Electrocatalytic chemical oxidation(ECO)is an energy-efficient anodic reaction alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).ECO lowers the reaction potential and yields higher-value fine chemicals at the anode.Th...Electrocatalytic chemical oxidation(ECO)is an energy-efficient anodic reaction alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).ECO lowers the reaction potential and yields higher-value fine chemicals at the anode.The catalyst material plays a crucial role in influencing and determining ECO performance.Enhancing catalyst performance encompasses aspects such as activity,stability,selectivity and cost.Nickelbased electrocatalysts have garnered significant attention for their exceptional performance and widespread use in ECO applications.By modifying nickel-based electrocatalysts,the formation of NiOOH active centers can be encouraged.Strategies such as adjusting size and morphology,doping,introducing defects and constructing heterojunctions are advantageous for enhancing performance.Given the rapid advancements in related research fields,it is imperative to comprehend the mechanisms of nickel-based electrocatalysts in ECO and develop innovative catalysts.This article provides an overview of the modification strategies of nickel-based electrocatalysts,as well as their applications and mechanisms in ECO.展开更多
The authors presented a mechanistic model describing the chemical reactions within a corroded thin, narrow crevice. In the mathematical model, a two-dimensional steady-state was used to predict the crevice pH profile ...The authors presented a mechanistic model describing the chemical reactions within a corroded thin, narrow crevice. In the mathematical model, a two-dimensional steady-state was used to predict the crevice pH profile by taking into account dissolved oxygen and hydrogen ions within the crevice. It consists of six parallel electrochemical reactions： multi anodic reactions（Fe, Cr, Ni dissolution reactions） and three cathodic reactions（the oxygen reduction, the hydrogen reaction and water dissociation）. Current density distribution and oxygen concentration distribution were determined to be corresponding to the evolution of potential distribution within the crevice. The contribution of each metal reaction to the overall corrosion process was in proportion to the mole fraction, and the simulation pro vided a good agreement with published experimental results for the crevice corrosion of stainless steel in sodium chloride solution.展开更多
The anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)hinders the development of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water due to its slow reaction kinetics.Nickel in its high-valent state has shown promising OER activity,which...The anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)hinders the development of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water due to its slow reaction kinetics.Nickel in its high-valent state has shown promising OER activity,which is,however,not preferred at relatively low overpotentials.To overcome this issue,we developed a sandwiched Ni(OH)_(2)/Cu/NF structure by coating a layer of Cu on the Ni foam and then depositing Ni(OH)_(2) onto the Cu surface.Systematic characterization indicated that the Cu layer enhanced the conversion of Ni(OH)_(2) into high-valence state Ni^(3+)species(i.e.,NiOOH)during the OER,resulting in excellent OER performance with a current density of 50 mA cm^(−2) for 25 hours at an overpotential of 250 mV.This work offers a promising approach to use Cu to promote the OER performance of Ni-based catalysts.展开更多
The development of low-cost,efficient,and stable electrocatalysts is critical for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Ni_(3)S_(2) not only has the advantages of low cost,easy preparation,and environmental friend...The development of low-cost,efficient,and stable electrocatalysts is critical for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Ni_(3)S_(2) not only has the advantages of low cost,easy preparation,and environmental friendliness,but also attracts attention for its structure throughout the Ni-Ni bond,which provides metallike electrical conductivity.In this work,the Fe and Ce double-doped Ni_(3)S_(2) nanoneedle array catalyst(Fe,Ce-Ni_(3)S_(2)@NF)was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method.The synergistic doping of Fe and Ce optimized the microscopic morphology and the electronic structure of Ni_(3)S_(2),which increased the exposure of catalytically active sites,enhanced the electron transfer rate in the OER process,and improved the intrinsic activity of the catalyst.The catalyst has an overpotential of 254 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 55.56 mV dec^(-1),and exhibits good electrocatalytic performance under alkaline conditions(1 M KOH).Compared with the original Ni_(3)S_(2)(363 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)),the overpotential of Fe,Ce-Ni_(3)S_(2)@NF is reduced by 109 mV.This provides a new feasible direction for the preparation of transition metal and lanthanide metal double-doped catalysts and their application in electrocatalysis.展开更多
Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide（Zn–MnO2）batteries are widely used in everyday life. Recycling of waste alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries has always been a hot environmental concern. In this study, a simple and costeffect...Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide（Zn–MnO2）batteries are widely used in everyday life. Recycling of waste alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries has always been a hot environmental concern. In this study, a simple and costeffective process for synthesizing Mn3O4/carbon nanotube（CNT） nanocomposites from recycled alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries is presented. Manganese oxide was recovered from spent Zn–MnO2 battery cathodes. The Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were produced by ball milling the recovered manganese oxide in a commercial multi-wall carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis demonstrates that the nanocomposite has a unique three-dimensional（3D） bird nest structure. Mn3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed on MWCNT framework. Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting a highly reversible specific capacitance of -580 mA h·g^-1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposite also shows a fairly positive onset potential of -0.15 V and quite high oxygen reducibility when considered as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction.展开更多
Despite carbonaceous materials are widely employed as commercial negative electrodes for lithium ion battery, an urge requirement for new electrode materials that meet the needs of high energy density, long cycle life...Despite carbonaceous materials are widely employed as commercial negative electrodes for lithium ion battery, an urge requirement for new electrode materials that meet the needs of high energy density, long cycle life, low cost and safety is still underway. A number of cobalt-based compounds（Co（OH）_2, Co_3O_4, CoN, CoS,CoP, NiCo_2O_4, etc.） have been developed over the past years as promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries（LIBs） due to their high theoretical capacity, rich redox reaction and adequate cyclability. The LIBs performances of the cobalt-based compounds have been significantly improved in recent years, and it is anticipated that these materials will become a tangible reality for practical applications in the near future. However, the different types of cobalt-based compounds will result in diverse electrochemical performance. This review briefly analyzes recent progress in this field, especially highlights the synthetic approaches and the prepared nanostructures of the diverse cobalt-based compounds and their corresponding performances in LIBs, including the storage capacity, rate capability, cycling stability and so on.展开更多
The large-scale application of water electrolysis for H_(2) production is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).To improve the efficiency of water electrolyzers,numerous effort...The large-scale application of water electrolysis for H_(2) production is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).To improve the efficiency of water electrolyzers,numerous efforts have been devoted to developing robust OER catalysts.Among them,Ni-based materials have been identified as state-of-the-art catalysts in alkaline conditions due to their high catalytic activity[1,2].During OER,these catalysts can undergo surface reconstruction and form(oxy)hydroxide species on the surface,which is the real active phase and its chemistry determines the OER performance[3].展开更多
Magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs)have promising applications because of their high theoretical capacity and the natural abundance of magnesium Mg.However,the kinetic performance and cyclic stability of cathode materials a...Magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs)have promising applications because of their high theoretical capacity and the natural abundance of magnesium Mg.However,the kinetic performance and cyclic stability of cathode materials are limited by the strong interactions between Mg ions and the crystal lattice.Here,we demonstrate the unique Mg^(2+)-ion storage mechanism of a hierarchical accordion-like vanadium oxide/carbon heterointerface(V_(2)O_(3)@C),where the V_(2)O_(3) crystalline structure is reconstructed into a MgV_(3)O_(7)·H_(2)O phase through an anodic hydration reaction upon first cycle,for the improved kinetic and cyclic performances.As verified by in situ/ex situ spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses,the fast charge transfer kinetics of the V_(2)O_(3)@C cathode were due to the crystal-reconstruction and chemically coupled heterointerface.The V_(2)O_(3)@C demonstrated an ultrahigh rate capacity of 130.4 mAh g^(-1)at 50000 mA g^(-1)and 1000 cycles,achieving a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6%.The high capacity of 381.0 mA h g^(-1)can be attributed to the reversible Mg^(2+)-ion intercalation mechanism observed in the MgV_(3)O_(7)·H_(2)O phase using a 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)2/ACN(H_(2)O)electrolyte.Additionally,within the voltage range of 2.25 V versus Mg/Mg^(2+),the V_(2)O_(3)@C exhibited a capacity of 245.1 mAh g^(-1)when evaluated with magnesium metal in a 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)^(2+)0.25 M MgCl_(2)/DME electrolyte.These research findings have important implications for understanding the relationship between the Mg-ion storage mechanism and reconstructed crystal phase of vanadium oxides as well as the heterointerface reconstruction for the rational design of MIB cathode materials.展开更多
The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the key anode reaction for electrochemical water splitting,but it is severely hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics and insufficient stability of traditional electrocatalysts....The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the key anode reaction for electrochemical water splitting,but it is severely hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics and insufficient stability of traditional electrocatalysts.To address the urgent need for efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts,a promising heterogeneous CoFelayered double hydroxide-based electrocatalyst(Ce@CoFe-LDH)is developed by a one-step hydrothermal method combined with rapid electrodeposition.The ultrafine Ce(OH)_(3) nanoparticles effectively trigger the local surface activity of CoFe-LDH nanowires by the interface electron transfer,thereby promoting the improvement of OER activity and stability.Consequently,the Ce@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst only needs a 207 mV overpotential to reach 10 mA cm^(-2),while the Tafel slope is only 50.0 mV dec^(-1),smaller than those of the CoFe-LDH catalyst(232 mV,74.2 mV dec^(-1),respectively).Importantly,the Ce@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic durability toward the OER at 100 mA cm^(-2) over 120 hours.First-principles theoretical calculations reveal that interface engineering can be used to optimize the electronic structure of Ce@CoFe-LDH by charge redistribution and thereby decrease the energy barrier of the rate-determining step.In addition,the Ce@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst as an anode for water splitting also shows a low cell potential of 1.47 V at 10 mA cm^(-2) and robust stability at 100 mA cm^(-2) over 50 hours.Overall,this work provides new insights into designing efficient OER electrocatalysts for scalable water splitting in clean energy and environmental applications.展开更多
The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a crucial role as the anode reaction of electrolytic water splitting in various applications.To date,it is still a great challenge to develop highly active and durable electroca...The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a crucial role as the anode reaction of electrolytic water splitting in various applications.To date,it is still a great challenge to develop highly active and durable electrocatalysts for acidic electrolytic water splitting.Herein,we highlight an effective strategy to regulate the oxidation state of Ru species and oxygen vacancies in RuO_(2)by introducing Sr heteroatoms into its lattice based on the principle of charge equilibrium.The as-prepared Sr_(0.1)RuO_(x)catalyst exhibits excellent OER activity with an overpotential of 201 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),which is attributed to the higher proportion of Ru^(4+)induced by Sr doping.Moreover,both experimental and theoretical calculations revealed that the introduced oxygen vacancies inhibited the overoxidation of Ru to Ru^(n>4+)during the OER process,thus enhancing the stability of Sr_(0.1)RuO_(x).Therefore,the PEM electrolyzer using Sr_(0.1)RuO_(x)as the anode catalyst can be operated for 240 hours at 10 mA cm^(-2)without obvious attenuation.This work presents an effective strategy to regulate the structure of OER electrocatalysts with excellent performance.展开更多
The oxygen evolution reaction with its high energy barrier on the anode during water electrolysis is the main factor limiting its large-scale application.A viable strategy is to explore anode substitution reactions to...The oxygen evolution reaction with its high energy barrier on the anode during water electrolysis is the main factor limiting its large-scale application.A viable strategy is to explore anode substitution reactions to replace the oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis.In this study,the selective electrooxidation of tetrahydroisoquinoline(THIQ)was demonstrated on a specially designed and prepared Cu2S electrode,which was coupled with the hydrogen evolution reaction.展开更多
The electrocatalytic activity of nanoalloy catalysts could be effectively manipulated by tuning their intrinsic physical and chemical properties(e.g.,compositions,facets,lattice strain,morphologies,etc.).However,it st...The electrocatalytic activity of nanoalloy catalysts could be effectively manipulated by tuning their intrinsic physical and chemical properties(e.g.,compositions,facets,lattice strain,morphologies,etc.).However,it still remains a challenge how to integrate these beneficial physical and chemical properties to promote the electrocatalytic performances for anode and cathode reactions in fuel cells.Herein,highly catalytic Pt_(n)Cu_(100−n)catalysts with many active sites were synthesized through optimizing the compositions of precursors and reaction conditions and a surfactant-free thermal solvent method,which showed a subtle lattice strain.Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results revealed that the lattice strain of Pt_(n)Cu_(100−n)alloy nanostellates could be modulated by the alloy compositions.Electrochemical results showed that the high catalytic activity of Pt_(n)Cu_(100−n)alloy nanostellate catalysts for both the oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation reactions was related to lattice shrinkage,facets and bimetallic compositions.Interestingly,Pt_(69)Cu_(31)/C nanostellate catalysts with lattice shrinking revealed the maximum activity and stability compared with other compositions and commercial Pt/C,which was also supported by DFT results.This study will provide a new path for the design of robust and active nanoalloy catalysts with lattice mismatch and dominant active facets for both the cathode and anode reactions in fuel cells.展开更多
Electricity-driven water splitting is considered as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to produce hydrogen,but the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)has largely limited its industrial application.Hig...Electricity-driven water splitting is considered as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to produce hydrogen,but the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)has largely limited its industrial application.High-efficiency electro-oxidation of benzylamine replacing the OER to promote hydrogen production is crucial but challenging.Herein,we demonstrate NiV-layered double hydroxides for the selective oxidation of benzylamine via the introduction of high valence vanadium intoα-Ni(OH)_(2)(a typical OER catalyst).Benefiting from the vanadium doping,the NiV-LDH electrode exhibits superior activity and selectivity for the benzylamine oxidation reaction(BOR).In particular,NiV-LDH requires an ultra-low potential of 1.33 V vs.RHE to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2) and exhibits∼99%selectivity for benzonitrile production over a wide potential range.Reaction mechanism studies indicate that the introduction of vanadium changes the electronic state of NiV-LDH/NF and the Lewis acidic sites on the surface,promoting the conversion of benzylamine.Furthermore,a NiV-LDH based two-electrode electrolyzer that coupled the BOR with the HER can deliver 10 mA cm^(−2) at a voltage of 1.55 V,which can reduce the cell voltage by 240 mV relative to that of conventional overall water splitting.展开更多
The overall energy efficiency of electrochemical systems is significantly reduced by the conventional anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).It is feasible to improve energy efficiency by replacing the OER with the ure...The overall energy efficiency of electrochemical systems is significantly reduced by the conventional anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).It is feasible to improve energy efficiency by replacing the OER with the urea oxidation reaction(UOR),which has a lower thermodynamic potential.An organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxoniobate decorated by a Co(Ⅲ)-amine complex,Na_(4)(H_(2)O)_(15)[Co(en)_(3)]_(2){[Co(en)(Nb_(6)O_(19))]_(2)}·34H_(2)O(Co_(2)Nb_(6),en=ethylenediamine)with distinct physicochemical characteristics and well-defined single-crystal structure is reported.The structure of Co_(2)Nb_(6)contains Lindqvist{[Co(en)(Nb_(6)O_(19))]_(2)}^(10−)dimer and free[Co(en)_(3)]^(3+)complexes.Co_(2)Nb_(6)exhibits remarkable catalytic activity for the UOR after being firmly attached to the surface of acetylene black by polyethyleneimine(PEI).To the best of our knowledge,this is the first instance of performing the electrocatalytic UOR based on Lindqvist polyoxoniobate clusters,which will pave the path for innovative concepts in the development of POMbased electrocatalysts.展开更多
Electrochemical water splitting holds promise for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production,yet it faces the challenge of high energy demand due to significant overpotentials and sluggish kinetics for the anodic oxygen ev...Electrochemical water splitting holds promise for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production,yet it faces the challenge of high energy demand due to significant overpotentials and sluggish kinetics for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).An efficient alternative is to replace the energy-intensive OER with the more thermodynamically advantageous alcohol oxidation reaction(AOR).Accordingly,catalysts that enhance both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the AOR may pave the way for sustainable and efficient hydrogen production.Herein,we demonstrate that the composition and morphology engineering of Rh-Ni alloy nanocrystals can significantly boost their dual functionality for the HER and the ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR).Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal the enhanced H_(2)O dissociation,alcohol oxidation capacity,and CO tolerance of RhNi NCs with predominant{100}facets.As a result,a two-electrode electrolysis cell using RhNi NCs as dual-functional catalysts for the HER||EOR can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and 50 mA cm^(-2)at 0.53 V and 0.68 V,respectively,outperforming the Pt/C and IrO_(2)benchmark catalysts.Remarkably,the RhNi NCs can also catalyze the oxidation of a range of alcohols for energy-saving H_(2)production at low cell voltages.Our strategy represents a rational catalyst design achieved through controlled solution synthesis,holding potential for broader applicability in future electrocatalysis and clean energy conversion.展开更多
Electrochemical H_(2) production from water splitting is an environmentally sustainable technique but remains a great challenge due to the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Replacing the OER with the ther...Electrochemical H_(2) production from water splitting is an environmentally sustainable technique but remains a great challenge due to the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Replacing the OER with the thermodynamically more favorable electrocatalytic oxidation process is an effective strategy for highly efficient H_(2) generation.Herein,Mn-doped CoS_(2) has predicted an excellent bifunctional electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR).With the introduction of Mn,the Gibbs free energy of the adsorbed H* and the potential rate-limiting step(the dehydrogenation of *NH_(2)NH_(2) to *NHNH_(2))for the HzOR process of the catalyst can be significantly reduced.As expected,the Mn-CoS_(2) catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity and robust long-term stability for the HER and HzOR.In detail,the Mn-CoS_(2) catalyst only acquired potentials of 46 and 77 mV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode for achieving a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) for the cathodic HER and anodic HzOR,respectively.In addition,the Mn-CoS_(2) electrode only needs a cell voltage of 447 mV to output 200 mA cm^(-2) in the overall hydrazine splitting system as well as exhibits a robust longterm H_(2) production.This work provides theoretical guidance for the design of advanced bifunctional electrocatalysts and promotes high efficiency and energy-saving H_(2) production technology.展开更多
Nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis involving the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)combined with the anodic methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)is a viable way to synchronously produce ammonia(NH_(3))and formate ...Nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis involving the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)combined with the anodic methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)is a viable way to synchronously produce ammonia(NH_(3))and formate via gentle,sustainable and energy-saving“E-refining”and“E-reforming”means.An efficient bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR is pivotal to achieve such a goal.In this work,a nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated nickel iron phosphide hybrid(Ni_(2)FeP@NC)was prepared as a bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR,and its electrochemical performance for nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis was investigated.The Ni_(2)FeP@NC catalyst exhibited a high NH_(3) yield(0.47 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at-0.35 V)and faradaic efficiency(FE,93%at-0.15 V)for the NO_(3)RR and simultaneously demonstrated high MOR efficiency for formate production(yield of 1.62 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at 1.7 V and FE of around 95%).The bifunctional catalytic features of the nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis system enabled the concurrent production of NH_(3) and formate at low input voltage.This work provides a viable paradigm for pairwise electrosynthesis of valuable chemicals via“E-refining”and“E-reforming”through the rational design of bifunctional catalysts.展开更多
In the global transition toward sustainable hydrogen production,water electrolysis has emerged as a key technology for generating high-purity hydrogen from renewable sources[1-3].However,its overall efficiency is limi...In the global transition toward sustainable hydrogen production,water electrolysis has emerged as a key technology for generating high-purity hydrogen from renewable sources[1-3].However,its overall efficiency is limited by the sluggish kinetics and high overpotential of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)[4].Moreover,oxygen,the product of OER,has minimal commercial value,which undermines the economic viability of large-scale hydrogen generation[5].展开更多
We report the preparation of porous CuO nanowires that are composed of nanoparticles （-50 nm） via a simple decomposition of a Cu（OH）2 precursor and their application as the anode materials of rechargeable Na-ion b...We report the preparation of porous CuO nanowires that are composed of nanoparticles （-50 nm） via a simple decomposition of a Cu（OH）2 precursor and their application as the anode materials of rechargeable Na-ion batteries. The as-prepared porous CuO nanowires exhibit a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area of 13.05 m^2.g^-1, which is six times larger than that of bulk CuO （2.16 m^2.g^-1）. The anode of porous CuO nanowires showed discharge capacities of 640 mA.h.g^-1 in the first cycle and 303 mA.h.g^-1 after 50 cycles at 50 mA.g^-1 The high capacity is attributed to porous nanostructure which facilitates fast Na-intercalation kinetics. The mechanism of electrochemical Na-storage based on conversion reactions has been studied through cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectroscopy, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. It is demonstrated that in the discharge process, Na＋ions first insert into CuO to form a CuⅡ1-x CuⅠ x O1-x/2solid and a Na2O matrix then CuⅡ1-xCu Ⅰ xO1-x/2 reacts with Na＋ to produce Cu2O, and finally Cu2O decompose into Cu nanoparticles enclosed in a Na2O matrix. During the charge process, Cu nanopartides are first oxidized to generate Cu2O and then converted back to CuO. This result contributes to the design and mechanistic analysis of high-performance anodes for rechargeable Na-ion batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072152 and 51802126)the Jiangsu University Jinshan Professor Fund,the Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor Fund,Open Fund from Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials,Zhenjiang“Jinshan Talents”Project 2021,China PostDoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M721372)+2 种基金“Doctor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation”in Jiangsu Province(No.JSSCBS20221197)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Nos.KYCX22_3645 and KYCX24_3964)Student Research Project of Jiangsu University(No.23A586).
文摘Electrocatalytic chemical oxidation(ECO)is an energy-efficient anodic reaction alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).ECO lowers the reaction potential and yields higher-value fine chemicals at the anode.The catalyst material plays a crucial role in influencing and determining ECO performance.Enhancing catalyst performance encompasses aspects such as activity,stability,selectivity and cost.Nickelbased electrocatalysts have garnered significant attention for their exceptional performance and widespread use in ECO applications.By modifying nickel-based electrocatalysts,the formation of NiOOH active centers can be encouraged.Strategies such as adjusting size and morphology,doping,introducing defects and constructing heterojunctions are advantageous for enhancing performance.Given the rapid advancements in related research fields,it is imperative to comprehend the mechanisms of nickel-based electrocatalysts in ECO and develop innovative catalysts.This article provides an overview of the modification strategies of nickel-based electrocatalysts,as well as their applications and mechanisms in ECO.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40776044)the Knowledge Innovation Program ofChinese Acadenry of Sciences(No.KZCX2-YW-210)
文摘The authors presented a mechanistic model describing the chemical reactions within a corroded thin, narrow crevice. In the mathematical model, a two-dimensional steady-state was used to predict the crevice pH profile by taking into account dissolved oxygen and hydrogen ions within the crevice. It consists of six parallel electrochemical reactions： multi anodic reactions（Fe, Cr, Ni dissolution reactions） and three cathodic reactions（the oxygen reduction, the hydrogen reaction and water dissociation）. Current density distribution and oxygen concentration distribution were determined to be corresponding to the evolution of potential distribution within the crevice. The contribution of each metal reaction to the overall corrosion process was in proportion to the mole fraction, and the simulation pro vided a good agreement with published experimental results for the crevice corrosion of stainless steel in sodium chloride solution.
文摘The anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)hinders the development of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water due to its slow reaction kinetics.Nickel in its high-valent state has shown promising OER activity,which is,however,not preferred at relatively low overpotentials.To overcome this issue,we developed a sandwiched Ni(OH)_(2)/Cu/NF structure by coating a layer of Cu on the Ni foam and then depositing Ni(OH)_(2) onto the Cu surface.Systematic characterization indicated that the Cu layer enhanced the conversion of Ni(OH)_(2) into high-valence state Ni^(3+)species(i.e.,NiOOH)during the OER,resulting in excellent OER performance with a current density of 50 mA cm^(−2) for 25 hours at an overpotential of 250 mV.This work offers a promising approach to use Cu to promote the OER performance of Ni-based catalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22271018,22309012,22302013)the NSF of Guangdong Province(2023A1515010554 and 2024A1515010307).
文摘The development of low-cost,efficient,and stable electrocatalysts is critical for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Ni_(3)S_(2) not only has the advantages of low cost,easy preparation,and environmental friendliness,but also attracts attention for its structure throughout the Ni-Ni bond,which provides metallike electrical conductivity.In this work,the Fe and Ce double-doped Ni_(3)S_(2) nanoneedle array catalyst(Fe,Ce-Ni_(3)S_(2)@NF)was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method.The synergistic doping of Fe and Ce optimized the microscopic morphology and the electronic structure of Ni_(3)S_(2),which increased the exposure of catalytically active sites,enhanced the electron transfer rate in the OER process,and improved the intrinsic activity of the catalyst.The catalyst has an overpotential of 254 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 55.56 mV dec^(-1),and exhibits good electrocatalytic performance under alkaline conditions(1 M KOH).Compared with the original Ni_(3)S_(2)(363 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)),the overpotential of Fe,Ce-Ni_(3)S_(2)@NF is reduced by 109 mV.This provides a new feasible direction for the preparation of transition metal and lanthanide metal double-doped catalysts and their application in electrocatalysis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21671096 and 21603094)the Shenzhen Peacock Plan(No.KQCX2014052215 0815065)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen(Nos.JCYJ20150630145302231 and JCYJ20150331101823677)the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation for the Undergraduates of South University of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2016S10,2016S20,2015x19 and 2015x12)
文摘Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide（Zn–MnO2）batteries are widely used in everyday life. Recycling of waste alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries has always been a hot environmental concern. In this study, a simple and costeffective process for synthesizing Mn3O4/carbon nanotube（CNT） nanocomposites from recycled alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries is presented. Manganese oxide was recovered from spent Zn–MnO2 battery cathodes. The Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were produced by ball milling the recovered manganese oxide in a commercial multi-wall carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） analysis demonstrates that the nanocomposite has a unique three-dimensional（3D） bird nest structure. Mn3O4 nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed on MWCNT framework. Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposites were evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting a highly reversible specific capacitance of -580 mA h·g^-1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, Mn3O4/CNT nanocomposite also shows a fairly positive onset potential of -0.15 V and quite high oxygen reducibility when considered as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction.
基金financially supported by the‘‘1000 Talents Recruitment Program’’of Chinese government,University of Science and Technology Beijingthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-TP-16-070A1)
文摘Despite carbonaceous materials are widely employed as commercial negative electrodes for lithium ion battery, an urge requirement for new electrode materials that meet the needs of high energy density, long cycle life, low cost and safety is still underway. A number of cobalt-based compounds（Co（OH）_2, Co_3O_4, CoN, CoS,CoP, NiCo_2O_4, etc.） have been developed over the past years as promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries（LIBs） due to their high theoretical capacity, rich redox reaction and adequate cyclability. The LIBs performances of the cobalt-based compounds have been significantly improved in recent years, and it is anticipated that these materials will become a tangible reality for practical applications in the near future. However, the different types of cobalt-based compounds will result in diverse electrochemical performance. This review briefly analyzes recent progress in this field, especially highlights the synthetic approaches and the prepared nanostructures of the diverse cobalt-based compounds and their corresponding performances in LIBs, including the storage capacity, rate capability, cycling stability and so on.
文摘The large-scale application of water electrolysis for H_(2) production is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).To improve the efficiency of water electrolyzers,numerous efforts have been devoted to developing robust OER catalysts.Among them,Ni-based materials have been identified as state-of-the-art catalysts in alkaline conditions due to their high catalytic activity[1,2].During OER,these catalysts can undergo surface reconstruction and form(oxy)hydroxide species on the surface,which is the real active phase and its chemistry determines the OER performance[3].
基金National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Number:NRF2020R1A3B2079803。
文摘Magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs)have promising applications because of their high theoretical capacity and the natural abundance of magnesium Mg.However,the kinetic performance and cyclic stability of cathode materials are limited by the strong interactions between Mg ions and the crystal lattice.Here,we demonstrate the unique Mg^(2+)-ion storage mechanism of a hierarchical accordion-like vanadium oxide/carbon heterointerface(V_(2)O_(3)@C),where the V_(2)O_(3) crystalline structure is reconstructed into a MgV_(3)O_(7)·H_(2)O phase through an anodic hydration reaction upon first cycle,for the improved kinetic and cyclic performances.As verified by in situ/ex situ spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses,the fast charge transfer kinetics of the V_(2)O_(3)@C cathode were due to the crystal-reconstruction and chemically coupled heterointerface.The V_(2)O_(3)@C demonstrated an ultrahigh rate capacity of 130.4 mAh g^(-1)at 50000 mA g^(-1)and 1000 cycles,achieving a Coulombic efficiency of 99.6%.The high capacity of 381.0 mA h g^(-1)can be attributed to the reversible Mg^(2+)-ion intercalation mechanism observed in the MgV_(3)O_(7)·H_(2)O phase using a 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)2/ACN(H_(2)O)electrolyte.Additionally,within the voltage range of 2.25 V versus Mg/Mg^(2+),the V_(2)O_(3)@C exhibited a capacity of 245.1 mAh g^(-1)when evaluated with magnesium metal in a 0.3 M Mg(TFSI)^(2+)0.25 M MgCl_(2)/DME electrolyte.These research findings have important implications for understanding the relationship between the Mg-ion storage mechanism and reconstructed crystal phase of vanadium oxides as well as the heterointerface reconstruction for the rational design of MIB cathode materials.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3500500 and 2022YFC3500502)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(no.2208085MA16)partial support from the Australian Research Council(ARC)and QUT Centre for Materials Science.
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the key anode reaction for electrochemical water splitting,but it is severely hindered by the sluggish reaction kinetics and insufficient stability of traditional electrocatalysts.To address the urgent need for efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts,a promising heterogeneous CoFelayered double hydroxide-based electrocatalyst(Ce@CoFe-LDH)is developed by a one-step hydrothermal method combined with rapid electrodeposition.The ultrafine Ce(OH)_(3) nanoparticles effectively trigger the local surface activity of CoFe-LDH nanowires by the interface electron transfer,thereby promoting the improvement of OER activity and stability.Consequently,the Ce@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst only needs a 207 mV overpotential to reach 10 mA cm^(-2),while the Tafel slope is only 50.0 mV dec^(-1),smaller than those of the CoFe-LDH catalyst(232 mV,74.2 mV dec^(-1),respectively).Importantly,the Ce@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic durability toward the OER at 100 mA cm^(-2) over 120 hours.First-principles theoretical calculations reveal that interface engineering can be used to optimize the electronic structure of Ce@CoFe-LDH by charge redistribution and thereby decrease the energy barrier of the rate-determining step.In addition,the Ce@CoFe-LDH electrocatalyst as an anode for water splitting also shows a low cell potential of 1.47 V at 10 mA cm^(-2) and robust stability at 100 mA cm^(-2) over 50 hours.Overall,this work provides new insights into designing efficient OER electrocatalysts for scalable water splitting in clean energy and environmental applications.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712501)Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics(Grant No.22JSQ004)+1 种基金Shccig-Qinling Program,the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-CX-TD-49)the China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and the World-Class Universities and the Characteristic Development Guidance Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)plays a crucial role as the anode reaction of electrolytic water splitting in various applications.To date,it is still a great challenge to develop highly active and durable electrocatalysts for acidic electrolytic water splitting.Herein,we highlight an effective strategy to regulate the oxidation state of Ru species and oxygen vacancies in RuO_(2)by introducing Sr heteroatoms into its lattice based on the principle of charge equilibrium.The as-prepared Sr_(0.1)RuO_(x)catalyst exhibits excellent OER activity with an overpotential of 201 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),which is attributed to the higher proportion of Ru^(4+)induced by Sr doping.Moreover,both experimental and theoretical calculations revealed that the introduced oxygen vacancies inhibited the overoxidation of Ru to Ru^(n>4+)during the OER process,thus enhancing the stability of Sr_(0.1)RuO_(x).Therefore,the PEM electrolyzer using Sr_(0.1)RuO_(x)as the anode catalyst can be operated for 240 hours at 10 mA cm^(-2)without obvious attenuation.This work presents an effective strategy to regulate the structure of OER electrocatalysts with excellent performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21776115)for the project supported by the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing(Wuhan University of Technology)the project from the Key Laboratory of Advanced Electrode Materials for Novel Solar Cells for the Petroleum and Chemical Industry of China,School of Chemistry and Life Sciences(Suzhou University of Science and Technology).
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction with its high energy barrier on the anode during water electrolysis is the main factor limiting its large-scale application.A viable strategy is to explore anode substitution reactions to replace the oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis.In this study,the selective electrooxidation of tetrahydroisoquinoline(THIQ)was demonstrated on a specially designed and prepared Cu2S electrode,which was coupled with the hydrogen evolution reaction.
基金supported by the 111 Project(Grant No.D17007)Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists(Grant No.GZS2018003)+2 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21908045,51922008 and 51872075)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M642754)the Talent postdoctoral program for Henan province(Grant No.ZYQR201810170).
文摘The electrocatalytic activity of nanoalloy catalysts could be effectively manipulated by tuning their intrinsic physical and chemical properties(e.g.,compositions,facets,lattice strain,morphologies,etc.).However,it still remains a challenge how to integrate these beneficial physical and chemical properties to promote the electrocatalytic performances for anode and cathode reactions in fuel cells.Herein,highly catalytic Pt_(n)Cu_(100−n)catalysts with many active sites were synthesized through optimizing the compositions of precursors and reaction conditions and a surfactant-free thermal solvent method,which showed a subtle lattice strain.Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results revealed that the lattice strain of Pt_(n)Cu_(100−n)alloy nanostellates could be modulated by the alloy compositions.Electrochemical results showed that the high catalytic activity of Pt_(n)Cu_(100−n)alloy nanostellate catalysts for both the oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation reactions was related to lattice shrinkage,facets and bimetallic compositions.Interestingly,Pt_(69)Cu_(31)/C nanostellate catalysts with lattice shrinking revealed the maximum activity and stability compared with other compositions and commercial Pt/C,which was also supported by DFT results.This study will provide a new path for the design of robust and active nanoalloy catalysts with lattice mismatch and dominant active facets for both the cathode and anode reactions in fuel cells.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21706171)the Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(No.2022-049)+1 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.20210302124085)the CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography(No.OOST2021-07).
文摘Electricity-driven water splitting is considered as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to produce hydrogen,but the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)has largely limited its industrial application.High-efficiency electro-oxidation of benzylamine replacing the OER to promote hydrogen production is crucial but challenging.Herein,we demonstrate NiV-layered double hydroxides for the selective oxidation of benzylamine via the introduction of high valence vanadium intoα-Ni(OH)_(2)(a typical OER catalyst).Benefiting from the vanadium doping,the NiV-LDH electrode exhibits superior activity and selectivity for the benzylamine oxidation reaction(BOR).In particular,NiV-LDH requires an ultra-low potential of 1.33 V vs.RHE to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2) and exhibits∼99%selectivity for benzonitrile production over a wide potential range.Reaction mechanism studies indicate that the introduction of vanadium changes the electronic state of NiV-LDH/NF and the Lewis acidic sites on the surface,promoting the conversion of benzylamine.Furthermore,a NiV-LDH based two-electrode electrolyzer that coupled the BOR with the HER can deliver 10 mA cm^(−2) at a voltage of 1.55 V,which can reduce the cell voltage by 240 mV relative to that of conventional overall water splitting.
基金the National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.21971040,21971039 and 21773029).
文摘The overall energy efficiency of electrochemical systems is significantly reduced by the conventional anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).It is feasible to improve energy efficiency by replacing the OER with the urea oxidation reaction(UOR),which has a lower thermodynamic potential.An organic–inorganic hybrid polyoxoniobate decorated by a Co(Ⅲ)-amine complex,Na_(4)(H_(2)O)_(15)[Co(en)_(3)]_(2){[Co(en)(Nb_(6)O_(19))]_(2)}·34H_(2)O(Co_(2)Nb_(6),en=ethylenediamine)with distinct physicochemical characteristics and well-defined single-crystal structure is reported.The structure of Co_(2)Nb_(6)contains Lindqvist{[Co(en)(Nb_(6)O_(19))]_(2)}^(10−)dimer and free[Co(en)_(3)]^(3+)complexes.Co_(2)Nb_(6)exhibits remarkable catalytic activity for the UOR after being firmly attached to the surface of acetylene black by polyethyleneimine(PEI).To the best of our knowledge,this is the first instance of performing the electrocatalytic UOR based on Lindqvist polyoxoniobate clusters,which will pave the path for innovative concepts in the development of POMbased electrocatalysts.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22322101 and 21971012)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(JQ20007)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program.
文摘Electrochemical water splitting holds promise for sustainable hydrogen(H_(2))production,yet it faces the challenge of high energy demand due to significant overpotentials and sluggish kinetics for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).An efficient alternative is to replace the energy-intensive OER with the more thermodynamically advantageous alcohol oxidation reaction(AOR).Accordingly,catalysts that enhance both the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the AOR may pave the way for sustainable and efficient hydrogen production.Herein,we demonstrate that the composition and morphology engineering of Rh-Ni alloy nanocrystals can significantly boost their dual functionality for the HER and the ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR).Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal the enhanced H_(2)O dissociation,alcohol oxidation capacity,and CO tolerance of RhNi NCs with predominant{100}facets.As a result,a two-electrode electrolysis cell using RhNi NCs as dual-functional catalysts for the HER||EOR can achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and 50 mA cm^(-2)at 0.53 V and 0.68 V,respectively,outperforming the Pt/C and IrO_(2)benchmark catalysts.Remarkably,the RhNi NCs can also catalyze the oxidation of a range of alcohols for energy-saving H_(2)production at low cell voltages.Our strategy represents a rational catalyst design achieved through controlled solution synthesis,holding potential for broader applicability in future electrocatalysis and clean energy conversion.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075211,21601136,51971157,62005173,and 51621003)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LR19B060002)+5 种基金the Research Funds of Institute of Zhejiang University-QuzhouThe Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges&Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme(2016)the Guangdong Third Generation Semiconductor Engineering Technology Development Center(2020GCZX007)the Science,Technology,and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(RCBS20200714114818140)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M663118)the School level Scientific Research Project of Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology(PT2019E002).
文摘Electrochemical H_(2) production from water splitting is an environmentally sustainable technique but remains a great challenge due to the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Replacing the OER with the thermodynamically more favorable electrocatalytic oxidation process is an effective strategy for highly efficient H_(2) generation.Herein,Mn-doped CoS_(2) has predicted an excellent bifunctional electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR).With the introduction of Mn,the Gibbs free energy of the adsorbed H* and the potential rate-limiting step(the dehydrogenation of *NH_(2)NH_(2) to *NHNH_(2))for the HzOR process of the catalyst can be significantly reduced.As expected,the Mn-CoS_(2) catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity and robust long-term stability for the HER and HzOR.In detail,the Mn-CoS_(2) catalyst only acquired potentials of 46 and 77 mV versus the reversible hydrogen electrode for achieving a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) for the cathodic HER and anodic HzOR,respectively.In addition,the Mn-CoS_(2) electrode only needs a cell voltage of 447 mV to output 200 mA cm^(-2) in the overall hydrazine splitting system as well as exhibits a robust longterm H_(2) production.This work provides theoretical guidance for the design of advanced bifunctional electrocatalysts and promotes high efficiency and energy-saving H_(2) production technology.
基金supported by NSFC(No.51802084)the 111 Project(No.D17007)Henan Center for Outstanding Oversea Scientists(No.GZS_(2)022017).
文摘Nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis involving the cathodic nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)RR)combined with the anodic methanol oxidation reaction(MOR)is a viable way to synchronously produce ammonia(NH_(3))and formate via gentle,sustainable and energy-saving“E-refining”and“E-reforming”means.An efficient bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR is pivotal to achieve such a goal.In this work,a nitrogen-doped carbon-encapsulated nickel iron phosphide hybrid(Ni_(2)FeP@NC)was prepared as a bifunctional catalyst for the NO_(3)RR and MOR,and its electrochemical performance for nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis was investigated.The Ni_(2)FeP@NC catalyst exhibited a high NH_(3) yield(0.47 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at-0.35 V)and faradaic efficiency(FE,93%at-0.15 V)for the NO_(3)RR and simultaneously demonstrated high MOR efficiency for formate production(yield of 1.62 mmol h^(-1) cm^(-2) at 1.7 V and FE of around 95%).The bifunctional catalytic features of the nitrate-methanol co-electrolysis system enabled the concurrent production of NH_(3) and formate at low input voltage.This work provides a viable paradigm for pairwise electrosynthesis of valuable chemicals via“E-refining”and“E-reforming”through the rational design of bifunctional catalysts.
基金funding from the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1507201 and 2024YFA1510700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22579175).
文摘In the global transition toward sustainable hydrogen production,water electrolysis has emerged as a key technology for generating high-purity hydrogen from renewable sources[1-3].However,its overall efficiency is limited by the sluggish kinetics and high overpotential of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER)[4].Moreover,oxygen,the product of OER,has minimal commercial value,which undermines the economic viability of large-scale hydrogen generation[5].
基金This work was supported by the National Basic Rese- arch Program of China （973 Program） （2011CB935900）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （NSFC） （51231003 and 21322101）, the National ＂111＂ Project of China＇s Higher Education （B12015）, and the Tianjin High-Tech Project （12ZCZDJC35300）.
文摘We report the preparation of porous CuO nanowires that are composed of nanoparticles （-50 nm） via a simple decomposition of a Cu（OH）2 precursor and their application as the anode materials of rechargeable Na-ion batteries. The as-prepared porous CuO nanowires exhibit a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area of 13.05 m^2.g^-1, which is six times larger than that of bulk CuO （2.16 m^2.g^-1）. The anode of porous CuO nanowires showed discharge capacities of 640 mA.h.g^-1 in the first cycle and 303 mA.h.g^-1 after 50 cycles at 50 mA.g^-1 The high capacity is attributed to porous nanostructure which facilitates fast Na-intercalation kinetics. The mechanism of electrochemical Na-storage based on conversion reactions has been studied through cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman spectroscopy, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. It is demonstrated that in the discharge process, Na＋ions first insert into CuO to form a CuⅡ1-x CuⅠ x O1-x/2solid and a Na2O matrix then CuⅡ1-xCu Ⅰ xO1-x/2 reacts with Na＋ to produce Cu2O, and finally Cu2O decompose into Cu nanoparticles enclosed in a Na2O matrix. During the charge process, Cu nanopartides are first oxidized to generate Cu2O and then converted back to CuO. This result contributes to the design and mechanistic analysis of high-performance anodes for rechargeable Na-ion batteries.
