The virtual technique in Chinese drama makes the aesthetic feeling of the audiences enriched in enjoying the art of stage performance to their heart＇s content when the reality of life is reflected by drama. Also, the...The virtual technique in Chinese drama makes the aesthetic feeling of the audiences enriched in enjoying the art of stage performance to their heart＇s content when the reality of life is reflected by drama. Also, the position of the animation art has been promoted by the expression and extension of the drama art spirit and expression technique in the creation of film and television animations to be greatly improved. In this paper, the characteristics of the virtual technique in drama are briefly introduced, and also the influence of the virtual technique on the creation offihn and television animations is analyzed.展开更多
The three-dimensional (3D) interactive animations and video games are so attractive that successful educational programming environments like Alice and Kodu Game Lab deal with 3D characters. Islay 3D is another educat...The three-dimensional (3D) interactive animations and video games are so attractive that successful educational programming environments like Alice and Kodu Game Lab deal with 3D characters. Islay 3D is another educational programming environment of which feature is an intuitively comprehensive user interface in terms of state transition diagrams. Unfortunately its animation definition was too memory-hungry when played by the built-in interpreter. In this paper, we present a translator of the animation definitions of Islay 3D into ActionScript3 (AS3). Compiling the AS3 codes by way of Papervision3D, we obtain the 3D Flash animation file playable on the Flash platform. It will be shown that the memory and CPU usages will be much saved, quartered and halved, respectively, by virtue of the translator.展开更多
Animal behavior researchers often face problems regarding standardization and reproducibility oftheir experiments. This has led to the partial substitution of live animals with artificial virtual stim-uli. In addition...Animal behavior researchers often face problems regarding standardization and reproducibility oftheir experiments. This has led to the partial substitution of live animals with artificial virtual stim-uli. In addition to standardization and reproducibility, virtual stimuli open new options for re-searchers since they are easily changeable in morphology and appearance, and their behavior canbe defined. In this article, a novel toolchain to conduct behavior experiments with fish is presentedby a case study in sailfin mollies Poecilia latipinna. As the toolchain holds many different and novelfeatures, it offers new possibilities for studies in behavioral animal research and promotes thestandardization of experiments. The presented method includes options to design, animate, andpresent virtual stimuli to live fish. The designing tool offers an easy and user-friendly way to definesize, coloration, and morphology of stimuli and moreover it is able to configure virtual stimuli ran-domly without any user influence. Furthermore, the toolchain brings a novel method to animatestimuli in a semiautomatic way with the help of a game controller. These created swimming pathscan be applied to different stimuli in real time. A presentation tool combines models and swim-ming paths regarding formerly defined playlists, and presents the stimuli onto 2 screens.Experiments with live sailfin mollies validated the usage of the created virtual 3D fish models inmate-choice experiments.展开更多
Visual signals, including changes in coloration and color patterns, are frequently used by animalsto convey information. During contests, body coloration and its changes can be used to assess anopponent＇s state or mo...Visual signals, including changes in coloration and color patterns, are frequently used by animalsto convey information. During contests, body coloration and its changes can be used to assess anopponent＇s state or motivation. Communication of aggressive propensity is particularly importantin group-living animals with a stable dominance hierarchy, as the outcome of aggressive inter-actions determines the social rank of group members. Neolamprologus pulcher is a cooperativelybreeding cichlid showing frequent within-group aggression. Both sexes exhibit two vertical blackstripes on the operculum that vary naturally in shape and darkness. During frontal threat displaysthese patterns are actively exposed to the opponent, suggesting a signaling function. To investi-gate the role of operculum stripes during contests we manipulated their darkness in computeranimated pictures of the fish. We recorded the responses in behavior and stripe darkness of testsubjects to which these animated pictures were presented. Individuals with initially darker stripeswere more aggressive against the animations and showed more operculum threat displays.Operculum stripes of test subjects became darker after exposure to an animation exhibiting a paleoperculum than after exposure to a dark operculum animation, highlighting the role of the dark-ness of this color pattern in opponent assessment. We conclude that （i） the black stripes on theoperculum of N. pulcherare a reliable signal of aggression and dominance, （ii） these markings playan important role in opponent assessment, and （iii） 2D computer animations are well suited to elicitbiologically meaningful short-term aggressive responses in this widely used model system ofsocial evolution.展开更多
The use of computer animation in behavioral research is a state-of-the-art method for designing andpresenting animated animals to live test animals. The major advantages of computer animations are：（1） the creation ...The use of computer animation in behavioral research is a state-of-the-art method for designing andpresenting animated animals to live test animals. The major advantages of computer animations are：（1） the creation of animated animal stimuli with high variability of morphology and even behavior; （2）animated stimuli provide highly standardized, controlled and repeatable testing procedures; and （3）they allow a reduction in the number of live test animals regarding the 3Rs principle. But the use of ani-mated animals should be attended by a thorough validation for each test species to verify that behaviormeasured with live animals toward virtual animals can also be expected with natural stimuli. Here wepresent results on the validation of a custom-made simulation for animated 3D sailfin mollies Poecilialatipinna and show that responses of live test females were as strong to an animated fish as to a videoor a live male fish. Movement of an animated stimulus was important but female response was stron-ger toward a swimming 3D fish stimulus than to a ＂swimming＂ box. Moreover, male test fish wereable to discriminate between animated male and female stimuli; hence, rendering the animated 3D fisha useful tool in mate-choice experiments with sailfin mollies.展开更多
The use of artificial stimuli in tests of animal behavior are common,and as technological advances increase,opportunities for the use of 3D computer animations in behavioral tests are becoming increasingly available(W...The use of artificial stimuli in tests of animal behavior are common,and as technological advances increase,opportunities for the use of 3D computer animations in behavioral tests are becoming increasingly available(Witte et al.2017).The importance of easy-tomanipulate,consistent,and reliably performing stimuli is clear,and this is readily achievable with the use of computer animations.Validation of animated stimuli is critical,however,to ensure that behaviors observed in response to artificial,computer-generated stimuli are equivalent to what would be expected if animals were presented with a comparable live stimuli(Woo and Rieucau 2011;Chouinard-Thuly et al.2017;Powell and Rosenthal 2017).展开更多
Cities serve as windows into human civilization,key spatial nodes for national communication,and carriers and repositories of rich and colorful Chinese stories.How to tell cities'stories well,and thus tell China&#...Cities serve as windows into human civilization,key spatial nodes for national communication,and carriers and repositories of rich and colorful Chinese stories.How to tell cities'stories well,and thus tell China's stories well?In Shandong Province,documentaries and animations have been used to break cultural barriers and open new horizons in city-fo cused international communication.展开更多
Purpose The paper shows the interpretive impact of different constructions of the point of view available to the reader/viewer in book and animated movie versions of a children's picture book,a novel for pre-adole...Purpose The paper shows the interpretive impact of different constructions of the point of view available to the reader/viewer in book and animated movie versions of a children's picture book,a novel for pre-adolescents/early teenagers,and a graphic novel for adolescents and adults.Design/Approach/Methods Excerpts from book and animated movie versions of the same story are compared using multimodal analysis of interpersonal meaning to show how the reader/viewer is positioned in relation to the characters in each version,complemented by analyses of ideational meaning to show the effect of point of view on interpretive possibilities.Findings Focusing mainly on multimodal construction of point of view,the analyses show how interpretive possibilities of ostensibly the same story are significantly reconfigured in animated adaptations compared with book versions even when the verbal narrative remains substantially unchanged.Originality/Value The study shows that it is crucial to students’critical appreciation of,and their creative contribution to,their evolving digital literary culture that in this new era of educational technology,attention in literacy and literary education focuses on developing understandings of digital multimodal narrative art,and that animated movie adaptations are not presented pedagogically as isomorphic with,or simply adjunct to,corresponding book versions.展开更多
Data-driven garment animation is a current topic of interest in the computer graphics industry.Existing approaches generally establish the mapping between a single human pose or a temporal pose sequence,and garment de...Data-driven garment animation is a current topic of interest in the computer graphics industry.Existing approaches generally establish the mapping between a single human pose or a temporal pose sequence,and garment deformation,but it is difficult to quickly generate diverse clothed human animations.We address this problem with a method to automatically synthesize dressed human animations with temporal consistency from a specified human motion label.At the heart of our method is a twostage strategy.Specifically,we first learn a latent space encoding the sequence-level distribution of human motions utilizing a transformer-based conditional variational autoencoder(Transformer-CVAE).Then a garment simulator synthesizes dynamic garment shapes using a transformer encoder-decoder architecture.Since the learned latent space comes from varied human motions,our method can generate a variety of styles of motions given a specific motion label.By means of a novel beginning of sequence(BOS)learning strategy and a self-supervised refinement procedure,our garment simulator is capable of efficiently synthesizing garment deformation sequences corresponding to the generated human motions while maintaining temporal and spatial consistency.We verify our ideas experimentally.This is the first generative model that directly dresses human animation.展开更多
Major depressive disorder(MDD)affects people all over the world,and yet,its etiology is complex and remains incompletely understood.In this review,we aim to assess recent advances in understanding depression and its r...Major depressive disorder(MDD)affects people all over the world,and yet,its etiology is complex and remains incompletely understood.In this review,we aim to assess recent advances in understanding depression and its regulation,as well as its interaction with circadian rhythms.Circadian rhythms are internalized representations of the periodic daily light and dark cycles.Accumulating evidence has shown that MDD and the related mental disorders are associated with disrupted circadian rhythms.In particular,depression has often been linked to abnormalities in circadian rhythms because dysregulation of the circadian system increases susceptibility to MDD.The fact that several rhythms are disrupted in depressed patients suggests that these disruptions are not restricted to any one rhythm but rather involve the molecular circadian clock core machinery.The sleep-wake cycle is one rhythm that is often disrupted in depression,which often leads to disturbances in other rhythms.The circadian disruptions manifested in depressed patients and the effectiveness and fast action of chronobiologically based treatments highlight the circadian system as a key therapeutic target in the treatment of depression.This review assesses the evidence on rising depression rates and examines their contributing factors,including circadian misalignment.We discuss key hypotheses underlying depression pathogenesis,potential etiology,and relevant animal models,and underscore potential mechanisms driving depression's growing burden and how understanding these factors is critical for improving prevention and treatment strategies.展开更多
Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis and dehydration in young children and animals worldwide,leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality,predominantly in low-and middleincome countries.In the past de...Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis and dehydration in young children and animals worldwide,leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality,predominantly in low-and middleincome countries.In the past decade,substantial progress has been made in the development and implementation of rotavirus vaccines,which have been essential in alleviating the global burden of this disease,not only in human being but also in livestock species like calves and piglets,where these infections can cause significant economic losses.By synthesizing the latest research and real-world evidence,this review article is designated to provide deep insights into the current state of rotavirus vaccine technology and its global implementation as well as the application of rotavirus vaccines in veterinary settings and their importance in controlling zoonotic transmission and maintaining food security.展开更多
Depressive disorder is a chronic,recurring,and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease.According to a report by the World Health Organization,the global population suffering from depression is experienci...Depressive disorder is a chronic,recurring,and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease.According to a report by the World Health Organization,the global population suffering from depression is experiencing a significant annual increase.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on people,little is known about its pathogenesis.One major reason is the scarcity of reliable animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Furthermore,the neural circuit mechanism of depression induced by various factors is particularly complex.Considering the variability in depressive behavior patterns and neurobiological mechanisms among different animal models of depression,a comparison between the neural circuits of depression induced by various factors is essential for its treatment.In this review,we mainly summarize the most widely used behavioral animal models and neural circuits under different triggers of depression,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for depression prevention.展开更多
The high morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer(CRC)is a major challenge in clinical practice.Although a series of alternative research models of CRC have been developed,appropriate orthotopic animal models that...The high morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer(CRC)is a major challenge in clinical practice.Although a series of alternative research models of CRC have been developed,appropriate orthotopic animal models that reproduce the specific clinical response as well as pathophysiological immune features of CRC are still lacking.In the current study,we constructed a CRC orthotopic xenograft model by implanting the tumor tubes at the colorectum of mice and monitored the model development using bioluminescence imaging.This model successfully recapitulates the clinical chemo-therapy efficacy,including reduced total flux,tumor weight,and the expression of Ki67 after treatment of the first-line chemotherapy regime of CRC(FOLFOX:oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil/calcium folinate).The model also reproduced the immunosup-pressive effect of FOLFOX,indicated by decreased infiltration of macrophages and increased Treg cells in tumor.Additionally,the orthotopic xenograft approach may be applied in immunodeficient NCG/NSG mice for constructing patient-derived xeno-grafts,and being used in clinical precision medicine and drug evaluation.We believe the current model is a successful surgical orthotopic xenograft approach for cancer research and deserves to be popularized,which will provide a convenient and efficient platform for in-depth mechanism exploration of CRC and preclinical drug evaluation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is among the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide.Spinal tuberculosis is not easy to detect at an early stage,which without effective treatment often leads to spinal deformity and spi...BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is among the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide.Spinal tuberculosis is not easy to detect at an early stage,which without effective treatment often leads to spinal deformity and spinal cord damage which in turn cause complications such as paraplegia and quadriplegia.In this study,we established a model using three concentrations of bacteria and carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the model by imaging,general observations,and histopathological and bacteriological studies.AIM To establish a rabbit model of spinal tuberculosis and examine the effect on the model’s efficacy using different concentrations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis)inoculum.METHODS New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into experimental,control and blank groups.The experimental and control animals were sensitized with complete Freund′s adjuvant,a hole was drilled beneath the upper endplate of the L6 vertebral body and filled with gelfoam sponge.The experimental group was divided into three subgroups(experimental 1,experimental 2,experimental 3)and infused with M.tuberculosis suspension at various concentrations.The control group was inoculated with saline and the blank group received no treatment.The 12-week post-operative survival rates were 100%,80%and 30%in the experimental groups inoculated with concentrations of 106,107 and 108 CFU/mL bacteria,respectively.RESULTS The survival rate of the control and blank groups was 100%.Vertebral body destruction at 8 weeks in the three experimental groups as determined by X-ray analysis was 33.3%,62.5%and 66.7%,and by computed tomography(CT)and 3-dimensional CT 44.4%,75%and 100%,respectively.At 12 weeks,the figures were 44.4%,75%and 100%by X-ray analysis and 44.4%,100%and 100%by CT and 3-dimensional CT,respectively.All surviving rabbits of the experimental groups had vertebral destruction.The positive bacterial culture rates were 22.2%,75%and 66.7%,respectively,in the experimental groups.After being sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant,large differences were observed in the extent of spinal tuberculosis after inoculation of the rabbits with different concentrations of H37RV standard M.tuberculosis.CONCLUSION The experimental 1 had a low success rate at establishing an infection.The experimental 3 resulted in high mortality and complication rates.The experimental 2 was optimum for establishing a spinal tuberculosis model based on the high level of symptoms observed and the low rabbit mortality.展开更多
Background:Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today,numerous re-search studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems.In most...Background:Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today,numerous re-search studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems.In most studies,oxidative stress has been identified as the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves.This paper aims to provide a holistic review of the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced electromag-netic waves on various organs.Methods:This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar,PubMed,Embase,Scopus,Web of Science,and Science Direct using the key-words‘melatonin’,‘cell phone radiation’,and‘animal model’.The search focused on articles written in English,which were reviewed and evaluated.The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study,and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.Results:In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles,the effects of me-latonin in the intervention group,the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group,and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ,i.e.brain,skin,eyes,testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined.The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain,the skin,the eyes,the testis,and the kidneys.Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues;these measurements were sig-nificantly increased in control groups.Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atro-phy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.Conclusion:Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of an-imal models against electromagnetic waves.In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin,future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials.We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physi-ology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications result-ing from electromagnetic waves in humans.展开更多
Decades of research asserted that the oligodendroglial lineage comprises two cell types:oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes.However,recent studies employing single-cell RNA sequencing techniques have ...Decades of research asserted that the oligodendroglial lineage comprises two cell types:oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes.However,recent studies employing single-cell RNA sequencing techniques have uncovered novel cell states,prompting a revision of the existing terminology.Going forward,the oligodendroglial lineage should be delineated into five distinct cell states:oligodendrocyte precursor cells,committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells,newly formed oligodendrocytes,myelin-forming oligodendrocytes,and mature oligodendrocytes.This new classification system enables a deeper understanding of the oligodendroglia in both physiological and pathological contexts.Adopting this uniform terminology will facilitate comparison and integration of data across studies.This,including the consolidation of findings from various demyelinating models,is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases.Additionally,comparing injury models across species with varying regenerative capacities can provide insights that may lead to new therapeutic strategies to overcome remyelination failure.Thus,by standardizing terminology and synthesizing data from diverse studies across different animal models,we can enhance our understanding of myelin pathology in central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,all of which involve oligodendroglial and myelin dysfunction.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries.Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury,which involves a complex multicellular cascade.Microgl...Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries.Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury,which involves a complex multicellular cascade.Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury.In this article,we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury.We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia.We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia,such as the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B,mitogen-activated protein kinase,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,Notch,and high mobility group box 1 pathways,can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways,such as drug and cell replacement therapies.Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors,such as rosuvastatin,have been shown to promote the polarization of antiinflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury.Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties,and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury.Additionally,advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods—such as combinations of novel biomaterials,genetic engineering,and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy—have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models.However,numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed.In the future,new technologies,such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis,can facilitate further experimental studies.Moreover,research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.展开更多
文摘The virtual technique in Chinese drama makes the aesthetic feeling of the audiences enriched in enjoying the art of stage performance to their heart＇s content when the reality of life is reflected by drama. Also, the position of the animation art has been promoted by the expression and extension of the drama art spirit and expression technique in the creation of film and television animations to be greatly improved. In this paper, the characteristics of the virtual technique in drama are briefly introduced, and also the influence of the virtual technique on the creation offihn and television animations is analyzed.
文摘The three-dimensional (3D) interactive animations and video games are so attractive that successful educational programming environments like Alice and Kodu Game Lab deal with 3D characters. Islay 3D is another educational programming environment of which feature is an intuitively comprehensive user interface in terms of state transition diagrams. Unfortunately its animation definition was too memory-hungry when played by the built-in interpreter. In this paper, we present a translator of the animation definitions of Islay 3D into ActionScript3 (AS3). Compiling the AS3 codes by way of Papervision3D, we obtain the 3D Flash animation file playable on the Flash platform. It will be shown that the memory and CPU usages will be much saved, quartered and halved, respectively, by virtue of the translator.
文摘Animal behavior researchers often face problems regarding standardization and reproducibility oftheir experiments. This has led to the partial substitution of live animals with artificial virtual stim-uli. In addition to standardization and reproducibility, virtual stimuli open new options for re-searchers since they are easily changeable in morphology and appearance, and their behavior canbe defined. In this article, a novel toolchain to conduct behavior experiments with fish is presentedby a case study in sailfin mollies Poecilia latipinna. As the toolchain holds many different and novelfeatures, it offers new possibilities for studies in behavioral animal research and promotes thestandardization of experiments. The presented method includes options to design, animate, andpresent virtual stimuli to live fish. The designing tool offers an easy and user-friendly way to definesize, coloration, and morphology of stimuli and moreover it is able to configure virtual stimuli ran-domly without any user influence. Furthermore, the toolchain brings a novel method to animatestimuli in a semiautomatic way with the help of a game controller. These created swimming pathscan be applied to different stimuli in real time. A presentation tool combines models and swim-ming paths regarding formerly defined playlists, and presents the stimuli onto 2 screens.Experiments with live sailfin mollies validated the usage of the created virtual 3D fish models inmate-choice experiments.
文摘Visual signals, including changes in coloration and color patterns, are frequently used by animalsto convey information. During contests, body coloration and its changes can be used to assess anopponent＇s state or motivation. Communication of aggressive propensity is particularly importantin group-living animals with a stable dominance hierarchy, as the outcome of aggressive inter-actions determines the social rank of group members. Neolamprologus pulcher is a cooperativelybreeding cichlid showing frequent within-group aggression. Both sexes exhibit two vertical blackstripes on the operculum that vary naturally in shape and darkness. During frontal threat displaysthese patterns are actively exposed to the opponent, suggesting a signaling function. To investi-gate the role of operculum stripes during contests we manipulated their darkness in computeranimated pictures of the fish. We recorded the responses in behavior and stripe darkness of testsubjects to which these animated pictures were presented. Individuals with initially darker stripeswere more aggressive against the animations and showed more operculum threat displays.Operculum stripes of test subjects became darker after exposure to an animation exhibiting a paleoperculum than after exposure to a dark operculum animation, highlighting the role of the dark-ness of this color pattern in opponent assessment. We conclude that （i） the black stripes on theoperculum of N. pulcherare a reliable signal of aggression and dominance, （ii） these markings playan important role in opponent assessment, and （iii） 2D computer animations are well suited to elicitbiologically meaningful short-term aggressive responses in this widely used model system ofsocial evolution.
文摘The use of computer animation in behavioral research is a state-of-the-art method for designing andpresenting animated animals to live test animals. The major advantages of computer animations are：（1） the creation of animated animal stimuli with high variability of morphology and even behavior; （2）animated stimuli provide highly standardized, controlled and repeatable testing procedures; and （3）they allow a reduction in the number of live test animals regarding the 3Rs principle. But the use of ani-mated animals should be attended by a thorough validation for each test species to verify that behaviormeasured with live animals toward virtual animals can also be expected with natural stimuli. Here wepresent results on the validation of a custom-made simulation for animated 3D sailfin mollies Poecilialatipinna and show that responses of live test females were as strong to an animated fish as to a videoor a live male fish. Movement of an animated stimulus was important but female response was stron-ger toward a swimming 3D fish stimulus than to a ＂swimming＂ box. Moreover, male test fish wereable to discriminate between animated male and female stimuli; hence, rendering the animated 3D fisha useful tool in mate-choice experiments with sailfin mollies.
文摘The use of artificial stimuli in tests of animal behavior are common,and as technological advances increase,opportunities for the use of 3D computer animations in behavioral tests are becoming increasingly available(Witte et al.2017).The importance of easy-tomanipulate,consistent,and reliably performing stimuli is clear,and this is readily achievable with the use of computer animations.Validation of animated stimuli is critical,however,to ensure that behaviors observed in response to artificial,computer-generated stimuli are equivalent to what would be expected if animals were presented with a comparable live stimuli(Woo and Rieucau 2011;Chouinard-Thuly et al.2017;Powell and Rosenthal 2017).
文摘Cities serve as windows into human civilization,key spatial nodes for national communication,and carriers and repositories of rich and colorful Chinese stories.How to tell cities'stories well,and thus tell China's stories well?In Shandong Province,documentaries and animations have been used to break cultural barriers and open new horizons in city-fo cused international communication.
文摘Purpose The paper shows the interpretive impact of different constructions of the point of view available to the reader/viewer in book and animated movie versions of a children's picture book,a novel for pre-adolescents/early teenagers,and a graphic novel for adolescents and adults.Design/Approach/Methods Excerpts from book and animated movie versions of the same story are compared using multimodal analysis of interpersonal meaning to show how the reader/viewer is positioned in relation to the characters in each version,complemented by analyses of ideational meaning to show the effect of point of view on interpretive possibilities.Findings Focusing mainly on multimodal construction of point of view,the analyses show how interpretive possibilities of ostensibly the same story are significantly reconfigured in animated adaptations compared with book versions even when the verbal narrative remains substantially unchanged.Originality/Value The study shows that it is crucial to students’critical appreciation of,and their creative contribution to,their evolving digital literary culture that in this new era of educational technology,attention in literacy and literary education focuses on developing understandings of digital multimodal narrative art,and that animated movie adaptations are not presented pedagogically as isomorphic with,or simply adjunct to,corresponding book versions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61972379).
文摘Data-driven garment animation is a current topic of interest in the computer graphics industry.Existing approaches generally establish the mapping between a single human pose or a temporal pose sequence,and garment deformation,but it is difficult to quickly generate diverse clothed human animations.We address this problem with a method to automatically synthesize dressed human animations with temporal consistency from a specified human motion label.At the heart of our method is a twostage strategy.Specifically,we first learn a latent space encoding the sequence-level distribution of human motions utilizing a transformer-based conditional variational autoencoder(Transformer-CVAE).Then a garment simulator synthesizes dynamic garment shapes using a transformer encoder-decoder architecture.Since the learned latent space comes from varied human motions,our method can generate a variety of styles of motions given a specific motion label.By means of a novel beginning of sequence(BOS)learning strategy and a self-supervised refinement procedure,our garment simulator is capable of efficiently synthesizing garment deformation sequences corresponding to the generated human motions while maintaining temporal and spatial consistency.We verify our ideas experimentally.This is the first generative model that directly dresses human animation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81701347,31961133026,81570171,31871187,and 81070455)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFA0802400)the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘Major depressive disorder(MDD)affects people all over the world,and yet,its etiology is complex and remains incompletely understood.In this review,we aim to assess recent advances in understanding depression and its regulation,as well as its interaction with circadian rhythms.Circadian rhythms are internalized representations of the periodic daily light and dark cycles.Accumulating evidence has shown that MDD and the related mental disorders are associated with disrupted circadian rhythms.In particular,depression has often been linked to abnormalities in circadian rhythms because dysregulation of the circadian system increases susceptibility to MDD.The fact that several rhythms are disrupted in depressed patients suggests that these disruptions are not restricted to any one rhythm but rather involve the molecular circadian clock core machinery.The sleep-wake cycle is one rhythm that is often disrupted in depression,which often leads to disturbances in other rhythms.The circadian disruptions manifested in depressed patients and the effectiveness and fast action of chronobiologically based treatments highlight the circadian system as a key therapeutic target in the treatment of depression.This review assesses the evidence on rising depression rates and examines their contributing factors,including circadian misalignment.We discuss key hypotheses underlying depression pathogenesis,potential etiology,and relevant animal models,and underscore potential mechanisms driving depression's growing burden and how understanding these factors is critical for improving prevention and treatment strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology(AML2023A02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023DKPY004).
文摘Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis and dehydration in young children and animals worldwide,leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality,predominantly in low-and middleincome countries.In the past decade,substantial progress has been made in the development and implementation of rotavirus vaccines,which have been essential in alleviating the global burden of this disease,not only in human being but also in livestock species like calves and piglets,where these infections can cause significant economic losses.By synthesizing the latest research and real-world evidence,this review article is designated to provide deep insights into the current state of rotavirus vaccine technology and its global implementation as well as the application of rotavirus vaccines in veterinary settings and their importance in controlling zoonotic transmission and maintaining food security.
基金supported by the Brain&Behavior Research Foundation(30233).
文摘Depressive disorder is a chronic,recurring,and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease.According to a report by the World Health Organization,the global population suffering from depression is experiencing a significant annual increase.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on people,little is known about its pathogenesis.One major reason is the scarcity of reliable animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Furthermore,the neural circuit mechanism of depression induced by various factors is particularly complex.Considering the variability in depressive behavior patterns and neurobiological mechanisms among different animal models of depression,a comparison between the neural circuits of depression induced by various factors is essential for its treatment.In this review,we mainly summarize the most widely used behavioral animal models and neural circuits under different triggers of depression,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for depression prevention.
基金Research Fund of Jianghan University,Grant/Award Number:2021jczx-002Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,Grant/Award Number:2024AFB941 and 2024AFD241+1 种基金Wuhan Science and Technology Project,Grant/Award Number:2023010201020448National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82204416。
文摘The high morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer(CRC)is a major challenge in clinical practice.Although a series of alternative research models of CRC have been developed,appropriate orthotopic animal models that reproduce the specific clinical response as well as pathophysiological immune features of CRC are still lacking.In the current study,we constructed a CRC orthotopic xenograft model by implanting the tumor tubes at the colorectum of mice and monitored the model development using bioluminescence imaging.This model successfully recapitulates the clinical chemo-therapy efficacy,including reduced total flux,tumor weight,and the expression of Ki67 after treatment of the first-line chemotherapy regime of CRC(FOLFOX:oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil/calcium folinate).The model also reproduced the immunosup-pressive effect of FOLFOX,indicated by decreased infiltration of macrophages and increased Treg cells in tumor.Additionally,the orthotopic xenograft approach may be applied in immunodeficient NCG/NSG mice for constructing patient-derived xeno-grafts,and being used in clinical precision medicine and drug evaluation.We believe the current model is a successful surgical orthotopic xenograft approach for cancer research and deserves to be popularized,which will provide a convenient and efficient platform for in-depth mechanism exploration of CRC and preclinical drug evaluation.
基金Supported by Lanzhou City Science and Technology Development Guiding Plan Project,No.2023-ZD-170Lanzhou Science and Technology Plan Project,No.2023-2-11High-Level Talent Training Project At the 940th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Force,No.2024-G3-5.
文摘BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is among the most devastating infectious diseases worldwide.Spinal tuberculosis is not easy to detect at an early stage,which without effective treatment often leads to spinal deformity and spinal cord damage which in turn cause complications such as paraplegia and quadriplegia.In this study,we established a model using three concentrations of bacteria and carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the model by imaging,general observations,and histopathological and bacteriological studies.AIM To establish a rabbit model of spinal tuberculosis and examine the effect on the model’s efficacy using different concentrations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis)inoculum.METHODS New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into experimental,control and blank groups.The experimental and control animals were sensitized with complete Freund′s adjuvant,a hole was drilled beneath the upper endplate of the L6 vertebral body and filled with gelfoam sponge.The experimental group was divided into three subgroups(experimental 1,experimental 2,experimental 3)and infused with M.tuberculosis suspension at various concentrations.The control group was inoculated with saline and the blank group received no treatment.The 12-week post-operative survival rates were 100%,80%and 30%in the experimental groups inoculated with concentrations of 106,107 and 108 CFU/mL bacteria,respectively.RESULTS The survival rate of the control and blank groups was 100%.Vertebral body destruction at 8 weeks in the three experimental groups as determined by X-ray analysis was 33.3%,62.5%and 66.7%,and by computed tomography(CT)and 3-dimensional CT 44.4%,75%and 100%,respectively.At 12 weeks,the figures were 44.4%,75%and 100%by X-ray analysis and 44.4%,100%and 100%by CT and 3-dimensional CT,respectively.All surviving rabbits of the experimental groups had vertebral destruction.The positive bacterial culture rates were 22.2%,75%and 66.7%,respectively,in the experimental groups.After being sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant,large differences were observed in the extent of spinal tuberculosis after inoculation of the rabbits with different concentrations of H37RV standard M.tuberculosis.CONCLUSION The experimental 1 had a low success rate at establishing an infection.The experimental 3 resulted in high mortality and complication rates.The experimental 2 was optimum for establishing a spinal tuberculosis model based on the high level of symptoms observed and the low rabbit mortality.
基金Deputy for Research and Technology,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:4030031。
文摘Background:Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today,numerous re-search studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems.In most studies,oxidative stress has been identified as the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves.This paper aims to provide a holistic review of the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced electromag-netic waves on various organs.Methods:This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar,PubMed,Embase,Scopus,Web of Science,and Science Direct using the key-words‘melatonin’,‘cell phone radiation’,and‘animal model’.The search focused on articles written in English,which were reviewed and evaluated.The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study,and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.Results:In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles,the effects of me-latonin in the intervention group,the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group,and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ,i.e.brain,skin,eyes,testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined.The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain,the skin,the eyes,the testis,and the kidneys.Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues;these measurements were sig-nificantly increased in control groups.Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atro-phy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.Conclusion:Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of an-imal models against electromagnetic waves.In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin,future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials.We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physi-ology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications result-ing from electromagnetic waves in humans.
基金supported by KU Leuven Internal Funding(C3/21/012)the Research Foundation Flanders(FWO G092222N)(to LM)。
文摘Decades of research asserted that the oligodendroglial lineage comprises two cell types:oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes.However,recent studies employing single-cell RNA sequencing techniques have uncovered novel cell states,prompting a revision of the existing terminology.Going forward,the oligodendroglial lineage should be delineated into five distinct cell states:oligodendrocyte precursor cells,committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells,newly formed oligodendrocytes,myelin-forming oligodendrocytes,and mature oligodendrocytes.This new classification system enables a deeper understanding of the oligodendroglia in both physiological and pathological contexts.Adopting this uniform terminology will facilitate comparison and integration of data across studies.This,including the consolidation of findings from various demyelinating models,is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases.Additionally,comparing injury models across species with varying regenerative capacities can provide insights that may lead to new therapeutic strategies to overcome remyelination failure.Thus,by standardizing terminology and synthesizing data from diverse studies across different animal models,we can enhance our understanding of myelin pathology in central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,all of which involve oligodendroglial and myelin dysfunction.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,No.202401AS070086(to ZW)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2018YFA0801403(to ZW)+1 种基金Yunnan Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan,No.202105AC160041(to ZW)the Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31960120(to ZW)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury can be categorized into primary and secondary injuries.Secondary injuries are the main cause of disability following traumatic brain injury,which involves a complex multicellular cascade.Microglia play an important role in secondary injury and can be activated in response to traumatic brain injury.In this article,we review the origin and classification of microglia as well as the dynamic changes of microglia in traumatic brain injury.We also clarify the microglial polarization pathways and the therapeutic drugs targeting activated microglia.We found that regulating the signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory microglia,such as the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B,mitogen-activated protein kinase,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B,Notch,and high mobility group box 1 pathways,can alleviate the inflammatory response triggered by microglia in traumatic brain injury,thereby exerting neuroprotective effects.We also reviewed the strategies developed on the basis of these pathways,such as drug and cell replacement therapies.Drugs that modulate inflammatory factors,such as rosuvastatin,have been shown to promote the polarization of antiinflammatory microglia and reduce the inflammatory response caused by traumatic brain injury.Mesenchymal stem cells possess anti-inflammatory properties,and clinical studies have confirmed their significant efficacy and safety in patients with traumatic brain injury.Additionally,advancements in mesenchymal stem cell-delivery methods—such as combinations of novel biomaterials,genetic engineering,and mesenchymal stem cell exosome therapy—have greatly enhanced the efficiency and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in animal models.However,numerous challenges in the application of drug and mesenchymal stem cell treatment strategies remain to be addressed.In the future,new technologies,such as single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis,can facilitate further experimental studies.Moreover,research involving non-human primates can help translate these treatment strategies to clinical practice.
