Black lead, Ti-Ru and Ti-PbO_2 were used as anode and stainless steel was used as cathode.The electrolytic process of producing hypophosphorous acid with four-compartment electrodia1yticcell was studied. The compariso...Black lead, Ti-Ru and Ti-PbO_2 were used as anode and stainless steel was used as cathode.The electrolytic process of producing hypophosphorous acid with four-compartment electrodia1yticcell was studied. The comparison of some factors, such as anodic voltage, product concentrationand current efficiency, of black lead, Ti-Ru, and Ti-PbO_2 electrodes was conducted. As a result, theTi-PbO_2 electrode is the optimal anode material used, it can be in electrolytic proccss for producinghypophosphorous acid.展开更多
Microstructure characterization, corrosion behavior, and electrochemical properties of magnesium anode materials containing 1-3 wt.% Sn in AZ61 alloy were studied by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scan...Microstructure characterization, corrosion behavior, and electrochemical properties of magnesium anode materials containing 1-3 wt.% Sn in AZ61 alloy were studied by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy-dispersive spec- troscopy （EDS）, constant current method, potential polarization, and drainage. The results showed that amount of Mg2Sn phase increased, and recrystallization ratio of Sn-contained Mg alloys during rolling process was improved with increasing of Sn content. This resulted in uniform and refined gains. The results also demonstrated that discharge potential was improved and hydrogen release rate was reduced with the addition of Sn. As the current density increased, the release hydrogen rate was rising, owing to negative variance effect of magnesium alloys. The current efficiency gets to 87% at 20 mA/cm2. The main components of the corrosion products are easy-to-peel-off MgO and Al2O3 that can lead to more negative and stable work potential and accelerate battery reaction continuously.展开更多
Recently,potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have received significant attention in the energy storage field owing to their high-power output,fast charging capability,natural abundance,and environmental sustainability.Herein...Recently,potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have received significant attention in the energy storage field owing to their high-power output,fast charging capability,natural abundance,and environmental sustainability.Herein,we comprehensively review recent advancements in the design and development of carbon-based anode materials for PIBs anodes,covering graphite,hard carbon,alloy and conversion materials with carbon,and carbon host for K metal deposition.Chemical strategies such as structural engineering,heteroatom-doping,and surface modifications are highlighted to improve electrochemical performances as well as to resolve technical challenges,such as electrode instability,low initial Coulombic efficiency,and electrolyte compatibility.Furthermore,we discuss the fundamental understanding of potassium-ion storage mechanisms of carbon-based materials and their correlation with electrochemical performance.Finally,we present the current challenges and future research directions for the practical implementation of carbon-based anodes to enhance their potential as next-generation energy storage materials for PIBs.This review aims to provide our own insights into innovative design strategies for advanced PIB's anode through the chemical and engineering strategies.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials ...Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials for SIBs are mainly used as cathodes because of their relatively high redox potentials(>1 V).Organic electrodes with low redox potential that can be used as anode are rare.Herein,a novel organic anode material (tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate,Na_(4)TDC) has been developed with low redox potential (<0.7 V) and excellent cyclic stability.Its three-sodium storage mechanism was demonstrated with various in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations,showing a high capacity of 208 mAh/g and an average decay rate of merely 0.022%per cycle.Moreover,the Na_(4)TDC-hard carbon composite can further acquire improved capacity and cycling stability for 1200 cycles even with a high mass loading of up to 20 mg cm^(-2).By pairing with a thick Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode (20.6 mg cm^(-2)),the as-fabricated full cell exhibited high operating voltage (2.8 V),excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 88.7% after 200 cycles,well highlighting the Na_(4)TDC anode material for SIBs.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are a cutting-edge energy storage solution,with several advantages over the state-of-art lithiumion batteries(LIBs).The use of magnesium(Mg)metal as an anode material provides a m...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are a cutting-edge energy storage solution,with several advantages over the state-of-art lithiumion batteries(LIBs).The use of magnesium(Mg)metal as an anode material provides a much higher gravimetric capacity compared to graphite,which is currently used as the anode material in LIBs.Despite the significant advances in electrolyte,the development of cathode material is limited to materials that operate at low average discharge voltage(<1.0 V vs.Mg/Mg^(2+)),and developing high voltage cathodes remains challenging.Only a few materials have been shown to intercalate Mg^(2+)ions reversibly at high voltage.This review focuses on the structural aspects of cathode material that can operate at high voltage,including the Mg^(2+)intercalation mechanism in relation to its electrochemical properties.The materials are categorized into transition metal oxides and polyanions and subcategorized by the intrinsic Mg^(2+)diffusion path.This review also provides insights into the future development of each material,aiming to stimulate and guide researchers working in this field towards further advancements in high voltage cathodes.展开更多
The scarcity and high cost of lithium resources drive the search for sustainable alternatives,positioning potassium-ion batteries(KIBs)as promising energy storage solutions due to the natural abundance and advantageou...The scarcity and high cost of lithium resources drive the search for sustainable alternatives,positioning potassium-ion batteries(KIBs)as promising energy storage solutions due to the natural abundance and advantageous electrochemical properties of the potassium.This study investigates the enhancement of KIB anodes through phase transformation and electronic structure engineering of monolayer 1T-MoS_(2),achieved via doping with highly electronegative non-metal elements:carbon(C),nitrogen(N),oxygen(O),and fluorine(F).Density functional theory(DFT)simulations reveal that electronegative atom doping enhances phase stability,structural robustness,and thermal resilience,which are key properties for highperformance KIB anodes.Among the doped configurations,F and N-doped 1T-MoS_(2)(MoS_(2-)F and MoS_(2)-N)exhibit superior electrochemical performance,showing optimal adsorption energies and significantly improved electronic conductivity,attributable to favorable charge redistribution and increased active potassium adsorption sites.Specifically,MoS_(2)-F and MoS_(2)-N achieve the highest specific capacities of339.65 and 339.17 mAh/g,respectively,while maintaining stability within an ideal open circuit voltage range,outperforming undoped MoS_(2).This work undersco res the potential of electronegative atom doping in 1T-MoS_(2)to enable sustainable,high-capacity energy storage solutions,offering key advancements in the electrochemical and structural properties of KIB anodes.展开更多
The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing ele...The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing electrode performance is critical to addressing the increasing need for high-energy and high-power AIBs.Next-generation anode materials face significant challenges,including limited energy storage capacities and complex reaction mechanisms that complicate structural modeling.Sn-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for AIBs due to their inherent advantages.Recent research has increasingly focused on the development of heterojunctions as a strategy to enhance the performance of Sn-based anode materials.Despite significant advances in this field,comprehensive reviews summarizing the latest developments are still sparse.This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in Sn-based heterojunction-type anode materials.It begins with an explanation of the concept of heterojunctions,including their fabrication,characterization,and classification.Cutting-edge research on Sn-based heterojunction-type anodes for AIBs is highlighted.Finally,the review summarizes the latest advancements in heterojunction technology and discusses future directions for research and development in this area.展开更多
The discovery of novel materials with compelling properties is more accessible with the help of advanced computational algorithms.Recent experimental synthesis of the biphenylene network(C_(6))motivated us to discover...The discovery of novel materials with compelling properties is more accessible with the help of advanced computational algorithms.Recent experimental synthesis of the biphenylene network(C_(6))motivated us to discover new BN-doped biphenylene networks(C_(4)BN,C_(2)B_(2)N_(2),and B_(4)N_(4))and their applications in Li(K)-ion batteries using an evolutionary algorithm and the first-principles calculations.The thermodynamic,thermal,and mechanical stability calculations and decomposition energy suggest the experimental synthesis of predicted biphenylene networks.Adding BN in the biphenylene networks shows a transition from metal to semimetal to semiconductor.The BN biphenylene network shows an HSE06 band gap of 3.06 eV,smaller than h-BN.The C_(4)BN and C_(2)B_(2)N_(2)biphenylene networks offer Li(K)adsorption energy of-0.56 eV(-0.81 eV)and-0.14 eV(-0.28 eV),respectively,with a low diffusion barrier of 178 meV(58 meV)and 251 meV(79 meV),and a large diffusion constant of 8.50×10^(-5)cm^(2)=s(8.78×10^(-3)cm^(2)=s)and 5.33×10^(-6)cm^(2)=s(4.12×10^(-3)cm^(2)=s),respectively.The calculated Li(K)theoretical capacity of C_(4)BN and C_(2)B_(2)N_(2)biphenylene networks is 940.21 mA h g^(-1)(899.01 mA h g^(-1))and 768.08 mA h g^(-1)(808.47 mA h g^(-1)),with a low open circuit voltage of 0.34 V(0.23 V),and 0.17 V(0.13 V),resulting in very high energy density of 2576.18 mW h g^(-1)(2445.31 mW h g^(-1))and 2181.35 mW h g^(-1)(2263.72 mW h g^(-1)),respectively.Only a slight volume change of 1.6%confirms the robustness of BN-doped carbon-based biphenylene networks.Our findings present novel 2D BN-doped biphenylene networks and a pathway toward their applications in metal-ion batteries.展开更多
High-performance lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries have been developed utilizing a hybrid anode material composed of zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.The in situ-generated zinc sulfide nanopartic...High-performance lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries have been developed utilizing a hybrid anode material composed of zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.The in situ-generated zinc sulfide nanoparticles serve as catalytic agents,significantly enhancing conductivity,shortening diffusion paths,and accelerating reaction kinetics.Simultaneously,the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile fibers form a three-dimensional matrix that not only provides a continuous network for rapid electron transfer but also prevents zinc sulfide nanoparticle aggregation and mitigates volume changes during charge-discharge cycles.Moreover,the heterointerface structure at the junction of zinc sulfide nanoparticles and the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile matrix increases the availability of active sites and facilitates both ion adsorption and electron transfer.As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 1178 mAh g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1),maintaining a capacity of 788 mAh g^(-1)after 200 cycles at 1 A g^(-1).It also exhibits excellent sodium storage capabilities,retaining a capacity of 625 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1).Furthermore,ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,7Li solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance,and in situ Raman are employed to investigate the reaction mechanisms of the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid anode,providing valuable insights that pave the way for the advancement of hybrid anode materials in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
Conversion-alloying anode materials are competitive candidates for high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,the sluggish dynamics and severe volume expansion during Na insertion/extraction become the key...Conversion-alloying anode materials are competitive candidates for high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,the sluggish dynamics and severe volume expansion during Na insertion/extraction become the key bottlenecks hindering their application in SIBs.Herein,SnTe nanoparticles are anchored on reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and encapsulated by nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)to construct SnTe@rGO@NC composite as anode for SIBs,where hierarchical confinement effect can provide a buffer area to accommodate huge volume expansion as well as enhance electronic conductivity and Na-ion transfer kinetics behavior,confirmed by density functional theory(DFT)calculation and experimental study.Meanwhile,structural stability and interfacial charge transfer of the composite can be further improved by the strong chemical bonds of C-Sn and C-Te.High-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy visually at atomic scale declares that SnTe@rGO@NC proceeds conversion-alloying dual-mechanism for Na-ion storage employing Sn as redox center(4SnTe+23Na^(+)+23e^(-)→Na_(15)Sn_(4)+4Na_(2)Te).Thus,SnTe@rGO@NC architecture displays a high reversible specific capacity of 261.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 50 mA·g^(-1),superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability with long-term lifespan over 1000 cycles at 200 mA·g^(-1).The multi-physicochemical encapsulation strategy sheds light on the development of a high-performance conversion-alloying anode for SIBs.展开更多
Tin dioxide(SnO_(2))with a high theoretical specific capacity of 1494 mAh g^(-1)is a promising candidate anode material for lithium storage.However,the shortcomings of serious volume expansion and low conductivity lim...Tin dioxide(SnO_(2))with a high theoretical specific capacity of 1494 mAh g^(-1)is a promising candidate anode material for lithium storage.However,the shortcomings of serious volume expansion and low conductivity limit its wide application.Herein,coaxial nano-multilayered C/SnO_(2)/TiO_(2)composites were fabricated via layerby-layer self-assembly of TiO_(2)and SnO_(2)-gel layers on the natural cellulose filter paper,followed by thermal treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere.Through engineering design of the assembly process,the optimal C/SinO_(2)/TiO_(2)composite features five alternating SnO_(2)and TiO_(2)nanolayers,with TiO_(2)as the outside shell(denoted as C/TSTST).This unique structure endows the C/TSTST with excellent structural stability and electrochemical kinetics,making it a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).The C/TSTST composite delivers a high reversible capacity of 676 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)after 200 cycles and retains a capacity of 504 mAh g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1),which can be recovered to 781 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)The significantly enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the hierarchical hybrid structure,where the carbon core combined with coaxial TiO_(2)nanolayers serves as a structural scaffold,ameliorating volume change of SnO_(2)while creating abundant interfacial defects for enhanced lithium storage and rapid charge transport.These findings are further demonstrated by the density functional theory(DFT)calculations.This work provides an efficient strategy for designing coaxial nano-multilayered transition metal oxide-related electrode materials,offering new insights into high-performance LIBs anodes.展开更多
Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conduct...Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conductivity,as well as volume expansion and pulverization during repeated reactions will result in bad specific capacity and inferior cycling stability.Hence,Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@C anode materials for LIBs were successfully synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source through a two-step high-temperature solid-phase method.Physical characterizations and electrochemical tests suggest that the highly conductive carbon shell derived from sucrose provides fast channels for Li^(+)transport and greatly reduces the charge transfer resistance.Moreover,ex situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)indicates that the presence of carbon effectively suppresses the aggregation and pulverization of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles in the reaction process,effectively ensuring the integrity of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles.Benefiting from the above merits,the C-modified Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15),especially Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@8%C(BNO-C3),holds charge capacity of 414.6 and 281.4 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(−1),respectively.Additionally,the high specific capacity of 379.5 mAh·g^(−1) is much greater than that of the bare Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)(only 158.7 mAh·g^(−1))after 200 cycles.Importantly,cyclic voltammetry(CV)combined with ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)confirms the conversion reaction between Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) and Bi during cycling.This work provides a method for suppressing volume expansion and pulverization during cycling of Bi-based transition metal oxides and constructing high-performance LIBs anode materials.展开更多
A facile way was used to synthesize Cu2O/reduced graphene oxide （rGO） composites with octahedron-like morphology in aqueous solution without any surfactant. TEM images of the obtained Cu2O/rGOs reveal that the Cu2O ...A facile way was used to synthesize Cu2O/reduced graphene oxide （rGO） composites with octahedron-like morphology in aqueous solution without any surfactant. TEM images of the obtained Cu2O/rGOs reveal that the Cu2O particles and rGO distribute hierarchically and the primary Cu2O particles are encapsulated well in the graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical performance of Cu2O/rGOs is enhanced compared with bare Cu2O when they are employed as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The Cu2O/rGO composites maintain a reversible capacity of 348.4 mA？h/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g. In addition, the composites retain 305.8 mA？h/g after 60 cycles at various current densities of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mA/g.展开更多
The electrochemical performance of Ta-doped Li4Ti5O12 in the form of Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 was characterized.X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were employed to characterize the structure an...The electrochemical performance of Ta-doped Li4Ti5O12 in the form of Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 was characterized.X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12.Ta-doping does not change the phase composition and particle morphology,while improves remarkably its cycling stability at high charge/discharge rate.Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 exhibits an excellent rate capability with a reversible capacity of 116.1 mA·h/g at 10C and even 91.0 mA·h/g at 30C.The substitution of Ta for Ti site can enhance the electronic conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 via the generation of mixing Ti4＋/Ti3＋,which indicates that Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 is a promising candidate material for anodes in lithium-ion battery application.展开更多
Co-P （4.9% P） powders with a chain-like morphology were prepared by a novel chemical reduction method. The Co-P and germanium powders were mixed at various mass ratios to form Co-P composite electrodes. Charge and d...Co-P （4.9% P） powders with a chain-like morphology were prepared by a novel chemical reduction method. The Co-P and germanium powders were mixed at various mass ratios to form Co-P composite electrodes. Charge and discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） were carried out to investigate the electrochemical performance, which can be significantly improved by the addition of germanium. For instance, when the mass ratio of Co-P powders to germanium is 5：1, the sample electrode shows a reversible discharge capacity of 350.3 mA·h/g and a high capacity retention rate of 95.9% after 50 cycles. The results of cyclic voltammmetry （CV） show the reaction mechanism of Co/Co（OH）2 within Co-P composite electrodes and EIS indicates that this electrode shows a low charge-transfer resistance, facilitating the oxidation of Co to Co（OH）2.展开更多
A facile ultrasonic method was used to synthesize CoO/graphene nanohybrids by employing Co4（CO）12 as a cobalt precursor. The nanohybrids were characterized by SEM, TEM and XPS, and the results show that CoO nanopart...A facile ultrasonic method was used to synthesize CoO/graphene nanohybrids by employing Co4（CO）12 as a cobalt precursor. The nanohybrids were characterized by SEM, TEM and XPS, and the results show that CoO nanoparticles （3-5 nm） distribute uniformly on the surface of graphene. The CoO/graphene nanohybrids display high performance as an anode material for lithium-ion battery, such as high reversible lithium storage capacity （650 mA-h/g after 50 cycles, almost twice that of commercial graphite anode）, high coulombic efficiency （over 95%） and excellent cycling stability. The extraordinary performance arises from the structure of the nanohybrids： the nanosized CoO particles with high dispersity on conductive graphene substrates are beneficial for lithium-ion insertion/extraction, shortening diffusion length for lithium ions and improving conductivity, thus the lithium storage performance was improved.展开更多
Aqueous sodium-ion batteries(ASIBs)have attracted great attention in aqueous batteries due to their merit of high safety.However,the constrained work potential and insufficient chemical stability of anode materials in...Aqueous sodium-ion batteries(ASIBs)have attracted great attention in aqueous batteries due to their merit of high safety.However,the constrained work potential and insufficient chemical stability of anode materials in aqueous electro-lytes hinder the large-scale application of ASIBs.Sodium titanium phosphate,NaTi_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NTP),is considered one of the most promising anode materials for ASIBs due to its excellent electrochemical performance and tunable structure.Recently,great achievements have been made in the development of NTP,however,a comprehensive review of existing studies is still lacking.This article firstly introduces the basic properties of NTP and analyzes the existing challenges.Subsequently,it will provide a comprehensive overview of the key strategies related to the design and modification of NTP materials with optimized electrochemical performance.Finally,based on the current research status and practical needs,suggestions,and future perspectives for advancing NTP in practical applications of ASIBs are presented.This review aims to guide the future research trajectory from basic material innovation to industrial applications,thus promoting the large-scale commercializa-tion of ASIBs.展开更多
Waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks are a type of hazardous solid waste generated during the aluminum electrolysis process,and their proper disposal is a key step in the resource utilization of discarded graphi...Waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks are a type of hazardous solid waste generated during the aluminum electrolysis process,and their proper disposal is a key step in the resource utilization of discarded graphite.This study utilizes the porous“defect advantage”of a cathode carbon block matrix to prepare silicon-doped and asphalt-coated detoxified and purified waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks for use as high-performance silicon/carbon composite anode materials.The results show that the uniformly silicondoped silicon/carbon composite material features a unique amorphous carbon-encapsulated“locked silicon”structure,which effectively addresses issues such as cathode volume expansion,excessive growth of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film,and poor electrical contact between active materials.Consequently,electrochemical performance is enhanced.After assembly in a half-cell,the PSCC/10%Si@C(purified waste graphitization cathode carbon/10%Si@C)material exhibits optimal electrochemical stability,with an initial charging specific capacity of 514.5 mAh/g at 0.1 C(1 C=170 mA/g)and a capacity retention rate of 95.1%after 100 cycles.At a charge rate of 2.0 C,a specific capacity of 216.9 mAh/g is achieved.This technology provides a new pathway for the economical and high-value utilization of waste cathode carbon blocks and the development of low-cost,high-performance anode materials.展开更多
Since lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been substantially researched in recent years, they now possess exceptional energy and power densities, making them the most suited energy storage technology for use in developed...Since lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been substantially researched in recent years, they now possess exceptional energy and power densities, making them the most suited energy storage technology for use in developed and developing industries like stationary storage and electric cars, etc. Concerns about the cost and availability of lithium have prompted research into alternatives, such as sodium-ion batteries(SIBs), which use sodium instead of lithium as the charge carrier. This is especially relevant for stationary applications, where the size and weight of battery are less important. The working efficiency and capacity of these batteries are mainly dependent on the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode,which is one of these components, is by far the most important part of the rechargeable battery.Because of its characteristics and its structure, the anode has a tremendous impact on the overall performance of the battery as a whole. Keeping the above in view, in this review we critically reviewed the different types of anodes and their performances studied to date in LIBs and SIBs. The review article is divided into three main sections, namely:(i) intercalation reaction-based anode materials;(ii) alloying reaction-based anode materials;and(iii) conversion reaction-based anode materials, which are further classified into a number of subsections based on the type of material used. In each main section, we have discussed the merits and challenges faced by their particular system. Afterward, a brief summary of the review has been discussed. Finally, the road ahead for better application of Li/Na-ion batteries is discussed, which seems to mainly depend on exploring the innovative materials as anode and on the inoperando characterization of the existing materials for making them more capable in terms of application in rechargeable batteries.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have been considered as a promising alternative to the commercialized lithium ion batteries(LIBs)in large-scale energy storage field for its rich reserve in the earth.Hard carbon has been exp...Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have been considered as a promising alternative to the commercialized lithium ion batteries(LIBs)in large-scale energy storage field for its rich reserve in the earth.Hard carbon has been expected to the first commercial anode material for SIBs.Among various of hard carbon materials,plant-derived carbon is prominent because of abundant source,low cost and excellent electrochemical performance.This review focuses on the recent progress in the development of plantderived hard carbon anodes for SIBs.We summarized the microstructure and electrochemical performance of hard carbon materials pyrolyzed from different parts of plants at different temperatures.It aims to present a full scope of plant-derived hard carbon anode materials and provide indepth understanding and guideline for the design of highperformance hard carbon for sodium ion anodes.展开更多
文摘Black lead, Ti-Ru and Ti-PbO_2 were used as anode and stainless steel was used as cathode.The electrolytic process of producing hypophosphorous acid with four-compartment electrodia1yticcell was studied. The comparison of some factors, such as anodic voltage, product concentrationand current efficiency, of black lead, Ti-Ru, and Ti-PbO_2 electrodes was conducted. As a result, theTi-PbO_2 electrode is the optimal anode material used, it can be in electrolytic proccss for producinghypophosphorous acid.
文摘Microstructure characterization, corrosion behavior, and electrochemical properties of magnesium anode materials containing 1-3 wt.% Sn in AZ61 alloy were studied by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy-dispersive spec- troscopy （EDS）, constant current method, potential polarization, and drainage. The results showed that amount of Mg2Sn phase increased, and recrystallization ratio of Sn-contained Mg alloys during rolling process was improved with increasing of Sn content. This resulted in uniform and refined gains. The results also demonstrated that discharge potential was improved and hydrogen release rate was reduced with the addition of Sn. As the current density increased, the release hydrogen rate was rising, owing to negative variance effect of magnesium alloys. The current efficiency gets to 87% at 20 mA/cm2. The main components of the corrosion products are easy-to-peel-off MgO and Al2O3 that can lead to more negative and stable work potential and accelerate battery reaction continuously.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00453815)Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(20228510070100)。
文摘Recently,potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have received significant attention in the energy storage field owing to their high-power output,fast charging capability,natural abundance,and environmental sustainability.Herein,we comprehensively review recent advancements in the design and development of carbon-based anode materials for PIBs anodes,covering graphite,hard carbon,alloy and conversion materials with carbon,and carbon host for K metal deposition.Chemical strategies such as structural engineering,heteroatom-doping,and surface modifications are highlighted to improve electrochemical performances as well as to resolve technical challenges,such as electrode instability,low initial Coulombic efficiency,and electrolyte compatibility.Furthermore,we discuss the fundamental understanding of potassium-ion storage mechanisms of carbon-based materials and their correlation with electrochemical performance.Finally,we present the current challenges and future research directions for the practical implementation of carbon-based anodes to enhance their potential as next-generation energy storage materials for PIBs.This review aims to provide our own insights into innovative design strategies for advanced PIB's anode through the chemical and engineering strategies.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2402200)National Natural Science Foundation of China (22225201,22379028)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720220010)Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research–Fudan University 21TQ1400100 (21TQ009)Key Basic Research Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (23520750400)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials for SIBs are mainly used as cathodes because of their relatively high redox potentials(>1 V).Organic electrodes with low redox potential that can be used as anode are rare.Herein,a novel organic anode material (tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate,Na_(4)TDC) has been developed with low redox potential (<0.7 V) and excellent cyclic stability.Its three-sodium storage mechanism was demonstrated with various in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations,showing a high capacity of 208 mAh/g and an average decay rate of merely 0.022%per cycle.Moreover,the Na_(4)TDC-hard carbon composite can further acquire improved capacity and cycling stability for 1200 cycles even with a high mass loading of up to 20 mg cm^(-2).By pairing with a thick Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode (20.6 mg cm^(-2)),the as-fabricated full cell exhibited high operating voltage (2.8 V),excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 88.7% after 200 cycles,well highlighting the Na_(4)TDC anode material for SIBs.
基金supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2024-00446825)by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2024-00418815)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are a cutting-edge energy storage solution,with several advantages over the state-of-art lithiumion batteries(LIBs).The use of magnesium(Mg)metal as an anode material provides a much higher gravimetric capacity compared to graphite,which is currently used as the anode material in LIBs.Despite the significant advances in electrolyte,the development of cathode material is limited to materials that operate at low average discharge voltage(<1.0 V vs.Mg/Mg^(2+)),and developing high voltage cathodes remains challenging.Only a few materials have been shown to intercalate Mg^(2+)ions reversibly at high voltage.This review focuses on the structural aspects of cathode material that can operate at high voltage,including the Mg^(2+)intercalation mechanism in relation to its electrochemical properties.The materials are categorized into transition metal oxides and polyanions and subcategorized by the intrinsic Mg^(2+)diffusion path.This review also provides insights into the future development of each material,aiming to stimulate and guide researchers working in this field towards further advancements in high voltage cathodes.
基金financial support provided by the NORPART-2021/10355 project,funded by the Norwegian Directorate for Higher Education and Skills(HK-Dir)。
文摘The scarcity and high cost of lithium resources drive the search for sustainable alternatives,positioning potassium-ion batteries(KIBs)as promising energy storage solutions due to the natural abundance and advantageous electrochemical properties of the potassium.This study investigates the enhancement of KIB anodes through phase transformation and electronic structure engineering of monolayer 1T-MoS_(2),achieved via doping with highly electronegative non-metal elements:carbon(C),nitrogen(N),oxygen(O),and fluorine(F).Density functional theory(DFT)simulations reveal that electronegative atom doping enhances phase stability,structural robustness,and thermal resilience,which are key properties for highperformance KIB anodes.Among the doped configurations,F and N-doped 1T-MoS_(2)(MoS_(2-)F and MoS_(2)-N)exhibit superior electrochemical performance,showing optimal adsorption energies and significantly improved electronic conductivity,attributable to favorable charge redistribution and increased active potassium adsorption sites.Specifically,MoS_(2)-F and MoS_(2)-N achieve the highest specific capacities of339.65 and 339.17 mAh/g,respectively,while maintaining stability within an ideal open circuit voltage range,outperforming undoped MoS_(2).This work undersco res the potential of electronegative atom doping in 1T-MoS_(2)to enable sustainable,high-capacity energy storage solutions,offering key advancements in the electrochemical and structural properties of KIB anodes.
文摘The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing electrode performance is critical to addressing the increasing need for high-energy and high-power AIBs.Next-generation anode materials face significant challenges,including limited energy storage capacities and complex reaction mechanisms that complicate structural modeling.Sn-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for AIBs due to their inherent advantages.Recent research has increasingly focused on the development of heterojunctions as a strategy to enhance the performance of Sn-based anode materials.Despite significant advances in this field,comprehensive reviews summarizing the latest developments are still sparse.This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in Sn-based heterojunction-type anode materials.It begins with an explanation of the concept of heterojunctions,including their fabrication,characterization,and classification.Cutting-edge research on Sn-based heterojunction-type anodes for AIBs is highlighted.Finally,the review summarizes the latest advancements in heterojunction technology and discusses future directions for research and development in this area.
基金the Khalifa University of Science and Technology through the internal grant RIG-2023-01.
文摘The discovery of novel materials with compelling properties is more accessible with the help of advanced computational algorithms.Recent experimental synthesis of the biphenylene network(C_(6))motivated us to discover new BN-doped biphenylene networks(C_(4)BN,C_(2)B_(2)N_(2),and B_(4)N_(4))and their applications in Li(K)-ion batteries using an evolutionary algorithm and the first-principles calculations.The thermodynamic,thermal,and mechanical stability calculations and decomposition energy suggest the experimental synthesis of predicted biphenylene networks.Adding BN in the biphenylene networks shows a transition from metal to semimetal to semiconductor.The BN biphenylene network shows an HSE06 band gap of 3.06 eV,smaller than h-BN.The C_(4)BN and C_(2)B_(2)N_(2)biphenylene networks offer Li(K)adsorption energy of-0.56 eV(-0.81 eV)and-0.14 eV(-0.28 eV),respectively,with a low diffusion barrier of 178 meV(58 meV)and 251 meV(79 meV),and a large diffusion constant of 8.50×10^(-5)cm^(2)=s(8.78×10^(-3)cm^(2)=s)and 5.33×10^(-6)cm^(2)=s(4.12×10^(-3)cm^(2)=s),respectively.The calculated Li(K)theoretical capacity of C_(4)BN and C_(2)B_(2)N_(2)biphenylene networks is 940.21 mA h g^(-1)(899.01 mA h g^(-1))and 768.08 mA h g^(-1)(808.47 mA h g^(-1)),with a low open circuit voltage of 0.34 V(0.23 V),and 0.17 V(0.13 V),resulting in very high energy density of 2576.18 mW h g^(-1)(2445.31 mW h g^(-1))and 2181.35 mW h g^(-1)(2263.72 mW h g^(-1)),respectively.Only a slight volume change of 1.6%confirms the robustness of BN-doped carbon-based biphenylene networks.Our findings present novel 2D BN-doped biphenylene networks and a pathway toward their applications in metal-ion batteries.
基金supported by“regional innovation mega project”program through the Korea Innovation Foundation funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(Project Number:2023-DD-UP-0026)the Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)and the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)(No.RS-2024-00509401,RS-2023-00217581)“Regional Innovation Strategy(RIS)”through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)(2021RIS-001).
文摘High-performance lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries have been developed utilizing a hybrid anode material composed of zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.The in situ-generated zinc sulfide nanoparticles serve as catalytic agents,significantly enhancing conductivity,shortening diffusion paths,and accelerating reaction kinetics.Simultaneously,the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile fibers form a three-dimensional matrix that not only provides a continuous network for rapid electron transfer but also prevents zinc sulfide nanoparticle aggregation and mitigates volume changes during charge-discharge cycles.Moreover,the heterointerface structure at the junction of zinc sulfide nanoparticles and the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile matrix increases the availability of active sites and facilitates both ion adsorption and electron transfer.As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 1178 mAh g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1),maintaining a capacity of 788 mAh g^(-1)after 200 cycles at 1 A g^(-1).It also exhibits excellent sodium storage capabilities,retaining a capacity of 625 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1).Furthermore,ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,7Li solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance,and in situ Raman are employed to investigate the reaction mechanisms of the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid anode,providing valuable insights that pave the way for the advancement of hybrid anode materials in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2021A1515110164 and 2022A1515010208)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52207248)the Open Testing Foundation of Analytical&Testing Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University(No.2022T024).
文摘Conversion-alloying anode materials are competitive candidates for high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,the sluggish dynamics and severe volume expansion during Na insertion/extraction become the key bottlenecks hindering their application in SIBs.Herein,SnTe nanoparticles are anchored on reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and encapsulated by nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)to construct SnTe@rGO@NC composite as anode for SIBs,where hierarchical confinement effect can provide a buffer area to accommodate huge volume expansion as well as enhance electronic conductivity and Na-ion transfer kinetics behavior,confirmed by density functional theory(DFT)calculation and experimental study.Meanwhile,structural stability and interfacial charge transfer of the composite can be further improved by the strong chemical bonds of C-Sn and C-Te.High-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy visually at atomic scale declares that SnTe@rGO@NC proceeds conversion-alloying dual-mechanism for Na-ion storage employing Sn as redox center(4SnTe+23Na^(+)+23e^(-)→Na_(15)Sn_(4)+4Na_(2)Te).Thus,SnTe@rGO@NC architecture displays a high reversible specific capacity of 261.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 50 mA·g^(-1),superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability with long-term lifespan over 1000 cycles at 200 mA·g^(-1).The multi-physicochemical encapsulation strategy sheds light on the development of a high-performance conversion-alloying anode for SIBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22302133 and 22405161)Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Hebei Province,China(No.236Z4406G)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Education Department,China(No.BJ2025100)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.B2021210001)the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2024D01A157)the Key R&D Plan of Karamay(No.2024zdyf0009)Karamay Innovation Environment Construction Plan(Innovative Talents)Project(No.2024hjcxrc0029)the Research Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay(No.XQZX20240023)
文摘Tin dioxide(SnO_(2))with a high theoretical specific capacity of 1494 mAh g^(-1)is a promising candidate anode material for lithium storage.However,the shortcomings of serious volume expansion and low conductivity limit its wide application.Herein,coaxial nano-multilayered C/SnO_(2)/TiO_(2)composites were fabricated via layerby-layer self-assembly of TiO_(2)and SnO_(2)-gel layers on the natural cellulose filter paper,followed by thermal treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere.Through engineering design of the assembly process,the optimal C/SinO_(2)/TiO_(2)composite features five alternating SnO_(2)and TiO_(2)nanolayers,with TiO_(2)as the outside shell(denoted as C/TSTST).This unique structure endows the C/TSTST with excellent structural stability and electrochemical kinetics,making it a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).The C/TSTST composite delivers a high reversible capacity of 676 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)after 200 cycles and retains a capacity of 504 mAh g^(-1)at 1.0 A g^(-1),which can be recovered to 781 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)The significantly enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the hierarchical hybrid structure,where the carbon core combined with coaxial TiO_(2)nanolayers serves as a structural scaffold,ameliorating volume change of SnO_(2)while creating abundant interfacial defects for enhanced lithium storage and rapid charge transport.These findings are further demonstrated by the density functional theory(DFT)calculations.This work provides an efficient strategy for designing coaxial nano-multilayered transition metal oxide-related electrode materials,offering new insights into high-performance LIBs anodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374301)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.E2024501010)+2 种基金Shijiazhuang Basic Research Project(No.241790667A)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2423054)the Performance Subsidy Fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(No.22567627H).
文摘Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conductivity,as well as volume expansion and pulverization during repeated reactions will result in bad specific capacity and inferior cycling stability.Hence,Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@C anode materials for LIBs were successfully synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source through a two-step high-temperature solid-phase method.Physical characterizations and electrochemical tests suggest that the highly conductive carbon shell derived from sucrose provides fast channels for Li^(+)transport and greatly reduces the charge transfer resistance.Moreover,ex situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)indicates that the presence of carbon effectively suppresses the aggregation and pulverization of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles in the reaction process,effectively ensuring the integrity of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles.Benefiting from the above merits,the C-modified Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15),especially Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@8%C(BNO-C3),holds charge capacity of 414.6 and 281.4 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(−1),respectively.Additionally,the high specific capacity of 379.5 mAh·g^(−1) is much greater than that of the bare Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)(only 158.7 mAh·g^(−1))after 200 cycles.Importantly,cyclic voltammetry(CV)combined with ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)confirms the conversion reaction between Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) and Bi during cycling.This work provides a method for suppressing volume expansion and pulverization during cycling of Bi-based transition metal oxides and constructing high-performance LIBs anode materials.
基金Project (2014CB643406) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject (2011FJ1005) supported by Major Special Project of Science and Technology of Hunan Province,China
文摘A facile way was used to synthesize Cu2O/reduced graphene oxide （rGO） composites with octahedron-like morphology in aqueous solution without any surfactant. TEM images of the obtained Cu2O/rGOs reveal that the Cu2O particles and rGO distribute hierarchically and the primary Cu2O particles are encapsulated well in the graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical performance of Cu2O/rGOs is enhanced compared with bare Cu2O when they are employed as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The Cu2O/rGO composites maintain a reversible capacity of 348.4 mA？h/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g. In addition, the composites retain 305.8 mA？h/g after 60 cycles at various current densities of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mA/g.
文摘The electrochemical performance of Ta-doped Li4Ti5O12 in the form of Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 was characterized.X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12.Ta-doping does not change the phase composition and particle morphology,while improves remarkably its cycling stability at high charge/discharge rate.Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 exhibits an excellent rate capability with a reversible capacity of 116.1 mA·h/g at 10C and even 91.0 mA·h/g at 30C.The substitution of Ta for Ti site can enhance the electronic conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 via the generation of mixing Ti4＋/Ti3＋,which indicates that Li4Ti4.95Ta0.05O12 is a promising candidate material for anodes in lithium-ion battery application.
基金Project supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of ChinaProject(CXLX11_0359)supported by Research Innovative Projects for Average College Graduate Students of 2011 in Jiangsu Province,China+2 种基金Project(RERU2011010)supported by Open Subject of State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization,ChinaProject(51201089)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(CPSF2012M521064)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Co-P （4.9% P） powders with a chain-like morphology were prepared by a novel chemical reduction method. The Co-P and germanium powders were mixed at various mass ratios to form Co-P composite electrodes. Charge and discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） were carried out to investigate the electrochemical performance, which can be significantly improved by the addition of germanium. For instance, when the mass ratio of Co-P powders to germanium is 5：1, the sample electrode shows a reversible discharge capacity of 350.3 mA·h/g and a high capacity retention rate of 95.9% after 50 cycles. The results of cyclic voltammmetry （CV） show the reaction mechanism of Co/Co（OH）2 within Co-P composite electrodes and EIS indicates that this electrode shows a low charge-transfer resistance, facilitating the oxidation of Co to Co（OH）2.
基金Project (4340142501) supported by Start-up Funds of Chair Professor, Tongji University, ChinaProject (51173135) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A facile ultrasonic method was used to synthesize CoO/graphene nanohybrids by employing Co4（CO）12 as a cobalt precursor. The nanohybrids were characterized by SEM, TEM and XPS, and the results show that CoO nanoparticles （3-5 nm） distribute uniformly on the surface of graphene. The CoO/graphene nanohybrids display high performance as an anode material for lithium-ion battery, such as high reversible lithium storage capacity （650 mA-h/g after 50 cycles, almost twice that of commercial graphite anode）, high coulombic efficiency （over 95%） and excellent cycling stability. The extraordinary performance arises from the structure of the nanohybrids： the nanosized CoO particles with high dispersity on conductive graphene substrates are beneficial for lithium-ion insertion/extraction, shortening diffusion length for lithium ions and improving conductivity, thus the lithium storage performance was improved.
基金supported by the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Fujian Province (No.2024J011210)the High-Level Talent Start-Up Foundation of Xiamen Institute of Technology (No.YKJ23017R)。
文摘Aqueous sodium-ion batteries(ASIBs)have attracted great attention in aqueous batteries due to their merit of high safety.However,the constrained work potential and insufficient chemical stability of anode materials in aqueous electro-lytes hinder the large-scale application of ASIBs.Sodium titanium phosphate,NaTi_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)(NTP),is considered one of the most promising anode materials for ASIBs due to its excellent electrochemical performance and tunable structure.Recently,great achievements have been made in the development of NTP,however,a comprehensive review of existing studies is still lacking.This article firstly introduces the basic properties of NTP and analyzes the existing challenges.Subsequently,it will provide a comprehensive overview of the key strategies related to the design and modification of NTP materials with optimized electrochemical performance.Finally,based on the current research status and practical needs,suggestions,and future perspectives for advancing NTP in practical applications of ASIBs are presented.This review aims to guide the future research trajectory from basic material innovation to industrial applications,thus promoting the large-scale commercializa-tion of ASIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274346).
文摘Waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks are a type of hazardous solid waste generated during the aluminum electrolysis process,and their proper disposal is a key step in the resource utilization of discarded graphite.This study utilizes the porous“defect advantage”of a cathode carbon block matrix to prepare silicon-doped and asphalt-coated detoxified and purified waste graphitization cathode carbon blocks for use as high-performance silicon/carbon composite anode materials.The results show that the uniformly silicondoped silicon/carbon composite material features a unique amorphous carbon-encapsulated“locked silicon”structure,which effectively addresses issues such as cathode volume expansion,excessive growth of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film,and poor electrical contact between active materials.Consequently,electrochemical performance is enhanced.After assembly in a half-cell,the PSCC/10%Si@C(purified waste graphitization cathode carbon/10%Si@C)material exhibits optimal electrochemical stability,with an initial charging specific capacity of 514.5 mAh/g at 0.1 C(1 C=170 mA/g)and a capacity retention rate of 95.1%after 100 cycles.At a charge rate of 2.0 C,a specific capacity of 216.9 mAh/g is achieved.This technology provides a new pathway for the economical and high-value utilization of waste cathode carbon blocks and the development of low-cost,high-performance anode materials.
文摘Since lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been substantially researched in recent years, they now possess exceptional energy and power densities, making them the most suited energy storage technology for use in developed and developing industries like stationary storage and electric cars, etc. Concerns about the cost and availability of lithium have prompted research into alternatives, such as sodium-ion batteries(SIBs), which use sodium instead of lithium as the charge carrier. This is especially relevant for stationary applications, where the size and weight of battery are less important. The working efficiency and capacity of these batteries are mainly dependent on the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode,which is one of these components, is by far the most important part of the rechargeable battery.Because of its characteristics and its structure, the anode has a tremendous impact on the overall performance of the battery as a whole. Keeping the above in view, in this review we critically reviewed the different types of anodes and their performances studied to date in LIBs and SIBs. The review article is divided into three main sections, namely:(i) intercalation reaction-based anode materials;(ii) alloying reaction-based anode materials;and(iii) conversion reaction-based anode materials, which are further classified into a number of subsections based on the type of material used. In each main section, we have discussed the merits and challenges faced by their particular system. Afterward, a brief summary of the review has been discussed. Finally, the road ahead for better application of Li/Na-ion batteries is discussed, which seems to mainly depend on exploring the innovative materials as anode and on the inoperando characterization of the existing materials for making them more capable in terms of application in rechargeable batteries.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Hunan Education Department(No.18A114)the Joint Natural Science Project of Hunan-Changde(No.2018JJ4001)+1 种基金the Youth Fund of Hunan Agricultural University(No.18QN01)the Funding for the Major Scientific Research and Innovation Team Cultivation at Hunan Agricultural University(No.2018)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have been considered as a promising alternative to the commercialized lithium ion batteries(LIBs)in large-scale energy storage field for its rich reserve in the earth.Hard carbon has been expected to the first commercial anode material for SIBs.Among various of hard carbon materials,plant-derived carbon is prominent because of abundant source,low cost and excellent electrochemical performance.This review focuses on the recent progress in the development of plantderived hard carbon anodes for SIBs.We summarized the microstructure and electrochemical performance of hard carbon materials pyrolyzed from different parts of plants at different temperatures.It aims to present a full scope of plant-derived hard carbon anode materials and provide indepth understanding and guideline for the design of highperformance hard carbon for sodium ion anodes.
