Nb_2O_5/C nanosheets are successfully prepared through a mixing process and followed by heating treatment.Such Nb_2O_5/C based electrode exhibits high rate performance and remarkable cycling ability,showing a high and...Nb_2O_5/C nanosheets are successfully prepared through a mixing process and followed by heating treatment.Such Nb_2O_5/C based electrode exhibits high rate performance and remarkable cycling ability,showing a high and stable specific capacity of ~380mAhg^（-1） at the current density of 50 mAg^（-1）（much higher than the theoretical capacity of Nb_2O_5）.Further more,at a current density of 500mAg^（-1）,the nanocomposites electrode still exhibits a specific capacity of above 150 mAh g^（-1） after 100 cycles.These results suggest the Nb_2O_5/C nanocomposite is a high performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials ...Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials for SIBs are mainly used as cathodes because of their relatively high redox potentials(>1 V).Organic electrodes with low redox potential that can be used as anode are rare.Herein,a novel organic anode material (tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate,Na_(4)TDC) has been developed with low redox potential (<0.7 V) and excellent cyclic stability.Its three-sodium storage mechanism was demonstrated with various in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations,showing a high capacity of 208 mAh/g and an average decay rate of merely 0.022%per cycle.Moreover,the Na_(4)TDC-hard carbon composite can further acquire improved capacity and cycling stability for 1200 cycles even with a high mass loading of up to 20 mg cm^(-2).By pairing with a thick Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode (20.6 mg cm^(-2)),the as-fabricated full cell exhibited high operating voltage (2.8 V),excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 88.7% after 200 cycles,well highlighting the Na_(4)TDC anode material for SIBs.展开更多
Silicon-based anode is a promising candidate for all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs).However,it must be further improved because of its tremendous volume change.In this study,various interface treatment strategies for Si...Silicon-based anode is a promising candidate for all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs).However,it must be further improved because of its tremendous volume change.In this study,various interface treatment strategies for SiO/carbon composite anodes in ASSBs were investigated using a multiphysics modeling framework.By evaluating the effects of active(carbon)and inactive coating materials,as well as the geometric and mechanical parameters,this research provides critical insights into optimizing their electrochemical performance and mechanical stability.Computational results indicate that carbon coatings can greatly enhance lithiation kinetics by regulating the interfacial electrochemical potential gradients,reducing the residual lithium concentration,and homogenizing the lithium-ion distribution compared with uncoated or inactive-coated configurations.In addition,thinner carbon coatings further improve capacity retention and stress management by balancing shorter lithium diffusion pathways with mitigated interfacial stress accumulation.Despite their ability to mechanically stabilize the anode,inactive coatings exhibit tradeoffs between lithium transport kinetics and stress modulation,with optimal performance achieved at lower Young’s moduli.Mechanical analyses highlight distinct failure mechanisms at the anode–electrolyte(shear driven)and particle-coating(tension driven)interfaces,emphasizing the need for tailored adhesion strategies.These findings provide actionable guidelines for designing robust SiO-based anodes,emphasizing the interplay among electrochemical efficiency,stress regulation,and interfacial durability in ASSBs.展开更多
In order to search for a suitable anode material used in zinc electrowinning in place of Pb-Ag alloy,Al/Pb-PANI（polyaniline）-WC（tungsten carbide） composite inert anodes were prepared on aluminum alloy substrate by...In order to search for a suitable anode material used in zinc electrowinning in place of Pb-Ag alloy,Al/Pb-PANI（polyaniline）-WC（tungsten carbide） composite inert anodes were prepared on aluminum alloy substrate by double pulse electrodeposition（DPE） of PANI and WC particles with Pb2＋ from an original plating bath.Thereafter,anodic polarization curves,cyclic voltammetry curves and Tafel polarization curves for the composite inert anodes obtained under different PANI concentrations in the original plating bath were measured,and the microstructural features were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.The results show that Al/Pb-PANI-WC composite inert anode obtained under PANI concentration of 20 g/L in the original plating bath possesses uniform microstructures and composition distributions,higher electrocatalytic activity,better reversibility of electrode reaction and corrosion resistance in a synthetic zinc electrowinning electrolyte of 50 g/L Zn2＋,150 g/L H2SO4 at 35 °C.Compared with Pb-1%Ag alloy,the overpotential of oxygen evolutions for the composite inert anode are decreased by 185 mV and 166 mV,respectively,under 500 A/m2 and 1000 A/m2.展开更多
Rechargeable lithium batteries have been widely regarded as a revolutionary technology to store renewable energy sources and extensively researched in the recent several decades.As an indispensable part of lithium bat...Rechargeable lithium batteries have been widely regarded as a revolutionary technology to store renewable energy sources and extensively researched in the recent several decades.As an indispensable part of lithium batteries,the evolution of anode materials has significantly promoted the development of lithium batteries.However,since conventional lithium batteries with graphite anodes cannot meet the ever-increasing demands in different application scenarios(such as electric vehicles and large-scale power supplies)which require high energy/power density and long cycle life,various improvement strategies and alternative anode materials have been exploited for better electrochemical performance.In this review,we detailedly introduced the characteristics and challenges of four representative anode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries,including graphite,Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12),silicon,and lithium metal.And some of the latest advances are summarized,which mainly contain the modification strategies of anode materials and partially involve the optimization of electrode/electrolyte interface.Finally,we make the conclusive comments and perspectives,and draw a development timeline on the four anode materials.This review aims to offer a good primer for newcomers in the lithium battery field and benefit the structure and material design of anodes for advanced rechargeable lithium batteries in the future.展开更多
Lithium metal anode(LMA) is a promising candidate for achieving next-generation high-energy-density batteries due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity and most negative electrochemical potential. However, the practic...Lithium metal anode(LMA) is a promising candidate for achieving next-generation high-energy-density batteries due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity and most negative electrochemical potential. However, the practical application of lithium metal battery(LMB) is largely retarded by the instable interfaces, uncontrolled dendrites, and rapid capacity deterioration. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview towards the working principles and inherent challenges of LMAs. Firstly, we diligently summarize the intrinsic mechanism of Li stripping and plating process. The recent advances in atomic and mesoscale simulations which are crucial in guiding mechanism study and material design are also summarized. Furthermore, the advanced engineering strategies which have been proved effective in protecting LMAs are systematically reviewed, including electrolyte optimization, artificial interface, composite/alloy anodes and so on. Finally, we highlight the current limitations and promising research directions of LMAs. This review sheds new lights on deeply understanding the intrinsic mechanism of LMAs, and calls for more endeavors to realize practical Li metal batteries.展开更多
The composite powders,Sn nanoparticles embedded into the porous hydrogel-derived carbon(Sn@PHDC),were successfully prepared by polymerization and calcination processes,and the characterization results confirmed that S...The composite powders,Sn nanoparticles embedded into the porous hydrogel-derived carbon(Sn@PHDC),were successfully prepared by polymerization and calcination processes,and the characterization results confirmed that Sn nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the porous hydrogel-derived pyrolytic carbon.The coin cell assembled with the Sn@PHDC-50 composite electrode presented good cyclic stability and rate performance when the weight ratio of Sn nanoparticles to hydrogel-derived pyrolytic carbon was maintained at 1:1.Moreover,the Sn@PHDC-50 electrode manifested a lower charge transfer resistance of 58.57 Ω and a higher lithium ions diffusion coefficient of 1.117×10^(-14) cm^(2)·s^(-1) than pure Sn and other Sn@PHDC electrodes.Those improvements can be partly ascribed to the fact that the hydrogelderived pyrolytic c arbon matrix can release the volume strain and enhance the electronic conductivity of the composite electrode,and partly to the fact that the porous hydrogelderived pyrolytic carbon matrix can suppress agglomerations of Sn nanoparticles and shorten Li^(+) diffusion paths.This work may provide a new appro ach for the improvement of Sn-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
An A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy composite anode was produced via composite casting. Its electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction and corrosion resistance was evaluated by anodic polarization curves and accele...An A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy composite anode was produced via composite casting. Its electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction and corrosion resistance was evaluated by anodic polarization curves and accelerated corro- sion test, respectively. The microscopic morphologies of the anode section and anodic oxidation layer during accelerated corrosion test were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the composite anode （hard anodizing） dis- plays a more compact interracial combination and a better adhesive strength than plating tin. Compared with industrial Pb-0.3%Ag anodes, the oxygen evolution overpotentials of A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （hard anodizing） and A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （plating tin） at 500 A.m-2 were lower by 57 and 14 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the corrosion rates of Pb-0.3%Ag alloy, A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （hard anodizing）, and A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （plating tin） were 13.977, 9.487, and 11.824 g.m-2.h-1, respectively, in accelerated corrosion test for 8 h at 2000 A-m-2. The anodic oxidation layer of A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （hard anodizing） is more compact than Pb-0.3%Ag alloy and A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （plating tin） after the test.展开更多
The lithium(Li) metal anode is an integral component in an emerging high-energy-density rechargeable battery.A composite Li anode with a three-dimensional(3 D) host exhibits unique advantages in suppressing Li dendrit...The lithium(Li) metal anode is an integral component in an emerging high-energy-density rechargeable battery.A composite Li anode with a three-dimensional(3 D) host exhibits unique advantages in suppressing Li dendrites and maintaining dimensional stability.However,the fundamental understanding and regulation of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),which directly dictates the behavior of Li plating/stripping,are rarely researched in composite Li metal anodes.Herein,the interaction between a polar polymer host and solvent molecules was proposed as an emerging but effective strategy to enable a stable SEI and a uniform Li deposition in a working battery.Fluoroethylene carbonate molecules in electrolytes are enriched in the vicinity of a polar polyacrylonitrile(PAN) host due to a strong dipole-dipole interaction,resulting in a LiF-rich SEI on Li metal to improve the uniformity of Li deposition.A composite Li anode with a PAN host delivers 145 cycles compared with 90 cycles when a non-polar host is employed.Moreover,60 cycles are demonstrated in a 1:0 Ah pouch cell without external pressure.This work provides a fresh guidance for designing practical composite Li anodes by unraveling the vital role of the synergy between a 3 D host and solvent molecules for regulating a robust SEI.展开更多
Lithium(Li)is a promising candidate for nextgeneration battery anode due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low reduction potential.However,safety issues derived from the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrite ...Lithium(Li)is a promising candidate for nextgeneration battery anode due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low reduction potential.However,safety issues derived from the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrite and huge volume change of Li hinder its practical application.C onstructing dendrite-free composite Li anodes can significantly alleviate the above problems.Copper(Cu)-based materials have bee n widely used as substrates of the composite electrodes due to their chemical stability,excellent conductivity,and good mechanical strength.Copper/lithium(Cu/Li)composite anodes significantly regulate the local current density and decrease Li nucleation overp otential,realizing the uniform and dendrite-free Li deposition.In this review,Cu/Li composite methods including electrodeposition,melting infusion,and mechanical rolling are systematically summarized and discussed.Additionally,design strategies of Cu-based current collectors for high performance Cu/Li composite anodes are illustrated.General challenges and future development for Cu/Li composite anodes are presented and postulated.We hope that this review can provide a comprehensive understanding of Cu/Li composite methods of the latest development of Li metal anode and stimulate more research in the future.展开更多
Hydroxyl radicals(·OH) generated on anode play a vital role in electrochemical oxidation(EO) of organic pollutants for water treatment. Inspired by the four-electron oxygen evolution reaction(OER), we supposed an...Hydroxyl radicals(·OH) generated on anode play a vital role in electrochemical oxidation(EO) of organic pollutants for water treatment. Inspired by the four-electron oxygen evolution reaction(OER), we supposed an anode-selection strategy to stabilize deeply oxidized states(*O and*OOH) which are beneficial to generating·OH. To verify the hypothesis, a candidate anode component(MIL-101(Cr), a well-known metal-organic framework with active variable-valence transition metal centers) was used to coat Ti/TiO_(2)plate to fabricate anodes. Compared to TiO_(2)(101) plane on undecorated anode surface, fast and complete removal of aniline and phenol, and improved energy utilization were achieved on MIL-101(Cr)-coatedTi/TiO_(2)anode. Mechanism investigation, including pollutant degradation pathways, showed the predominate contribution(69.60%–75.13%) of·OH in pollutant mineralization. Density functional theory(DFT)computations indicated Cr site in MIL-101(Cr) was more conducive to stabilizing*O and*OOH, leading to thermodynamical spontaneous generation of·OH. This work opens up an exciting avenue to explore·OH production, and supplies a useful guidance to the development of anode materials for EO process.展开更多
Freestanding carbon nanofibers loaded with bimetallic hollow nanocage structures were synthesized.The nanocages inherited the rhombic dodecahedral morphology of the zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)precursors,ZIF-8 ...Freestanding carbon nanofibers loaded with bimetallic hollow nanocage structures were synthesized.The nanocages inherited the rhombic dodecahedral morphology of the zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)precursors,ZIF-8 and ZIF-67.As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),the bimetallic nanocage-loaded freestanding carbon nanofibers effectively buffered volume expansions and alleviated pulverization through their different reduction and oxidation potentials.The higher capacities of the composite anodes arose via the formation of the Li_(x)Zn alloy and Li_(2)O by Zn and Co ions,respectively,and the enhanced conductivity conferred by the carbon nanofibers.A synergistic effect of the composite components toward the strong electrochemical performance(688 m A h·g^(-1)at 1200 m A·g^(-1))of the bimetallic nanocage-loaded fibers was demonstrated through the superior long-term stability of the anode(1048 m A h·g^(-1)after 300 cycles at 100 m A·g^(-1)),suggesting that the fabricated anode can be a promising material for use in portable LIBs.展开更多
As lithium(Li)-ion batteries expand their applications,operating over a wide temperature range becomes increasingly important.However,the lowtemperature performance of conventional graphite anodes is severely hampered...As lithium(Li)-ion batteries expand their applications,operating over a wide temperature range becomes increasingly important.However,the lowtemperature performance of conventional graphite anodes is severely hampered by the poor diffusion kinetics of Li ions(Li^(+)).Here,zinc oxide(ZnO) nanoparticles are incorporated into the expanded graphite to improve Li^(+)diffusion kinetics,resulting in a significant improvement in lowtemperature performance.The ZnO-embedded expanded graphite anodes are investigated with different amounts of ZnO to establish the structurecharge storage mechanism-performance relationship with a focus on lowtemperature applications.Electrochemical analysis reveals that the ZnOembedded expanded graphite anode with nano-sized ZnO maintains a large portion of the diffusion-controlled charge storage mechanism at an ultra-low temperature of-50℃ Due to this significantly enhanced Li^(+)diffusion rate,a full cell with the ZnO-embedded expanded graphite anode and a LiNi_(0.88)Co_(0.09)Al_(0.03)O_(2)cathode delivers high capacities of 176 mAh g^(-1)at20℃ and 86 mAh g^(-1)at-50℃ at a high rate of 1 C.The outstanding low-temperature performance of the composite anode by improving the Li^(+)diffusion kinetics provides important scientific insights into the fundamental design principles of anodes for low-temperature Li-ion battery operation.展开更多
The necessity to explore high-efficiency and high-value utilization strategy for biomass-waste is desirable.Herein,the strategy for direct conversion biomass-waste(rice husks) to Si/C composite structure anode was bui...The necessity to explore high-efficiency and high-value utilization strategy for biomass-waste is desirable.Herein,the strategy for direct conversion biomass-waste(rice husks) to Si/C composite structure anode was built.The Si/C composite materials were successfully obtained via the typical thermal reduction with magnesium,and the Si nanopa rticle was uniformly embedded in carbon frame,as revealed by Raman,X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) measurement.The carbon structure among rice husks was effectively used as a protective layer to accommodate the volume variation of Si anode during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process.Benefitting from the structure design,the batteries show a superior electrochemical stability with the capacity retention rate above 90% after 150 cycles at the charge/discha rge rate of 0.5 C(1 C=600 mAh/g),and hold a high charge capacity of 420.7 mAh/g at the rate of 3 C.Therefore,our finding not only provides a promising design strategy for directly conversion biomass-waste to electrochemical storage materials but broadens the high-efficiency utilization method for other biomass by-products.展开更多
Geopolymers have been developed to various catalysts due to their advantages.However,low conductivity restricts their application in the electrocatalysis field.In this study,anα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/circulating fluidized bed ...Geopolymers have been developed to various catalysts due to their advantages.However,low conductivity restricts their application in the electrocatalysis field.In this study,anα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/circulating fluidized bed fly ash based geopolymer(CFAG)composite anode was fabricated using a facile dip-coating method by loadingα-Fe_(2)O_(3) in the matrix of CFAG.The effects ofα-Fe_(2)O_(3) content on the composition,surface morphology and electrochemical performance ofα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode were investigated.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM)results demonstrated thatα-Fe_(2)O_(3) was successfully inlaid with the surface of amorphous CFAG matrix.The electrochemical measurements indicated thatα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode had higher oxygen evolution potential,greater electrochemical activity area,and smaller electrochemical impedance than CFAG.The as-prepared composite anode was applied for electrocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye wastewater.It was discovered that the highest degradation efficiency over 10α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG reached up 92.6%,and the degradation of indigo carmine followed pseudo-first-order kinetics.Furthermore,10α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode presented excellent stability after five cycles.The active hydroxyl radical was generated over theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode,which acted as strong oxidizing agents in the electrocatalytic degradation process.展开更多
Homogeneous co-precipitation and hydrothermal treatment were used to prepare nano- and highly dispersed Ni O/YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia) composite powders. Composite powders of size less than 100 nm were successfu...Homogeneous co-precipitation and hydrothermal treatment were used to prepare nano- and highly dispersed Ni O/YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia) composite powders. Composite powders of size less than 100 nm were successfully prepared. This process did not require separate sintering of the YSZ and Ni O to be used as the raw materials for solid oxide fuel cells. The performance of a cell fabricated using the new powders(max.power density ~0.87 W/cm^2) was higher than that of a cell fabricated using conventional powders(max. power density ~0.73 W/cm^2). Co-precipitation and hydrothermal treatment proved to be very effective processes for reducing cell production costs as well as improving cell performance.展开更多
A new type of high efficient Ti composite anodes for electrodeposition of MnO 2 was successfully developed and was widely satisfied with production in many factories in China. The process parameters of electrolysis i...A new type of high efficient Ti composite anodes for electrodeposition of MnO 2 was successfully developed and was widely satisfied with production in many factories in China. The process parameters of electrolysis in using the composite anodes were optimized and discussed.展开更多
A new method for corrosion protection of Al-based metal matrix composites (MMC) was developed using two-step process, which involves anodizing in H2SO4 solution and sealing in rare earth solution. Corrosion resistance...A new method for corrosion protection of Al-based metal matrix composites (MMC) was developed using two-step process, which involves anodizing in H2SO4 solution and sealing in rare earth solution. Corrosion resistance of the treated surface was evaluated with polarization curves. The results showed that the effect of the protection using rare earth sealing is equivalent to that using chromate sealing for Al6061/SiCp. The rare earth metal salt can be an alternative to the toxic chromate for sealing anodized Al MMC.展开更多
The properties of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 composite anode for zinc electrowinning were investigated. The electrochemical performance was studied by Tafel polarization curves（Tafel）, e...The properties of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 composite anode for zinc electrowinning were investigated. The electrochemical performance was studied by Tafel polarization curves（Tafel）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） and corrosion rate obtained in an acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS） were used to observe the microstructural features of coating. Anodes of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2, Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC, Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-ZrO2, and Pb-1%Ag anodes were also researched. The results indicated that the Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 showed the best catalytic activity and corrosion resistant performance; the intensity of diffraction peak exhibited the highest value as well as a new PbWO4 phase; the content of WC and ZrO2 in coating showed the highest value as well as the finest grain size.展开更多
Recent technological advancements,such as portable electronics and electric vehicles,have created a pressing need for more efficient energy storage solutions.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been the preferred choice f...Recent technological advancements,such as portable electronics and electric vehicles,have created a pressing need for more efficient energy storage solutions.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been the preferred choice for these applications,with graphite being the standard anode material due to its stability.However,graphite falls short of meeting the growing demand for higher energy density,possessing a theoretical capacity that lags behind.To address this,researchers are actively seeking alternative materials to replace graphite in commercial batteries.One promising avenue involves lithiumalloying materials like silicon and phosphorus,which offer high theoretical capacities.Carbon-silicon composites have emerged as a viable option,showing improved capacity and performance over traditional graphite or pure silicon anodes.Yet,the existing methods for synthesizing these composites remain complex,energy-intensive,and costly,preventing widespread adoption.A groundbreaking approach is presented here:the use of a laser writing strategy to rapidly transform common organic carbon precursors and silicon blends into efficient“graphenic silicon”composite thin films.These films exhibit exceptional structural and energy storage properties.The resulting three-dimensional porous composite anodes showcase impressive attributes,including ultrahigh silicon content,remarkable cyclic stability(over 4500 cycles with∼40%retention),rapid charging rates(up to 10 A g^(-1)),substantial areal capacity(>5.1 mAh cm^(-2)),and excellent gravimetric capacity(>2400 mAh g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1)).This strategy marks a significant step toward the scalable production of high-performance LIB materials.Leveraging widely available,cost-effective precursors,the laser-printed“graphenic silicon”composites demonstrate unparalleled performance,potentially streamlining anode production while maintaining exceptional capabilities.This innovation not only paves the way for advanced LIBs but also sets a precedent for transforming various materials into high-performing electrodes,promising reduced complexity and cost in battery production.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51402103 and 51302079)
文摘Nb_2O_5/C nanosheets are successfully prepared through a mixing process and followed by heating treatment.Such Nb_2O_5/C based electrode exhibits high rate performance and remarkable cycling ability,showing a high and stable specific capacity of ~380mAhg^（-1） at the current density of 50 mAg^（-1）（much higher than the theoretical capacity of Nb_2O_5）.Further more,at a current density of 500mAg^（-1）,the nanocomposites electrode still exhibits a specific capacity of above 150 mAh g^（-1） after 100 cycles.These results suggest the Nb_2O_5/C nanocomposite is a high performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2402200)National Natural Science Foundation of China (22225201,22379028)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720220010)Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research–Fudan University 21TQ1400100 (21TQ009)Key Basic Research Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (23520750400)。
文摘Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with organic electrodes are an emerging research direction due to the sustainability of organic materials based on elements like C,H,O,and sodium ions.Currently,organic electrode materials for SIBs are mainly used as cathodes because of their relatively high redox potentials(>1 V).Organic electrodes with low redox potential that can be used as anode are rare.Herein,a novel organic anode material (tetrasodium 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylate,Na_(4)TDC) has been developed with low redox potential (<0.7 V) and excellent cyclic stability.Its three-sodium storage mechanism was demonstrated with various in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations,showing a high capacity of 208 mAh/g and an average decay rate of merely 0.022%per cycle.Moreover,the Na_(4)TDC-hard carbon composite can further acquire improved capacity and cycling stability for 1200 cycles even with a high mass loading of up to 20 mg cm^(-2).By pairing with a thick Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode (20.6 mg cm^(-2)),the as-fabricated full cell exhibited high operating voltage (2.8 V),excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 88.7% after 200 cycles,well highlighting the Na_(4)TDC anode material for SIBs.
基金supported by the startup funding from Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Grant No.WH220402052).
文摘Silicon-based anode is a promising candidate for all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs).However,it must be further improved because of its tremendous volume change.In this study,various interface treatment strategies for SiO/carbon composite anodes in ASSBs were investigated using a multiphysics modeling framework.By evaluating the effects of active(carbon)and inactive coating materials,as well as the geometric and mechanical parameters,this research provides critical insights into optimizing their electrochemical performance and mechanical stability.Computational results indicate that carbon coatings can greatly enhance lithiation kinetics by regulating the interfacial electrochemical potential gradients,reducing the residual lithium concentration,and homogenizing the lithium-ion distribution compared with uncoated or inactive-coated configurations.In addition,thinner carbon coatings further improve capacity retention and stress management by balancing shorter lithium diffusion pathways with mitigated interfacial stress accumulation.Despite their ability to mechanically stabilize the anode,inactive coatings exhibit tradeoffs between lithium transport kinetics and stress modulation,with optimal performance achieved at lower Young’s moduli.Mechanical analyses highlight distinct failure mechanisms at the anode–electrolyte(shear driven)and particle-coating(tension driven)interfaces,emphasizing the need for tailored adhesion strategies.These findings provide actionable guidelines for designing robust SiO-based anodes,emphasizing the interplay among electrochemical efficiency,stress regulation,and interfacial durability in ASSBs.
基金Project (51004056) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (KKZ6201152009) supported by the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials, ChinaProjects (2011239, 2011240) supported by Analysis and Measurement Research Fund of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China
文摘In order to search for a suitable anode material used in zinc electrowinning in place of Pb-Ag alloy,Al/Pb-PANI（polyaniline）-WC（tungsten carbide） composite inert anodes were prepared on aluminum alloy substrate by double pulse electrodeposition（DPE） of PANI and WC particles with Pb2＋ from an original plating bath.Thereafter,anodic polarization curves,cyclic voltammetry curves and Tafel polarization curves for the composite inert anodes obtained under different PANI concentrations in the original plating bath were measured,and the microstructural features were also investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.The results show that Al/Pb-PANI-WC composite inert anode obtained under PANI concentration of 20 g/L in the original plating bath possesses uniform microstructures and composition distributions,higher electrocatalytic activity,better reversibility of electrode reaction and corrosion resistance in a synthetic zinc electrowinning electrolyte of 50 g/L Zn2＋,150 g/L H2SO4 at 35 °C.Compared with Pb-1%Ag alloy,the overpotential of oxygen evolutions for the composite inert anode are decreased by 185 mV and 166 mV,respectively,under 500 A/m2 and 1000 A/m2.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20180098)the Open Research Fund of National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures of Nanjing University(M32045&M33042)。
文摘Rechargeable lithium batteries have been widely regarded as a revolutionary technology to store renewable energy sources and extensively researched in the recent several decades.As an indispensable part of lithium batteries,the evolution of anode materials has significantly promoted the development of lithium batteries.However,since conventional lithium batteries with graphite anodes cannot meet the ever-increasing demands in different application scenarios(such as electric vehicles and large-scale power supplies)which require high energy/power density and long cycle life,various improvement strategies and alternative anode materials have been exploited for better electrochemical performance.In this review,we detailedly introduced the characteristics and challenges of four representative anode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries,including graphite,Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12),silicon,and lithium metal.And some of the latest advances are summarized,which mainly contain the modification strategies of anode materials and partially involve the optimization of electrode/electrolyte interface.Finally,we make the conclusive comments and perspectives,and draw a development timeline on the four anode materials.This review aims to offer a good primer for newcomers in the lithium battery field and benefit the structure and material design of anodes for advanced rechargeable lithium batteries in the future.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program (2021YFB2400300)Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ20004)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22109011, U1801257)Scientific and Technological Key Project of Shanxi Province (20191102003)。
文摘Lithium metal anode(LMA) is a promising candidate for achieving next-generation high-energy-density batteries due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity and most negative electrochemical potential. However, the practical application of lithium metal battery(LMB) is largely retarded by the instable interfaces, uncontrolled dendrites, and rapid capacity deterioration. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview towards the working principles and inherent challenges of LMAs. Firstly, we diligently summarize the intrinsic mechanism of Li stripping and plating process. The recent advances in atomic and mesoscale simulations which are crucial in guiding mechanism study and material design are also summarized. Furthermore, the advanced engineering strategies which have been proved effective in protecting LMAs are systematically reviewed, including electrolyte optimization, artificial interface, composite/alloy anodes and so on. Finally, we highlight the current limitations and promising research directions of LMAs. This review sheds new lights on deeply understanding the intrinsic mechanism of LMAs, and calls for more endeavors to realize practical Li metal batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51874046)the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2020CFA090)+1 种基金Hebei Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material,Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao (No. HKDEFM2021202)the Young Top-notch Talent Cultivation Program of Hubei Province。
文摘The composite powders,Sn nanoparticles embedded into the porous hydrogel-derived carbon(Sn@PHDC),were successfully prepared by polymerization and calcination processes,and the characterization results confirmed that Sn nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the porous hydrogel-derived pyrolytic carbon.The coin cell assembled with the Sn@PHDC-50 composite electrode presented good cyclic stability and rate performance when the weight ratio of Sn nanoparticles to hydrogel-derived pyrolytic carbon was maintained at 1:1.Moreover,the Sn@PHDC-50 electrode manifested a lower charge transfer resistance of 58.57 Ω and a higher lithium ions diffusion coefficient of 1.117×10^(-14) cm^(2)·s^(-1) than pure Sn and other Sn@PHDC electrodes.Those improvements can be partly ascribed to the fact that the hydrogelderived pyrolytic c arbon matrix can release the volume strain and enhance the electronic conductivity of the composite electrode,and partly to the fact that the porous hydrogelderived pyrolytic carbon matrix can suppress agglomerations of Sn nanoparticles and shorten Li^(+) diffusion paths.This work may provide a new appro ach for the improvement of Sn-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51004056)the Opening Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KKZ6201152009)+2 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20125314110011)the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province,China(No.2010ZC052)the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Nos.2010203 and 2011173)
文摘An A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy composite anode was produced via composite casting. Its electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction and corrosion resistance was evaluated by anodic polarization curves and accelerated corro- sion test, respectively. The microscopic morphologies of the anode section and anodic oxidation layer during accelerated corrosion test were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the composite anode （hard anodizing） dis- plays a more compact interracial combination and a better adhesive strength than plating tin. Compared with industrial Pb-0.3%Ag anodes, the oxygen evolution overpotentials of A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （hard anodizing） and A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （plating tin） at 500 A.m-2 were lower by 57 and 14 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the corrosion rates of Pb-0.3%Ag alloy, A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （hard anodizing）, and A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （plating tin） were 13.977, 9.487, and 11.824 g.m-2.h-1, respectively, in accelerated corrosion test for 8 h at 2000 A-m-2. The anodic oxidation layer of A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （hard anodizing） is more compact than Pb-0.3%Ag alloy and A1/Pb-0.3%Ag alloy （plating tin） after the test.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21825501 and U1932220)the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFA0202500)+2 种基金the Seed Fund of Shanxi Research Institute for Clean Energy (SXKYJF015)the Scientific and technological Key Project of Shanxi Province (20191102003)the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program.
文摘The lithium(Li) metal anode is an integral component in an emerging high-energy-density rechargeable battery.A composite Li anode with a three-dimensional(3 D) host exhibits unique advantages in suppressing Li dendrites and maintaining dimensional stability.However,the fundamental understanding and regulation of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),which directly dictates the behavior of Li plating/stripping,are rarely researched in composite Li metal anodes.Herein,the interaction between a polar polymer host and solvent molecules was proposed as an emerging but effective strategy to enable a stable SEI and a uniform Li deposition in a working battery.Fluoroethylene carbonate molecules in electrolytes are enriched in the vicinity of a polar polyacrylonitrile(PAN) host due to a strong dipole-dipole interaction,resulting in a LiF-rich SEI on Li metal to improve the uniformity of Li deposition.A composite Li anode with a PAN host delivers 145 cycles compared with 90 cycles when a non-polar host is employed.Moreover,60 cycles are demonstrated in a 1:0 Ah pouch cell without external pressure.This work provides a fresh guidance for designing practical composite Li anodes by unraveling the vital role of the synergy between a 3 D host and solvent molecules for regulating a robust SEI.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2500200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52302243)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2022M721029 and 2022M721030)。
文摘Lithium(Li)is a promising candidate for nextgeneration battery anode due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low reduction potential.However,safety issues derived from the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrite and huge volume change of Li hinder its practical application.C onstructing dendrite-free composite Li anodes can significantly alleviate the above problems.Copper(Cu)-based materials have bee n widely used as substrates of the composite electrodes due to their chemical stability,excellent conductivity,and good mechanical strength.Copper/lithium(Cu/Li)composite anodes significantly regulate the local current density and decrease Li nucleation overp otential,realizing the uniform and dendrite-free Li deposition.In this review,Cu/Li composite methods including electrodeposition,melting infusion,and mechanical rolling are systematically summarized and discussed.Additionally,design strategies of Cu-based current collectors for high performance Cu/Li composite anodes are illustrated.General challenges and future development for Cu/Li composite anodes are presented and postulated.We hope that this review can provide a comprehensive understanding of Cu/Li composite methods of the latest development of Li metal anode and stimulate more research in the future.
基金supported by the National Natrual Science of China (NSFC, Nos. 51978341, 52070100 and 52011530433)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK20190087)Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Hydroxyl radicals(·OH) generated on anode play a vital role in electrochemical oxidation(EO) of organic pollutants for water treatment. Inspired by the four-electron oxygen evolution reaction(OER), we supposed an anode-selection strategy to stabilize deeply oxidized states(*O and*OOH) which are beneficial to generating·OH. To verify the hypothesis, a candidate anode component(MIL-101(Cr), a well-known metal-organic framework with active variable-valence transition metal centers) was used to coat Ti/TiO_(2)plate to fabricate anodes. Compared to TiO_(2)(101) plane on undecorated anode surface, fast and complete removal of aniline and phenol, and improved energy utilization were achieved on MIL-101(Cr)-coatedTi/TiO_(2)anode. Mechanism investigation, including pollutant degradation pathways, showed the predominate contribution(69.60%–75.13%) of·OH in pollutant mineralization. Density functional theory(DFT)computations indicated Cr site in MIL-101(Cr) was more conducive to stabilizing*O and*OOH, leading to thermodynamical spontaneous generation of·OH. This work opens up an exciting avenue to explore·OH production, and supplies a useful guidance to the development of anode materials for EO process.
基金supported by the Technology Development Program to Solve Climate Changes of the National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning(NRF-2016M1A2A2936760)supported by Advanced Research Center Program(NRF-2013R1A5A1073861)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP)contracted through Advanced Space Propulsion Research Center at Seoul National UniversityDeanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research Group no.RG-1440-111。
文摘Freestanding carbon nanofibers loaded with bimetallic hollow nanocage structures were synthesized.The nanocages inherited the rhombic dodecahedral morphology of the zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF)precursors,ZIF-8 and ZIF-67.As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),the bimetallic nanocage-loaded freestanding carbon nanofibers effectively buffered volume expansions and alleviated pulverization through their different reduction and oxidation potentials.The higher capacities of the composite anodes arose via the formation of the Li_(x)Zn alloy and Li_(2)O by Zn and Co ions,respectively,and the enhanced conductivity conferred by the carbon nanofibers.A synergistic effect of the composite components toward the strong electrochemical performance(688 m A h·g^(-1)at 1200 m A·g^(-1))of the bimetallic nanocage-loaded fibers was demonstrated through the superior long-term stability of the anode(1048 m A h·g^(-1)after 300 cycles at 100 m A·g^(-1)),suggesting that the fabricated anode can be a promising material for use in portable LIBs.
基金supported by an Early Career Faculty Grant from NASA’s Space Technology Research Grants Program (80NSSC18K1509)supported by the Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology Seed Grant and performed in part at the Georgia Tech Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI), which was supported by the National Science Foundation (ECCS-2025462)
文摘As lithium(Li)-ion batteries expand their applications,operating over a wide temperature range becomes increasingly important.However,the lowtemperature performance of conventional graphite anodes is severely hampered by the poor diffusion kinetics of Li ions(Li^(+)).Here,zinc oxide(ZnO) nanoparticles are incorporated into the expanded graphite to improve Li^(+)diffusion kinetics,resulting in a significant improvement in lowtemperature performance.The ZnO-embedded expanded graphite anodes are investigated with different amounts of ZnO to establish the structurecharge storage mechanism-performance relationship with a focus on lowtemperature applications.Electrochemical analysis reveals that the ZnOembedded expanded graphite anode with nano-sized ZnO maintains a large portion of the diffusion-controlled charge storage mechanism at an ultra-low temperature of-50℃ Due to this significantly enhanced Li^(+)diffusion rate,a full cell with the ZnO-embedded expanded graphite anode and a LiNi_(0.88)Co_(0.09)Al_(0.03)O_(2)cathode delivers high capacities of 176 mAh g^(-1)at20℃ and 86 mAh g^(-1)at-50℃ at a high rate of 1 C.The outstanding low-temperature performance of the composite anode by improving the Li^(+)diffusion kinetics provides important scientific insights into the fundamental design principles of anodes for low-temperature Li-ion battery operation.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51803054,51772093)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province(Nos.2019JJ20010,2020JJ3022,2019JJ50223)+1 种基金the“Double first-class”School Construction Project(No.SYL201802008)Outstanding Youth Foundation(No.19B270)from Education Department of Hunan Province。
文摘The necessity to explore high-efficiency and high-value utilization strategy for biomass-waste is desirable.Herein,the strategy for direct conversion biomass-waste(rice husks) to Si/C composite structure anode was built.The Si/C composite materials were successfully obtained via the typical thermal reduction with magnesium,and the Si nanopa rticle was uniformly embedded in carbon frame,as revealed by Raman,X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) measurement.The carbon structure among rice husks was effectively used as a protective layer to accommodate the volume variation of Si anode during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process.Benefitting from the structure design,the batteries show a superior electrochemical stability with the capacity retention rate above 90% after 150 cycles at the charge/discha rge rate of 0.5 C(1 C=600 mAh/g),and hold a high charge capacity of 420.7 mAh/g at the rate of 3 C.Therefore,our finding not only provides a promising design strategy for directly conversion biomass-waste to electrochemical storage materials but broadens the high-efficiency utilization method for other biomass by-products.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21676209)Key Research Development Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2019GY-137)the Cultivating Fund of Excellent Doctorate Thesis of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology(No.6040318008).
文摘Geopolymers have been developed to various catalysts due to their advantages.However,low conductivity restricts their application in the electrocatalysis field.In this study,anα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/circulating fluidized bed fly ash based geopolymer(CFAG)composite anode was fabricated using a facile dip-coating method by loadingα-Fe_(2)O_(3) in the matrix of CFAG.The effects ofα-Fe_(2)O_(3) content on the composition,surface morphology and electrochemical performance ofα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode were investigated.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscope(SEM)results demonstrated thatα-Fe_(2)O_(3) was successfully inlaid with the surface of amorphous CFAG matrix.The electrochemical measurements indicated thatα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode had higher oxygen evolution potential,greater electrochemical activity area,and smaller electrochemical impedance than CFAG.The as-prepared composite anode was applied for electrocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye wastewater.It was discovered that the highest degradation efficiency over 10α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG reached up 92.6%,and the degradation of indigo carmine followed pseudo-first-order kinetics.Furthermore,10α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode presented excellent stability after five cycles.The active hydroxyl radical was generated over theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CFAG composite anode,which acted as strong oxidizing agents in the electrocatalytic degradation process.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012R1A1A1013782)a fostering project funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST)
文摘Homogeneous co-precipitation and hydrothermal treatment were used to prepare nano- and highly dispersed Ni O/YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia) composite powders. Composite powders of size less than 100 nm were successfully prepared. This process did not require separate sintering of the YSZ and Ni O to be used as the raw materials for solid oxide fuel cells. The performance of a cell fabricated using the new powders(max.power density ~0.87 W/cm^2) was higher than that of a cell fabricated using conventional powders(max. power density ~0.73 W/cm^2). Co-precipitation and hydrothermal treatment proved to be very effective processes for reducing cell production costs as well as improving cell performance.
文摘A new type of high efficient Ti composite anodes for electrodeposition of MnO 2 was successfully developed and was widely satisfied with production in many factories in China. The process parameters of electrolysis in using the composite anodes were optimized and discussed.
文摘A new method for corrosion protection of Al-based metal matrix composites (MMC) was developed using two-step process, which involves anodizing in H2SO4 solution and sealing in rare earth solution. Corrosion resistance of the treated surface was evaluated with polarization curves. The results showed that the effect of the protection using rare earth sealing is equivalent to that using chromate sealing for Al6061/SiCp. The rare earth metal salt can be an alternative to the toxic chromate for sealing anodized Al MMC.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51564029,51504111,51504231,51364019)the Key Project of Yunnan Province Applied Basic Research Plan of China(No.2014FA024)
文摘The properties of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 composite anode for zinc electrowinning were investigated. The electrochemical performance was studied by Tafel polarization curves（Tafel）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） and corrosion rate obtained in an acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS） were used to observe the microstructural features of coating. Anodes of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2, Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC, Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-ZrO2, and Pb-1%Ag anodes were also researched. The results indicated that the Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 showed the best catalytic activity and corrosion resistant performance; the intensity of diffraction peak exhibited the highest value as well as a new PbWO4 phase; the content of WC and ZrO2 in coating showed the highest value as well as the finest grain size.
文摘Recent technological advancements,such as portable electronics and electric vehicles,have created a pressing need for more efficient energy storage solutions.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been the preferred choice for these applications,with graphite being the standard anode material due to its stability.However,graphite falls short of meeting the growing demand for higher energy density,possessing a theoretical capacity that lags behind.To address this,researchers are actively seeking alternative materials to replace graphite in commercial batteries.One promising avenue involves lithiumalloying materials like silicon and phosphorus,which offer high theoretical capacities.Carbon-silicon composites have emerged as a viable option,showing improved capacity and performance over traditional graphite or pure silicon anodes.Yet,the existing methods for synthesizing these composites remain complex,energy-intensive,and costly,preventing widespread adoption.A groundbreaking approach is presented here:the use of a laser writing strategy to rapidly transform common organic carbon precursors and silicon blends into efficient“graphenic silicon”composite thin films.These films exhibit exceptional structural and energy storage properties.The resulting three-dimensional porous composite anodes showcase impressive attributes,including ultrahigh silicon content,remarkable cyclic stability(over 4500 cycles with∼40%retention),rapid charging rates(up to 10 A g^(-1)),substantial areal capacity(>5.1 mAh cm^(-2)),and excellent gravimetric capacity(>2400 mAh g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1)).This strategy marks a significant step toward the scalable production of high-performance LIB materials.Leveraging widely available,cost-effective precursors,the laser-printed“graphenic silicon”composites demonstrate unparalleled performance,potentially streamlining anode production while maintaining exceptional capabilities.This innovation not only paves the way for advanced LIBs but also sets a precedent for transforming various materials into high-performing electrodes,promising reduced complexity and cost in battery production.
