of images,making the design of hybrid image encryption schemes more suitable for practical applications.In this paper,a hyperchaotic map with a spher...Existing chaotic encryption schemes primarily focus on single types of images,making the design of hybrid image encryption schemes more suitable for practical applications.In this paper,a hyperchaotic map with a spherical attractor is proposed,which is constructed using spherical coordinates.Dynamical analyses reveal that the hyperchaotic map exhibits global hyperchaos and high complexity,making it capable of generating more complex chaotic sequences suitable for image encryption.A hybrid encryption scheme based on a hyperchaotic map is proposed for two-dimensional(2D)images,three-dimensional(3D)models,and 3D point clouds.Firstly,the pixels of 2D image and the coordinate data of 3D image are fused into a plaintext cube,which is combined with Hash-512 to obtain the initial value of the hyperchaotic map.Chaotic sequences are utilized for cube space internal confusion and dynamic cross-diffusion.The encrypted images demonstrate high information entropy,and the test results show that the encryption scheme effectively protects the images.The proposed hybrid image encryption scheme provides an efficient solution for securing various types of images.展开更多
Traditional chaotic maps struggle with narrow chaotic ranges and inefficiencies,limiting their use for lightweight,secure image encryption in resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).We propose the SPCM,a n...Traditional chaotic maps struggle with narrow chaotic ranges and inefficiencies,limiting their use for lightweight,secure image encryption in resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).We propose the SPCM,a novel one-dimensional discontinuous chaotic system integrating polynomial and sine functions,leveraging a piecewise function to achieve a broad chaotic range()and a high Lyapunov exponent(5.04).Validated through nine benchmarks,including standard randomness tests,Diehard tests,and Shannon entropy(3.883),SPCM demonstrates superior randomness and high sensitivity to initial conditions.Applied to image encryption,SPCM achieves 0.152582 s(39%faster than some techniques)and 433.42 KB/s throughput(134%higher than some techniques),setting new benchmarks for chaotic map-based methods in WSNs.Chaos-based permutation and exclusive or(XOR)diffusion yield near-zero correlation in encrypted images,ensuring strong resistance to Statistical Attacks(SA)and accurate recovery.SPCM also exhibits a strong avalanche effect(bit difference),making it an efficient,secure solution for WSNs in domains like healthcare and smart cities.展开更多
The functionality of the biological brain is closely related to the dynamic behavior generated by synapses in its complex neural system.The self-connection synapse,as a critical form of feedback synapse in Hopfield ne...The functionality of the biological brain is closely related to the dynamic behavior generated by synapses in its complex neural system.The self-connection synapse,as a critical form of feedback synapse in Hopfield neurons,plays an essential role in understanding the dynamic behavior of the brain.Synaptic memristors can bring neural network models closer to the complexity of the brain's neural networks.Inspired by this,this study incorporates the nonlinear memory characteristics of synapses into the Hopfield neural network(HNN)by replacing a single self-synapse in a four-dimensional HNN model with a novel cosine memristor model,aiming to more realistically reproduce the dynamical behavior of biological neurons in artificial systems.By performing a dynamical analysis of the system using numerical methods,we find that the model exhibits infinitely many equilibrium points and can induce the formation of rare transient attractors,as well as an arbitrary number of multi-scroll attractors.Additionally,the model demonstrates complex coexisting attractor dynamics,including transient chaos,periodicity,decaying periodicity,and coexisting chaos.Furthermore,the feasibility of the proposed HNN model is verified using a field-programmable gate array(FPGA).Finally,an electronic codebook(ECB)–mode block cipher encryption algorithm is proposed for image encryption.The encryption performance is evaluated,with an information entropy value of 7.9993,demonstrating the excellent randomness of the system-generated numbers.展开更多
In wireless communication transmission,image encryption plays a key role in protecting data privacy against unauthorized access.However,conventional encryption methods often face challenges in key space security,parti...In wireless communication transmission,image encryption plays a key role in protecting data privacy against unauthorized access.However,conventional encryption methods often face challenges in key space security,particularly when relying on chaotic sequences,which may exhibit vulnerabilities to brute-force and predictability-based attacks.To address the limitations,this paper presents a robust and efficient encryption scheme that combines iterative hyper-chaotic systems and Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs).Firstly,a novel two-dimensional iterative hyper-chaotic system is proposed because of its complex dynamic behavior and expanded parameter space,which can enhance the key space complexity and randomness,ensuring resistance against cryptanalysis.Secondly,an innovative CNN architecture is introduced for generating the key stream for the cryptographic system.CNN architecture exhibits excellent nonlinearity and can further optimize the key generation process.To rigorously evaluate the encryption performance,extensive simulation analyses were conducted,including visualization,statistical histogram,information entropy,correlation,differential attack,and resistance.The method has shown a high NPCR(Number of Pixel Change Rate)of 99.642%and a UACI(Unified Average Changing Intensity)value of 33.465%,exhibiting powerful resistance to differential attacks.A series of comprehensive experimental tests have illustrated that the proposed scheme exhibits superior distribution characteristics,which underscores the robustness and efficacy of the image encryption,and helps for communication security.展开更多
In the field of Internet, an image is of great significance to information transmission. Meanwhile, how to ensure and improve its security has become the focus of international research. We combine DNA codec with quan...In the field of Internet, an image is of great significance to information transmission. Meanwhile, how to ensure and improve its security has become the focus of international research. We combine DNA codec with quantum Arnold transform(QAr T) to propose a new double encryption algorithm for quantum color images to improve the security and robustness of image encryption. First, we utilize the biological characteristics of DNA codecs to perform encoding and decoding operations on pixel color information in quantum color images, and achieve pixel-level diffusion. Second, we use QAr T to scramble the position information of quantum images and use the operated image as the key matrix for quantum XOR operations. All quantum operations in this paper are reversible, so the decryption operation of the ciphertext image can be realized by the reverse operation of the encryption process. We conduct simulation experiments on encryption and decryption using three color images of “Monkey”, “Flower”, and “House”. The experimental results show that the peak value and correlation of the encrypted images on the histogram have good similarity, and the average normalized pixel change rate(NPCR) of RGB three-channel is 99.61%, the average uniform average change intensity(UACI) is 33.41%,and the average information entropy is about 7.9992. In addition, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation of noise interference in the actual scenario.展开更多
We propose a new image encryption algorithm on the basis of the fractional-order hyperchaotic Lorenz system. While in the process of generating a key stream, the system parameters and the derivative order are embedded...We propose a new image encryption algorithm on the basis of the fractional-order hyperchaotic Lorenz system. While in the process of generating a key stream, the system parameters and the derivative order are embedded in the proposed algorithm to enhance the security. Such an algorithm is detailed in terms of security analyses, including correlation analysis, information entropy analysis, run statistic analysis, mean-variance gray value analysis, and key sensitivity analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed image encryption scheme has the advantages of large key space and high security for practical image encryption.展开更多
In recent years, the chaos based cryptographic algorithms have suggested some new and efficient ways to develop secure image encryption techniques. This paper proposes a new approach for image encryption based on a hi...In recent years, the chaos based cryptographic algorithms have suggested some new and efficient ways to develop secure image encryption techniques. This paper proposes a new approach for image encryption based on a high-dimensional chaotic map. The new scheme employs the Cat map to shuffle the positions, then to confuse the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image using the high-dimensional Lorenz chaotic map preprocessed. The results of experimental, statistical analysis and key space analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and transmission.展开更多
Based on the Fisher–Yatess scrambling and DNA coding technology, a chaotical image encryption method is proposed. First, the SHA-3 algorithm is used to calculate the hash value of the initial password, which is used ...Based on the Fisher–Yatess scrambling and DNA coding technology, a chaotical image encryption method is proposed. First, the SHA-3 algorithm is used to calculate the hash value of the initial password, which is used as the initial value of the chaotic system. Second, the chaotic sequence and Fisher–Yatess scrambling are used to scramble the plaintext,and a sorting scrambling algorithm is used for secondary scrambling. Then, the chaotic sequence and DNA coding rules are used to change the plaintext pixel values, which makes the ciphertext more random and resistant to attacks, and thus ensures that the encrypted ciphertext is more secure. Finally, we add plaintext statistics for pixel-level diffusion to ensure plaintext sensitivity. The experimental results and security analysis show that the new algorithm has a good encryption effect and speed, and can also resist common attacks.展开更多
The large-scale acquisition and widespread application of remote sensing image data have led to increasingly severe challenges in information security and privacy protection during transmission and storage.Urban remot...The large-scale acquisition and widespread application of remote sensing image data have led to increasingly severe challenges in information security and privacy protection during transmission and storage.Urban remote sensing image,characterized by complex content and well-defined structures,are particularly vulnerable to malicious attacks and information leakage.To address this issue,the author proposes an encryption method based on the enhanced single-neuron dynamical system(ESNDS).ESNDS generates highquality pseudo-random sequences with complex dynamics and intense sensitivity to initial conditions,which drive a structure of multi-stage cipher comprising permutation,ring-wise diffusion,and mask perturbation.Using representative GF-2 Panchromatic and Multispectral Scanner(PMS)urban scenes,the author conducts systematic evaluations in terms of inter-pixel correlation,information entropy,histogram uniformity,and number of pixel change rate(NPCR)/unified average changing intensity(UACI).The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively resists statistical analysis,differential attacks,and known-plaintext attacks while maintaining competitive computational efficiency for high-resolution urban image.In addition,the cipher is lightweight and hardware-friendly,integrates readily with on-board and ground processing,and thus offers tangible engineering utility for real-time,large-volume remote-sensing data protection.展开更多
With the rapid development of holographic technology,metasurface-based holographic communication schemes have demonstrated immense potential for electromagnetic(EM)multifunctionality.However,traditional passive metasu...With the rapid development of holographic technology,metasurface-based holographic communication schemes have demonstrated immense potential for electromagnetic(EM)multifunctionality.However,traditional passive metasurfaces are severely limited by their lack of reconfigurability,hindering the realization of versatile holographic applications.Origami,an art form that mechanically induces spatial deformations,serves as a platform for multifunctional devices and has garnered significant attention in optics,physics,and materials science.The Miura-ori folding paradigm,characterized by its continuous reconfigurability in folded states,remains unexplored in the context of holographic imaging.Herein,we integrate the principles of Rosenfeld with L-and D-metal chiral enantiomers on a Miura-ori surface to tailor the aperture distribution.Leveraging the continuously tunable nature of the Miura-ori's folded states,the chiral response of the metallic structures varies across different folding configurations,enabling distinct EM holographic imaging functionalities.In the planar state,holographic encryption is achieved.Under specific folding conditions and driven by spin circularly polarized(CP)waves at a particular frequency,multiplexed holographic images can be reconstructed on designated focal planes with CP selectivity.Notably,the fabricated origami metasurface exhibits a large negative Poisson ratio,facilitating portability and deployment and offering novel avenues for spin-selective systems,camouflage,and information encryption.展开更多
This paper proposes a secure approach for encryption and decryption of digital images with chaotic map lattices. In the proposed encryption process, eight different types of operations are used to encrypt the pixels o...This paper proposes a secure approach for encryption and decryption of digital images with chaotic map lattices. In the proposed encryption process, eight different types of operations are used to encrypt the pixels of an image and one of them will be used for particular pixels decided by the outcome of the chaotic map lattices. To make the cipher more robust against any attacks, the secret key is modified after encrypting each block of sixteen pixels of the image. The experimental results and security analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme achieves high security and efficiency.展开更多
文摘Military image encryption plays a vital role in ensuring the secure transmission of sensitive visual information from unauthorized access.This paper proposes a new Tri-independent keying method for encrypting military images.The proposed encryption method is based on multilevel security stages of pixel-level scrambling,bitlevel manipulation,and block-level shuffling operations.For having a vast key space,the input password is hashed by the Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit(SHA-256)for generating independently deterministic keys used in the multilevel stages.A piecewise pixel-level scrambling function is introduced to perform a dual flipping process controlled with an adaptive key for obscuring the spatial relationships between the adjacent pixels.Adynamicmasking scheme is presented for conducting a bit-level manipulation based on distinct keys that change over image regions,providing completely different encryption results on identical regions.To handle the global correlation between large-scale patterns,a chaotic index-map system is employed for shuffling image regions randomly across the image domain based on a logistic map seeded with a private key.Experimental results on a dataset of military images show the effectiveness of the proposed encryption method in producing excellent quantitative and qualitative results.The proposed method obtains uniform histogram distributions,high entropy values around the ideal(≈8 bits),Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR)values above 99.5%,and low Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)over all encrypted images.This validates the robustness of the proposed method against cryptanalytic attacks,verifying its ability to serve as a practical basis for secure image transmission in defense systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62376106)The Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(20250102212JC).
文摘Driven by advancements in mobile internet technology,images have become a crucial data medium.Ensuring the security of image information during transmission has thus emerged as an urgent challenge.This study proposes a novel image encryption algorithm specifically designed for grayscale image security.This research introduces a new Cantor diagonal matrix permutation method.The proposed permutation method uses row and column index sequences to control the Cantor diagonal matrix,where the row and column index sequences are generated by a spatiotemporal chaotic system named coupled map lattice(CML).The high initial value sensitivity of the CML system makes the permutation method highly sensitive and secure.Additionally,leveraging fractal theory,this study introduces a chaotic fractal matrix and applies this matrix in the diffusion process.This chaotic fractal matrix exhibits selfsimilarity and irregularity.Using the Cantor diagonal matrix and chaotic fractal matrix,this paper introduces a fast image encryption algorithm involving two diffusion steps and one permutation step.Moreover,the algorithm achieves robust security with only a single encryption round,ensuring high operational efficiency.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm features an expansive key space,robust security,high sensitivity,high efficiency,and superior statistical properties for the ciphered images.Thus,the proposed algorithm not only provides a practical solution for secure image transmission but also bridges fractal theory with image encryption techniques,thereby opening new research avenues in chaotic cryptography and advancing the development of information security technology.
文摘Elliptic curve(EC)based cryptosystems gained more attention due to enhanced security than the existing public key cryptosystems.A substitution box(S-box)plays a vital role in securing modern symmetric key cryptosystems.However,the recently developed EC based algorithms usually trade off between computational efficiency and security,necessitating the design of a new algorithm with the desired cryptographic strength.To address these shortcomings,this paper proposes a new scheme based onMordell elliptic curve(MEC)over the complex field for generating distinct,dynamic,and highly uncorrelated S-boxes.Furthermore,we count the exact number of the obtained S-boxes,and demonstrate that the permuted version of the presented S-box is statistically optimal.The nonsingularity of the presented algorithm and the injectivity of the resultant output are explored.Rigorous theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the proposedmethod is highly effective in generating a large number of dynamic S-boxes with adequate cryptographic properties,surpassing current state-of-the-art S-box generation algorithms in terms of security.Apart fromthis,the generated S-box is benchmarked using side-channel attacks,and its performance is compared with highly nonlinear S-boxes,demonstrating comparable results.In addition,we present an application of our proposed S-box generator by incorporating it into an image encryption technique.The encrypted and decrypted images are tested by employing extensive standard security metrics,including the Number of Pixel Change Rate,the Unified Average Changing Intensity,information entropy,correlation coefficient,and histogram analysis.Moreover,the analysis is extended beyond conventional metrics to validate the new method using advanced tests,such as the NIST statistical test suite,robustness analysis,and noise and cropping attacks.Experimental outcomes show that the presented algorithm strengthens the existing encryption scheme against various well-known cryptographic attacks.
文摘The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks,expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media.Consequently,the protection of sensitive data has become increasingly critical.Regardless of the complexity of the encryption algorithm used,a robust and highly secure encryption key is essential,with randomness and key space being crucial factors.This paper proposes a new Robust Deoxyribonucleic Acid(RDNA)nucleotide-based encryption method.The RDNA encryption method leverages the unique properties of DNA nucleotides,including their inherent randomness and extensive key space,to generate a highly secure encryption key.By employing transposition and substitution operations,the RDNA method ensures significant diffusion and confusion in the encrypted images.Additionally,it utilises a pseudorandom generation technique based on the random sequence of nucleotides in the DNA secret key.The performance of the RDNA encryption method is evaluated through various statistical and visual tests,and compared against established encryption methods such as 3DES,AES,and a DNA-based method.Experimental results demonstrate that the RDNA encryption method outperforms its rivals in the literature,and achieves superior performance in terms of information entropy,avalanche effect,encryption execution time,and correlation reduction,while maintaining competitive values for NMAE,PSNR,NPCR,and UACI.The high degree of randomness and sensitivity to key changes inherent in the RDNA method offers enhanced security,making it highly resistant to brute force and differential attacks.
文摘A medical image encryption is proposed based on the Fisher-Yates scrambling,filter diffusion and S-box substitution.First,chaotic sequence associated with the plaintext is generated by logistic-sine-cosine system,which is used for the scrambling,substitution and diffusion processes.The three-dimensional Fisher-Yates scrambling,S-box substitution and diffusion are employed for the first round of encryption.The chaotic sequence is adopted for secondary encryption to scramble the ciphertext obtained in the first round.Then,three-dimensional filter is applied to diffusion for further useful information hiding.The key to the algorithm is generated by the combination of hash value of plaintext image and the input parameters.It improves resisting ability of plaintext attacks.The security analysis shows that the algorithm is effective and efficient.It can resist common attacks.In addition,the good diffusion effect shows that the scheme can solve the differential attacks encountered in the transmission of medical images and has positive implications for future research.
基金Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastırma Kurumu。
文摘This paper introduces a novel lightweight colour image encryption algorithm,specifically designed for resource-constrained environments such as Internet of Things(IoT)devices.As IoT systems become increasingly prevalent,secure and efficient data transmission becomes crucial.The proposed algorithm addresses this need by offering a robust yet resource-efficient solution for image encryption.Traditional image encryption relies on confusion and diffusion steps.These stages are generally implemented linearly,but this work introduces a new RSP(Random Strip Peeling)algorithm for the confusion step,which disrupts linearity in the lightweight category by using two different sequences generated by the 1D Tent Map with varying initial conditions.The diffusion stage then employs an XOR matrix generated by the Logistic Map.Different evaluation metrics,such as entropy analysis,key sensitivity,statistical and differential attacks resistance,and robustness analysis demonstrate the proposed algorithm's lightweight,robust,and efficient.The proposed encryption scheme achieved average metric values of 99.6056 for NPCR,33.4397 for UACI,and 7.9914 for information entropy in the SIPI image dataset.It also exhibits a time complexity of O(2×M×N)for an image of size M×N.
基金funded by Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University.The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Group Project under grant number(RGP.2/556/45).
文摘Ensuring information security in the quantum era is a growing challenge due to advancements in cryptographic attacks and the emergence of quantum computing.To address these concerns,this paper presents the mathematical and computer modeling of a novel two-dimensional(2D)chaotic system for secure key generation in quantum image encryption(QIE).The proposed map employs trigonometric perturbations in conjunction with rational-saturation functions and hence,named as Trigonometric-Rational-Saturation(TRS)map.Through rigorous mathematical analysis and computational simulations,the map is extensively evaluated for bifurcation behaviour,chaotic trajectories,and Lyapunov exponents.The security evaluation validates the map’s non-linearity,unpredictability,and sensitive dependence on initial conditions.In addition,the proposed TRS map has further been tested by integrating it in a QIE scheme.The QIE scheme first quantum-encodes the classic image using the Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation(NEQR)technique,the TRS map is used for the generation of secure diffusion key,which is XOR-ed with the quantum-ready image to obtain the encrypted images.The security evaluation of the QIE scheme demonstrates superior security of the encrypted images in terms of statistical security attacks and also against Differential attacks.The encrypted images exhibit zero correlation and maximum entropy with demonstrating strong resilience due to 99.62%and 33.47%results for Number of Pixels Change Rate(NPCR)and Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI).The results validate the effectiveness of TRS-based quantum encryption scheme in securing digital images against emerging quantum threats,making it suitable for secure image encryption in IoT and edge-based applications.
基金funded by NSFC Grants 61502154,61972136,the NSF of Hubei Province(2023AFB004,2024AFB544)Hubei Provincial Department of Education Project(No.Q20232206)Project of Hubei University of Economics(No.T201410).
文摘With the fast development of multimedia social platforms,content dissemination on social media platforms is becomingmore popular.Social image sharing can also raise privacy concerns.Image encryption can protect social images.However,most existing image protection methods cannot be applied to multimedia social platforms because of encryption in the spatial domain.In this work,the authors propose a secure social image-sharing method with watermarking/fingerprinting and encryption.First,the fingerprint code with a hierarchical community structure is designed based on social network analysis.Then,discrete wavelet transform(DWT)from block discrete cosine transform(DCT)directly is employed.After that,all codeword segments are embedded into the LL,LH,and HL subbands,respectively.The selected subbands are confused based on Game of Life(GoL),and then all subbands are diffused with singular value decomposition(SVD).Experimental results and security analysis demonstrate the security,invisibility,and robustness of our method.Further,the superiority of the technique is elaborated through comparison with some related image security algorithms.The solution not only performs the fast transformation from block DCT to one-level DWT but also protects users’privacy in multimedia social platforms.With the proposed method,JPEG image secure sharing in multimedia social platforms can be ensured.
基金supported by the Large Group Project under grant number(RGP2/473/46).
文摘Ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of patient medical information is a critical priority in the healthcare sector.In the context of security,this paper proposes a novel encryption algorithm that integrates Blockchain technology,aiming to improve the security and privacy of transmitted data.The proposed encryption algorithm is a block-cipher image encryption scheme based on different chaotic maps:The logistic Map,the Tent Map,and the Henon Map used to generate three encryption keys.The proposed block-cipher system employs the Hilbert curve to perform permutation while a generated chaos-based S-Box is used to perform substitution.Furthermore,the integration of a Blockchain-based solution for securing data transmission and communication between nodes and authenticating the encrypted medical image’s authenticity adds a layer of security to our proposed method.Our proposed cryptosystem is divided into two principal modules presented as a pseudo-random number generator(PRNG)used for key generation and an encryption and decryption system based on the properties of confusion and diffusion.The security analysis and experimental tests for the proposed algorithm show that the average value of the information entropy of the encrypted images is 7.9993,the Number of Pixels Change Rate(NPCR)values are over 99.5%and the Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI)values are greater than 33%.These results prove the strength of our proposed approach,demonstrating that it can significantly enhance the security of encrypted images.
基金Project supported by the Basic Scientific Research Projects of Department of Education of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.LJ212410152049)the Technological Innovation Projects in the field of artificial intelligence of Liaoning Province,China(Grant No.2023JH26/10300011)。
文摘Existing chaotic encryption schemes primarily focus on single types of images,making the design of hybrid image encryption schemes more suitable for practical applications.In this paper,a hyperchaotic map with a spherical attractor is proposed,which is constructed using spherical coordinates.Dynamical analyses reveal that the hyperchaotic map exhibits global hyperchaos and high complexity,making it capable of generating more complex chaotic sequences suitable for image encryption.A hybrid encryption scheme based on a hyperchaotic map is proposed for two-dimensional(2D)images,three-dimensional(3D)models,and 3D point clouds.Firstly,the pixels of 2D image and the coordinate data of 3D image are fused into a plaintext cube,which is combined with Hash-512 to obtain the initial value of the hyperchaotic map.Chaotic sequences are utilized for cube space internal confusion and dynamic cross-diffusion.The encrypted images demonstrate high information entropy,and the test results show that the encryption scheme effectively protects the images.The proposed hybrid image encryption scheme provides an efficient solution for securing various types of images.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government Ministry of Science and ICT(MIST)(RS-2022-00165225).
文摘Traditional chaotic maps struggle with narrow chaotic ranges and inefficiencies,limiting their use for lightweight,secure image encryption in resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).We propose the SPCM,a novel one-dimensional discontinuous chaotic system integrating polynomial and sine functions,leveraging a piecewise function to achieve a broad chaotic range()and a high Lyapunov exponent(5.04).Validated through nine benchmarks,including standard randomness tests,Diehard tests,and Shannon entropy(3.883),SPCM demonstrates superior randomness and high sensitivity to initial conditions.Applied to image encryption,SPCM achieves 0.152582 s(39%faster than some techniques)and 433.42 KB/s throughput(134%higher than some techniques),setting new benchmarks for chaotic map-based methods in WSNs.Chaos-based permutation and exclusive or(XOR)diffusion yield near-zero correlation in encrypted images,ensuring strong resistance to Statistical Attacks(SA)and accurate recovery.SPCM also exhibits a strong avalanche effect(bit difference),making it an efficient,secure solution for WSNs in domains like healthcare and smart cities.
基金supported by the Guiding Science and Technology Plan Project of Changsha City under Grant kzd2501129by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2025JJ50368)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.24A0248)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62273141)。
文摘The functionality of the biological brain is closely related to the dynamic behavior generated by synapses in its complex neural system.The self-connection synapse,as a critical form of feedback synapse in Hopfield neurons,plays an essential role in understanding the dynamic behavior of the brain.Synaptic memristors can bring neural network models closer to the complexity of the brain's neural networks.Inspired by this,this study incorporates the nonlinear memory characteristics of synapses into the Hopfield neural network(HNN)by replacing a single self-synapse in a four-dimensional HNN model with a novel cosine memristor model,aiming to more realistically reproduce the dynamical behavior of biological neurons in artificial systems.By performing a dynamical analysis of the system using numerical methods,we find that the model exhibits infinitely many equilibrium points and can induce the formation of rare transient attractors,as well as an arbitrary number of multi-scroll attractors.Additionally,the model demonstrates complex coexisting attractor dynamics,including transient chaos,periodicity,decaying periodicity,and coexisting chaos.Furthermore,the feasibility of the proposed HNN model is verified using a field-programmable gate array(FPGA).Finally,an electronic codebook(ECB)–mode block cipher encryption algorithm is proposed for image encryption.The encryption performance is evaluated,with an information entropy value of 7.9993,demonstrating the excellent randomness of the system-generated numbers.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3101500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023RC69).
文摘In wireless communication transmission,image encryption plays a key role in protecting data privacy against unauthorized access.However,conventional encryption methods often face challenges in key space security,particularly when relying on chaotic sequences,which may exhibit vulnerabilities to brute-force and predictability-based attacks.To address the limitations,this paper presents a robust and efficient encryption scheme that combines iterative hyper-chaotic systems and Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs).Firstly,a novel two-dimensional iterative hyper-chaotic system is proposed because of its complex dynamic behavior and expanded parameter space,which can enhance the key space complexity and randomness,ensuring resistance against cryptanalysis.Secondly,an innovative CNN architecture is introduced for generating the key stream for the cryptographic system.CNN architecture exhibits excellent nonlinearity and can further optimize the key generation process.To rigorously evaluate the encryption performance,extensive simulation analyses were conducted,including visualization,statistical histogram,information entropy,correlation,differential attack,and resistance.The method has shown a high NPCR(Number of Pixel Change Rate)of 99.642%and a UACI(Unified Average Changing Intensity)value of 33.465%,exhibiting powerful resistance to differential attacks.A series of comprehensive experimental tests have illustrated that the proposed scheme exhibits superior distribution characteristics,which underscores the robustness and efficacy of the image encryption,and helps for communication security.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2021MF049)Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos. ZR2022LLZ012 and ZR2021LLZ001)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. 2023CXGC010901)。
文摘In the field of Internet, an image is of great significance to information transmission. Meanwhile, how to ensure and improve its security has become the focus of international research. We combine DNA codec with quantum Arnold transform(QAr T) to propose a new double encryption algorithm for quantum color images to improve the security and robustness of image encryption. First, we utilize the biological characteristics of DNA codecs to perform encoding and decoding operations on pixel color information in quantum color images, and achieve pixel-level diffusion. Second, we use QAr T to scramble the position information of quantum images and use the operated image as the key matrix for quantum XOR operations. All quantum operations in this paper are reversible, so the decryption operation of the ciphertext image can be realized by the reverse operation of the encryption process. We conduct simulation experiments on encryption and decryption using three color images of “Monkey”, “Flower”, and “House”. The experimental results show that the peak value and correlation of the encrypted images on the histogram have good similarity, and the average normalized pixel change rate(NPCR) of RGB three-channel is 99.61%, the average uniform average change intensity(UACI) is 33.41%,and the average information entropy is about 7.9992. In addition, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation of noise interference in the actual scenario.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61004078 and 60971022)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant Nos. ZR2009GQ009 and ZR2009GM005)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20100481293)the Special Funds for Postdoctoral Innovative Projects of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. 201003037)
文摘We propose a new image encryption algorithm on the basis of the fractional-order hyperchaotic Lorenz system. While in the process of generating a key stream, the system parameters and the derivative order are embedded in the proposed algorithm to enhance the security. Such an algorithm is detailed in terms of security analyses, including correlation analysis, information entropy analysis, run statistic analysis, mean-variance gray value analysis, and key sensitivity analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed image encryption scheme has the advantages of large key space and high security for practical image encryption.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 60472112） and the Foundation for the author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China （Grant No 200444）.
文摘In recent years, the chaos based cryptographic algorithms have suggested some new and efficient ways to develop secure image encryption techniques. This paper proposes a new approach for image encryption based on a high-dimensional chaotic map. The new scheme employs the Cat map to shuffle the positions, then to confuse the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image using the high-dimensional Lorenz chaotic map preprocessed. The results of experimental, statistical analysis and key space analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and transmission.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61173183,61672124,61370145,and 11501064)the Password Theory Project of the 13th Five-Year Plan National Cryptography Development Fund,China(Grant No.MMJJ20170203)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2016M590850)the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission,China(Grant No.KJ1500605)
文摘Based on the Fisher–Yatess scrambling and DNA coding technology, a chaotical image encryption method is proposed. First, the SHA-3 algorithm is used to calculate the hash value of the initial password, which is used as the initial value of the chaotic system. Second, the chaotic sequence and Fisher–Yatess scrambling are used to scramble the plaintext,and a sorting scrambling algorithm is used for secondary scrambling. Then, the chaotic sequence and DNA coding rules are used to change the plaintext pixel values, which makes the ciphertext more random and resistant to attacks, and thus ensures that the encrypted ciphertext is more secure. Finally, we add plaintext statistics for pixel-level diffusion to ensure plaintext sensitivity. The experimental results and security analysis show that the new algorithm has a good encryption effect and speed, and can also resist common attacks.
文摘The large-scale acquisition and widespread application of remote sensing image data have led to increasingly severe challenges in information security and privacy protection during transmission and storage.Urban remote sensing image,characterized by complex content and well-defined structures,are particularly vulnerable to malicious attacks and information leakage.To address this issue,the author proposes an encryption method based on the enhanced single-neuron dynamical system(ESNDS).ESNDS generates highquality pseudo-random sequences with complex dynamics and intense sensitivity to initial conditions,which drive a structure of multi-stage cipher comprising permutation,ring-wise diffusion,and mask perturbation.Using representative GF-2 Panchromatic and Multispectral Scanner(PMS)urban scenes,the author conducts systematic evaluations in terms of inter-pixel correlation,information entropy,histogram uniformity,and number of pixel change rate(NPCR)/unified average changing intensity(UACI).The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively resists statistical analysis,differential attacks,and known-plaintext attacks while maintaining competitive computational efficiency for high-resolution urban image.In addition,the cipher is lightweight and hardware-friendly,integrates readily with on-board and ground processing,and thus offers tangible engineering utility for real-time,large-volume remote-sensing data protection.
基金financial supports from National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3806200)。
文摘With the rapid development of holographic technology,metasurface-based holographic communication schemes have demonstrated immense potential for electromagnetic(EM)multifunctionality.However,traditional passive metasurfaces are severely limited by their lack of reconfigurability,hindering the realization of versatile holographic applications.Origami,an art form that mechanically induces spatial deformations,serves as a platform for multifunctional devices and has garnered significant attention in optics,physics,and materials science.The Miura-ori folding paradigm,characterized by its continuous reconfigurability in folded states,remains unexplored in the context of holographic imaging.Herein,we integrate the principles of Rosenfeld with L-and D-metal chiral enantiomers on a Miura-ori surface to tailor the aperture distribution.Leveraging the continuously tunable nature of the Miura-ori's folded states,the chiral response of the metallic structures varies across different folding configurations,enabling distinct EM holographic imaging functionalities.In the planar state,holographic encryption is achieved.Under specific folding conditions and driven by spin circularly polarized(CP)waves at a particular frequency,multiplexed holographic images can be reconstructed on designated focal planes with CP selectivity.Notably,the fabricated origami metasurface exhibits a large negative Poisson ratio,facilitating portability and deployment and offering novel avenues for spin-selective systems,camouflage,and information encryption.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61001099 and 10971120)the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (Grant No. 200444)
文摘This paper proposes a secure approach for encryption and decryption of digital images with chaotic map lattices. In the proposed encryption process, eight different types of operations are used to encrypt the pixels of an image and one of them will be used for particular pixels decided by the outcome of the chaotic map lattices. To make the cipher more robust against any attacks, the secret key is modified after encrypting each block of sixteen pixels of the image. The experimental results and security analysis show that the proposed image encryption scheme achieves high security and efficiency.
