OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding(ACE)for simple obesity in preclinical animal experiments.METHODS:We searched the following 14 electronic databases:PubM ed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Oriental...OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding(ACE)for simple obesity in preclinical animal experiments.METHODS:We searched the following 14 electronic databases:PubM ed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System,KoreaMed,Korean Studies Information Service System,Science-on,Research Information Sharing Service,Korea Citation Index,Korea Traditional Knowledge Portal,China Network Knowledge Infrastructure Database,Wanfang Database,Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database,and Chinese Biology Medicine Database,from inception to November 2021 without language limitation.The assessment was performed according to the guidelines of Animal Research:Reporting of in vivo experiments;and Metaanalysis was performed using Reviewer Manager 5.4.1 software.RESULTS:Twenty-four studies involving 813 animals were selected.Meta-analysis showed that ACE was beneficial for weight control[n=40,MD=-50.63,95%CI(-57.59,-43.67),P<0.00001,I 2=0%]and reduced the Lee index[n=40,MD=-18.79,95%CI(-20.01,-17.57),P<0.00001,I 2=0%].However,when efficacy of ACE was compared with that of manual acupuncture,electroacupuncture,or oilistat therapy,statistical difference was not observed between the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:This systematic review suggests that ACE may be efficacious in treating obesity.Moreover,the analyses highlighted the necessity to perform welldesigned,higher-quality experiments.展开更多
Background:Both simvastatin and metformin have demonstrated potential efficacy in osteoporosis(OP)treatment.However,there is a lack of systematic studies comparing their anti-osteoporotic effects.This study aims to co...Background:Both simvastatin and metformin have demonstrated potential efficacy in osteoporosis(OP)treatment.However,there is a lack of systematic studies comparing their anti-osteoporotic effects.This study aims to compare the effects of simvastatin and metformin on OP through Mendelian randomization(MR)studies and animal experiments.Methods:Initially,we will analyze the causal impact of simvastatin or metformin treatment on OP prevalence and three common clinical OP diagnostic markers(bone mineral density(BMD),serum osteocalcin(OCN),and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)levels)using genome-wide association study(GWAS)summary statistics.Additionally,we established animal models to further analyze and compare the anti-osteoporosis effects of simvastatin and metformin.8 male C57BL/6J mice(3-month-old)and 24 male C57BL/6J mice(18-month-old)were treated with simvastatin or metformin for 12 weeks.OP pathology was assessed using histology,immunohistochemistry,biomechanical tests,micro-computed tomography,and osteogenic differentiation assays.Results:In the MR analysis,metformin treatment was significantly associated with lower OP prevalence(OR(95%CI)=0.933(0.902–0.965),β=-0.0694,P<0.001)and higher BMD(OR(95%CI)=3.719(1.750–7.908),β=1.3136,P<0.001).In the animal experiment,both drugs increased bone mass,improved bone microstructure,and promoted osteoblast differentiation.However,metformin appeared more effective in several aspects.It significantly inhibited bone marrow adipocyte and osteoclast differentiation in aged mice compared to simvastatin.Additionally,metformin better promoted the expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG)and collagen type I(Col-I)in bone tissue and maintained the structure and biomechanical properties of cancellous bone.Conclusion:Both drugs significantly preserved bone homeostasis.Particularly,compared with simvastatin,metformin exhibited superior effects in inhibiting adipogenesis,enhancing the OPG/RANKL pathway,and promoting cancellous bone reconstruction.Metformin may serve as a valuable adjunct in preventing and treating OP in the elderly.展开更多
Rats have been the primary model to study the process and underlying mechanisms of recovery after spinal cord injury. Two weeks after a severe spinal cord contusion, rats can regain weight-bearing abilities without th...Rats have been the primary model to study the process and underlying mechanisms of recovery after spinal cord injury. Two weeks after a severe spinal cord contusion, rats can regain weight-bearing abilities without therapeutic interventions, as assessed by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor scale. However, many human patients suffer from permanent loss of motor function following spinal cord injury. While rats are the most understood animal model, major differences in sensorimotor pathways between quadrupeds and bipeds need to be considered. Understanding the major differences between the sensorimotor pathways of rats, non-human primates, and humans is a start to improving targets for treatments of human spinal cord injury. This review will discuss the neuroplasticity of the brain and spinal cord after spinal cord injury in rats, non-human primates, and humans. A brief overview of emerging interventions to induce plasticity in humans with spinal cord injury will also be discussed.展开更多
Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have ...Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated.Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection.However,standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective,high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.In our review,we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training,emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models.We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research,including the choice of exercise models,control of exercise protocols,exercise at different stages of disease,and other considerations,such as age,sex,and genetic background.We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.展开更多
Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in...Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in animal studies, but clinical studies on use of scaffolds for urethral repair are scarce. The aim of this study was to review recent animal and clinical studies on the use of different scaffolds for urethral repair, and to evaluate these scaffolds based on the evidence from these studies. Pub Med and OVID databases were searched to identify relevant studies, in conjunction with further manual search. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated. Of 555 identified studies, 38 were included for analysis. It was found that in both animal and clinical studies, scaffolds seeded with cells were used for repair of large segmental defects of the urethra, such as in tubular urethroplasty. When the defect area was small, cell-free scaffolds were more likely to be applied. A lot of pre-clinical and limited clinical evidence showed that natural or artificial materials could be used as scaffolds for urethral repair. Urinary tissue engineering is still in the immature stage, and the safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness of the scaffolds are needed for further study.展开更多
Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phase...Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this mini review, we summarize the effect of sex on the results of using exercise to prevent and treat drug addiction. The studies we consider span various animal models and use multiple types of exercise to examine the effectiveness of exercise on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise rehabilitation. We believe that exercise as an adjuvant intervention strategy can be applied better in drug addiction prevention and recovery. Copyright 2014, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
Tissue interactions play a crucial role in tooth development.Notably,extracellular vesicle-mediated interactions between the mandible and tooth germ are considered essential.Here,we revealed that mandible extracellula...Tissue interactions play a crucial role in tooth development.Notably,extracellular vesicle-mediated interactions between the mandible and tooth germ are considered essential.Here,we revealed that mandible extracellular vesicles could modulate the proliferation and differentiation of dental mesenchymal cells by regulating the histone demethylase KDM2B.Further investigation showed that mandible derived extracellular vesicles could deliver miR-206 to KDM2B,thereby regulating tooth development.An animal study demonstrated that the miR-206/KDM2B pathway affected tooth morphogenesis and mineralization after eight weeks of subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice.In conclusion,this study suggested that the mandible played a critical role in tooth morphogenesis and mineralization,which could be a potential therapeutic target for abnormal tooth development and an alternative model for tooth regeneration.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lifestyle factors are closely associated with the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of exercise on clinical outcomes and quality of life...BACKGROUND Lifestyle factors are closely associated with the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of exercise on clinical outcomes and quality of life in individuals with IBD.Despite the well-documented role of exercise in improving IBD outcomes,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.AIM To compare the efficacy of different exercise modalities and explore their potential physiological mechanisms in rodent models of colitis.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of five databases from inception to September 24,2024,which yielded 19 animal studies in rodent colitis models.We compared the efficacy of various forms of exercise and explored the possible physiological mechanisms.The effects of different exercise modalities,namely forced treadmill running(FTR),voluntary wheel running(VWR),swimming,climbing,and jumping,on both macroscopic symptoms(e.g.,body weight,disease activity,and colon length)and microscopic parameters(e.g.,histopathology,immune markers,oxidative/antioxidant balance,and gut microbiota)in colitis models were compared.RESULTS VWR(simulated recreational physical activity),swimming(aerobic exercise),and strength training(climbing and jumping)consistently promoted overall health in animal colitis models.However,evidence for FTR remains inconsistent,with a notable number of studies suggesting potential exacerbation of colitis symptoms,possibly due to stress or fatigue resulting from its coercive nature.Overall,various exercise(e.g.,VWR,swimming,strength training)ameliorates colitis symptoms possibly by suppressing immune hyperactivation,enhancing antioxidant defenses,and modulating gut microbiota composition.In contrast,FTR was inconsistent,with several studies indicating a potential exacerbation of colitis symptoms,possibly due to stress or fatigue induced by its coercive nature.CONCLUSION Exercise modality is critical in influencing colitis outcomes,with voluntary and low-stress forms generally being beneficial,while forced exercise may yield adverse effects.These findings highlight the importance of exercise type and individual tolerance in designing therapeutic exercise interventions for IBD.Further research is warranted to establish a robust therapeutic framework for exercise-based interventions in IBD management.展开更多
Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by reexperiencing,avoidance and hyperarousal.Memory abnormalities manifested as intrusive thoughts and prolonged distressful emot...Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by reexperiencing,avoidance and hyperarousal.Memory abnormalities manifested as intrusive thoughts and prolonged distressful emotions are postulated as key roles in PTSD development and persistence.Over the past decades,convergent results from human and animal studies have systematically investigated contributions of the amygdala,hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)in fear memory processes,including fear acquisition,storage,reconsolidation and extinction.These findings provide mechanistic insights for cognitive-behavioural therapy and aid in developing pathological region-targeted neuromodulation treatment for PTSD.Taking advantage of advances in cell-type selective labelling and manipulation technologies,recent studies have focused on the spatiotemporal regulation of neural circuits underlying distinct phases of fear memory processes.These findings have revealed that multiple distributed brain areas participate in the fear memory encoding network.Moreover,the functional role of distinct neuronal ensembles within the amygdala-hippocampus-mPFC pathway,identified by genetic markers and projection profiles,has been assigned to temporally separate features of fear processing,demonstrating the sophistication of the fear encoding circuit.These results provide mechanistic insights into PTSD pathology and might shed light on aetiology-based clinical interventions for PTSD.Therefore,the present review will mainly focus on the recent progress in elucidating neural circuit mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of fear memory,with an emphasis on the spatial distribution of fear memory encoding neural networks and the temporal coherence between neuronal ensemble activity and fear expression.展开更多
BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent affective disorder,but its pathophysiology remains unclear.Dysfunction in the gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)-ergic system may contribute to its onset.Recently,antidepressants(e.g.,b...BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent affective disorder,but its pathophysiology remains unclear.Dysfunction in the gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)-ergic system may contribute to its onset.Recently,antidepressants(e.g.,brexanolone,zuranolone)targeting the GABA-A receptor were introduced.The zona incerta(ZI),an inhibitory subthalamic region mainly composed of GABAergic neurons,has been implicated in emotional regulation.Deep brain stimulation of the ZI in humans affects anxiety and depression symptoms,while activation of ZI neurons in mice can either worsen or alleviate anxiety.Currently,there is no direct evidence linking GABAergic neurons in the ZI to depression-like behaviors in rodents.AIM To explore the relationship between GABAergic neurons in the ZI and depression-like behaviors in mice.METHODS A chronic restraint stress(CRS)model was utilized to induce depression in mice.Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings assessed the excitability changes of GABAergic neurons in the ZI.Additionally,chemogenetic techniques were employed to modulate ZI GABAergic neurons.The performance of the mice in behavioral tests for depression and anxiety was observed.RESULTS The findings indicated that GABAergic neurons in the ZI were closely associated with depression-like behaviors in mice.Twenty-eight days after the CRS model was established,depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors were observed in the mice.The excitability of GABAergic neurons in the ZI was reduced.Chemogenetic activation of these neurons alleviated CRS-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors.Conversely,inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the ZI led to changes in emotion-related behavioral outcomes in mice.CONCLUSION Activity of GABAergic neurons in the ZI was closely associated with depression-like phenotypes in mice,suggesting that these neurons could be a potential therapeutic target for treating depression.展开更多
Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a fatal bile duct malignancy.CCA is intrinsically resistant to standard chemotherapy,responds poorly to it,and has a poor prognosis.Effective treatments for cholangiocarcinoma remain elusive,...Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a fatal bile duct malignancy.CCA is intrinsically resistant to standard chemotherapy,responds poorly to it,and has a poor prognosis.Effective treatments for cholangiocarcinoma remain elusive,and a breakthrough in CCA treatment is still awaited.The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)plays an oncogenic role by promoting an aggressive cancer phenotype through multiple pathways.While HER2 has shown increasing potential as an effective target for breast and gastric cancers over the last decade,this has not been the case for CCA.This review explores the possibility of targeting HER2 in CCA immunotherapy.Key findings suggest that HER2 alterations have been reported as one of the signatures associated with a poorer prognosis in liver fluke-associated CCA,the most prevalent subtype in Southeast Asia.Furthermore,we assess recent advances in HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches,presenting the current stage,rationale,and evidence supporting the use of HER2 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in CCA.We also emphasize the crucial role of animal models in developing anticancer therapies.In summary,focusing on HER2 expression could provide alternative strategies for the HER2-altered CCA cluster.展开更多
Numerous randomised controlled trials have suggested the positive effects of acupuncture on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).However,the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture for COPD have not be...Numerous randomised controlled trials have suggested the positive effects of acupuncture on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).However,the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture for COPD have not been clearly summarized yet.Inflammation is central to the development of COPD.In this review,we elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture from an antiinflammatory perspective based on animal studies.Cigarette smoke combined with lipopolysaccharide is often used to establish animal models of COPD.Electroacupuncture can be an effective intervention to improve inflammation in COPD,and Feishu(BL13)and Zusanli(ST36)can be used as basic acupoints in COPD animal models.Different acupuncture types can regulate different types of inflammatory cytokines;meanwhile,different acupuncture types and acupoint options have similar effects on modulating the level of inflammatory cytokines.In particular,acupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cells,inflammasomes and inflammatory cytokines.The main underlying mechanism through which acupuncture improves inflammation in COPD is the modulation of relevant signalling pathways:nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)(e.g.,myeloid differentiation primary response 88/NF-κB,toll-like receptor-4/NF-κB,silent information regulator transcript-1/NF-κB),mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase),cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway,and dopamine D2 receptor pathway.The current synthesis will be beneficial for further research on the effect of acupuncture on COPD inflammation.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the malignant potential of hepatic stem cells derived from the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a mouse model of chemical hepatocarcino- genesis. METHODS:BMSCs from male BALB/c mice were harvest...AIM:To investigate the malignant potential of hepatic stem cells derived from the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a mouse model of chemical hepatocarcino- genesis. METHODS:BMSCs from male BALB/c mice were harvested and cultured, then transplanted into female syngenic BALB/ c mice via portal vein. Hepato-carcinogenesis was induced by 6 mo of treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Six months later, the liver was removed from each treated mouse and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS:Twenty-six percent of recipient mice survived and developed multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Immunohistochemically, HCC expressed placental form of glutathione-S-transferase (GST-P) and α-fetoprotein, but did not express cytokeratin 19. Y chromosome positive hepatocytes were detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the liver of mice treated with DEN after BMSCs transplantation while no such hepatocytes were identified in the liver of mice not treated with DEN. No HCC was positive for the Y chromosome by FISH. CONCLUSION:Hepatic stem cells derived from the bone marrow stromal cells have a low malignant potential in our mouse model of chemical hepatocarcingenesis.展开更多
AIM: To study the effect of Rac1 on the induction of HIF-1 alpha in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice. METHODS: One hundred C57BL/6J mice were laser photocoagulated to induce CNV, fifty mice of that were sele...AIM: To study the effect of Rac1 on the induction of HIF-1 alpha in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice. METHODS: One hundred C57BL/6J mice were laser photocoagulated to induce CNV, fifty mice of that were selected randomly for intravitreal injection of Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 solution (1 mu L). After laser photocoagulation, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was performed to verify the growth of CNV. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 in posterior segment of eye globes. RESULTS: FFA verified that incidence of CNV was significantly reduced in the eyes with NSC23766 injection comparing with that of eyes without NSC23766 injection (P< 0.01). Immunohistochemistry detected that HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 mainly Expressed in the new fibrovascular tissue. Western blot showed that HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 was highly increased in tissue explants of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid without NSC23766 injection. But for tissue explants of RPE and choroid with N5C23766 injection, both the expressions of HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 were inhibited. CONCLUSION: Rac1 is crucial to activate HIF-1 regulating the growth of CNV, and its inhibition may have potential therapeutic value.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the predominant cause of chronic liver disease worldwide.NAFLD progresses in some cases to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),which is characterized,in addition to liver fat...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the predominant cause of chronic liver disease worldwide.NAFLD progresses in some cases to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),which is characterized,in addition to liver fat deposition,by hepatocyte ballooning,inflammation and liver fibrosis,and in some cases may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD prevalence increases along with the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Currently,lifestyle interventions and weight loss are used as the major therapeutic strategy in the vast majority of patients with NAFLD.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)are used in the management of T2DM and do not have major side effects like hypoglycemia.In patients with NAFLD,the GLP-1 receptor production is down-regulated.Recently,several animal and human studies have emphasized the role of GLP-1RAs in ameliorating liver fat accumulation,alleviating the inflammatory environment and preventing NAFLD progression to NASH.In this review,we summarize the updated literature data on the beneficial effects of GLP-1RAs in NAFLD/NASH.Finally,as GLP-1RAs seem to be an attractive therapeutic option for T2DM patients with concomitant NAFLD,we discuss whether GLP-1RAs should represent the first line pharmacotherapy for these patients.展开更多
Male-mediated developmental toxicity has been of concern for many years. The public became aware of male-mediated developmental toxicity in the early 1990s when it was reported that men working at Sellafield might be ...Male-mediated developmental toxicity has been of concern for many years. The public became aware of male-mediated developmental toxicity in the early 1990s when it was reported that men working at Sellafield might be causing leukemia in their children. Human and animal studies have contributed to our current understanding of male-mediated effects. Animal studies in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that genetic damage after radiation and chemical exposure might be transmitted to offspring. With the increasing understanding that there is histone retention and modification, protamine incorporation into the chromatin and DNA methylation in mature sperm and that spermatozoal RNA transcripts can play important roles in the epigenetic state of sperm, heritable studies began to be viewed differently. Recent reports using molecular approaches have demonstrated that DNA damage can be transmitted to babies from smoking fathers, and expanded simple tandem repeats minisatellite mutations were found in the germline of fathers who were exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. In epidemiological studies, it is possible to clarify whether damage is transmitted to the sons after exposure of the fathers. Paternally transmitted damage to the offspring is now recognized as a complex issue with genetic as well as epigenetic components.展开更多
Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks,with a prevalence of~4%in the general population,causing heavy personal and socioeconomic burdens.The similarities of animal defense re...Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks,with a prevalence of~4%in the general population,causing heavy personal and socioeconomic burdens.The similarities of animal defense responses to clinical panic attack symptoms in humans make it possible to translate neuroanatomical pathways identified in animal studies to panic disorder in humans.Therefore,in this review we first present a basic overview of panic disorder in humans including the main subtypes,models commonly used to trigger panic attacks,related hypotheses,the neurotransmitter systems that may be involved,and the current clinical treatments to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of panic disorder.The animal section introduces the models that trigger panic-like behavior in animals and the brain regions that may be involved,providing insights for future elucidation of the neural circuit mechanisms behind panic attacks.展开更多
This present study was conducted to evaluate the metabolic effects of isolated fi ber of carrot supplementation in rats.Physicochemical properties of fi ber were determined.The groups were as follows:animals fed a sta...This present study was conducted to evaluate the metabolic effects of isolated fi ber of carrot supplementation in rats.Physicochemical properties of fi ber were determined.The groups were as follows:animals fed a standard diet,control group;high fi ber supplementation(70 mg);low fi ber supplementation(35 mg);for 12 weeks.Blood samples were collected at the time of sacrifi ce.The weights of heart,liver,kidneys and spleen of the experimental rats with respect to body weight were recorded.Commercial kits were used to determine serum glucose concentration,lipid profi le(cholesterol,HDL-cholesterol,triglycerides),and the two main aminotransferases glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT)/glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(GPT).A histopathological assay was performed on the heart,liver,and spleen tissues of animals.Supplementation with fi ber favors weight loss in female((242.03±23.73)-(197.81±10.45)g);and male rats((262.50±32.21)-(213.96±12.56)g and induces a decrease in glucose levels in the supplemented animals.With the exception of total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,the other lipid fractions decrease signifi cantly in rats supplemented.Fiber supplementation did not induce changes in the dissected organs of the supplemented animals.In conclusion supplementation of fiber,improves glucose control,lower plasma lipid concentrations and reduced body weight in normal rats.展开更多
Herbicide tolerant plants such as Roundup-Ready soybean contain residues of glyphosate herbicide. These residues are considered safe and previous animal-feeding-studies have failed to find negative effects related to ...Herbicide tolerant plants such as Roundup-Ready soybean contain residues of glyphosate herbicide. These residues are considered safe and previous animal-feeding-studies have failed to find negative effects related to such chemical residues. The present study tests 8 experimental soy- meal diets as feed in groups (each containing 20 individuals) of test-animals (D. magna). The diets have different levels of glyphosate residues and we show that animal growth, reproductive maturity and number of offspring are correlated with these chemicals. The tested soybeans are from ordinary agriculture in Iowa USA and the residues are below the regulatory limits. Despite this, clear negative effects are seen in life-long feeding. The work enhances the need for including analysis of herbicide residues in future assessment of GMO.展开更多
Background Stroke is a major cause of global mortality and disability.Currently,the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke through reperfusion has posed several challenges,raising the need for complementary options to pr...Background Stroke is a major cause of global mortality and disability.Currently,the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke through reperfusion has posed several challenges,raising the need for complementary options to protect the ischaemic penumbra.Recent investigations have indicated that certain epigenetic factors,specifically,histone deacetylases(HDACs)and sirtuins,can be promising for ischaemic stroke therapy,with recent studies suggesting that inhibitors of HDACs or sirtuins may provide neuronal protection after ischaemic stroke.However,the impact of specific HDAC/sirtuin isoforms on the survival of neuronal cells following stroke is still uncertain.This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the function of HDACs and their modulators in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke.Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis will encompass animal intervention studies that explore the efficacy of modulation of HDACs and sirtuins in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke.The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Electronic searches will be conducted in PubMed,Web of Science and Scopus,with subsequent screening by independent reviewers based on the established eligibility criteria.Methodological quality will be evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool.The primary outcomes will be infarct volume and functional response,with the secondary outcomes established a priori.Data pertaining to infarct volume will be used for random-effects meta-analysis.Additionally,a descriptive summary will be conducted for the functional response and secondary outcomes.Discussion No systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of ischaemic stroke through HDAC modulation has been conducted to date.A comprehensive analysis of the available literature on the relevant preclinical investigations can yield invaluable insights in discerning the most effective trials and in further standardisation of preclinical studies.展开更多
基金the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine(Grant No.KSN1823211 and KSN20234115)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding(ACE)for simple obesity in preclinical animal experiments.METHODS:We searched the following 14 electronic databases:PubM ed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System,KoreaMed,Korean Studies Information Service System,Science-on,Research Information Sharing Service,Korea Citation Index,Korea Traditional Knowledge Portal,China Network Knowledge Infrastructure Database,Wanfang Database,Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database,and Chinese Biology Medicine Database,from inception to November 2021 without language limitation.The assessment was performed according to the guidelines of Animal Research:Reporting of in vivo experiments;and Metaanalysis was performed using Reviewer Manager 5.4.1 software.RESULTS:Twenty-four studies involving 813 animals were selected.Meta-analysis showed that ACE was beneficial for weight control[n=40,MD=-50.63,95%CI(-57.59,-43.67),P<0.00001,I 2=0%]and reduced the Lee index[n=40,MD=-18.79,95%CI(-20.01,-17.57),P<0.00001,I 2=0%].However,when efficacy of ACE was compared with that of manual acupuncture,electroacupuncture,or oilistat therapy,statistical difference was not observed between the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:This systematic review suggests that ACE may be efficacious in treating obesity.Moreover,the analyses highlighted the necessity to perform welldesigned,higher-quality experiments.
基金funded by the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Tianjin(22JCQNJC00230)the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project(23JCZXJC00050/J230007)the Tianjin Health and Technology Project(TJWJ2024QN056)。
文摘Background:Both simvastatin and metformin have demonstrated potential efficacy in osteoporosis(OP)treatment.However,there is a lack of systematic studies comparing their anti-osteoporotic effects.This study aims to compare the effects of simvastatin and metformin on OP through Mendelian randomization(MR)studies and animal experiments.Methods:Initially,we will analyze the causal impact of simvastatin or metformin treatment on OP prevalence and three common clinical OP diagnostic markers(bone mineral density(BMD),serum osteocalcin(OCN),and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)levels)using genome-wide association study(GWAS)summary statistics.Additionally,we established animal models to further analyze and compare the anti-osteoporosis effects of simvastatin and metformin.8 male C57BL/6J mice(3-month-old)and 24 male C57BL/6J mice(18-month-old)were treated with simvastatin or metformin for 12 weeks.OP pathology was assessed using histology,immunohistochemistry,biomechanical tests,micro-computed tomography,and osteogenic differentiation assays.Results:In the MR analysis,metformin treatment was significantly associated with lower OP prevalence(OR(95%CI)=0.933(0.902–0.965),β=-0.0694,P<0.001)and higher BMD(OR(95%CI)=3.719(1.750–7.908),β=1.3136,P<0.001).In the animal experiment,both drugs increased bone mass,improved bone microstructure,and promoted osteoblast differentiation.However,metformin appeared more effective in several aspects.It significantly inhibited bone marrow adipocyte and osteoclast differentiation in aged mice compared to simvastatin.Additionally,metformin better promoted the expression of osteoprotegerin(OPG)and collagen type I(Col-I)in bone tissue and maintained the structure and biomechanical properties of cancellous bone.Conclusion:Both drugs significantly preserved bone homeostasis.Particularly,compared with simvastatin,metformin exhibited superior effects in inhibiting adipogenesis,enhancing the OPG/RANKL pathway,and promoting cancellous bone reconstruction.Metformin may serve as a valuable adjunct in preventing and treating OP in the elderly.
文摘Rats have been the primary model to study the process and underlying mechanisms of recovery after spinal cord injury. Two weeks after a severe spinal cord contusion, rats can regain weight-bearing abilities without therapeutic interventions, as assessed by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor scale. However, many human patients suffer from permanent loss of motor function following spinal cord injury. While rats are the most understood animal model, major differences in sensorimotor pathways between quadrupeds and bipeds need to be considered. Understanding the major differences between the sensorimotor pathways of rats, non-human primates, and humans is a start to improving targets for treatments of human spinal cord injury. This review will discuss the neuroplasticity of the brain and spinal cord after spinal cord injury in rats, non-human primates, and humans. A brief overview of emerging interventions to induce plasticity in humans with spinal cord injury will also be discussed.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Project(2020YFA0803800 to YB)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82020108002 and 81911540486 to JX,81772444 to LW,81772466 to RD)+2 种基金Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2017-01-07-00-09-E00042 to JX)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(18410722200 and 17010500100 to JX)“Dawn”Program of the Shanghai Education Commission(19SG34 to JX)。
文摘Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However,the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated.Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection.However,standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective,high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.In our review,we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training,emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models.We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research,including the choice of exercise models,control of exercise protocols,exercise at different stages of disease,and other considerations,such as age,sex,and genetic background.We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
文摘Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in animal studies, but clinical studies on use of scaffolds for urethral repair are scarce. The aim of this study was to review recent animal and clinical studies on the use of different scaffolds for urethral repair, and to evaluate these scaffolds based on the evidence from these studies. Pub Med and OVID databases were searched to identify relevant studies, in conjunction with further manual search. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated. Of 555 identified studies, 38 were included for analysis. It was found that in both animal and clinical studies, scaffolds seeded with cells were used for repair of large segmental defects of the urethra, such as in tubular urethroplasty. When the defect area was small, cell-free scaffolds were more likely to be applied. A lot of pre-clinical and limited clinical evidence showed that natural or artificial materials could be used as scaffolds for urethral repair. Urinary tissue engineering is still in the immature stage, and the safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness of the scaffolds are needed for further study.
基金supported by grants from the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(NO.13490503600)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.31171004)
文摘Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this mini review, we summarize the effect of sex on the results of using exercise to prevent and treat drug addiction. The studies we consider span various animal models and use multiple types of exercise to examine the effectiveness of exercise on the neurobiological mechanism of exercise rehabilitation. We believe that exercise as an adjuvant intervention strategy can be applied better in drug addiction prevention and recovery. Copyright 2014, Shanghai University of Sport. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071078,82370939)the Shaanxi Provincial High-level Talent Program and Young Talent Support Plan of Xi’an Jiaotong University.
文摘Tissue interactions play a crucial role in tooth development.Notably,extracellular vesicle-mediated interactions between the mandible and tooth germ are considered essential.Here,we revealed that mandible extracellular vesicles could modulate the proliferation and differentiation of dental mesenchymal cells by regulating the histone demethylase KDM2B.Further investigation showed that mandible derived extracellular vesicles could deliver miR-206 to KDM2B,thereby regulating tooth development.An animal study demonstrated that the miR-206/KDM2B pathway affected tooth morphogenesis and mineralization after eight weeks of subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice.In conclusion,this study suggested that the mandible played a critical role in tooth morphogenesis and mineralization,which could be a potential therapeutic target for abnormal tooth development and an alternative model for tooth regeneration.
基金Supported by the 2024 General Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education-Special Project for Reform of Professional Degree Graduate Training Mode,No.Y202456174“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R and D Program of Zhejiang,No.2023C03050.
文摘BACKGROUND Lifestyle factors are closely associated with the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Studies have demonstrated the positive effects of exercise on clinical outcomes and quality of life in individuals with IBD.Despite the well-documented role of exercise in improving IBD outcomes,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.AIM To compare the efficacy of different exercise modalities and explore their potential physiological mechanisms in rodent models of colitis.METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of five databases from inception to September 24,2024,which yielded 19 animal studies in rodent colitis models.We compared the efficacy of various forms of exercise and explored the possible physiological mechanisms.The effects of different exercise modalities,namely forced treadmill running(FTR),voluntary wheel running(VWR),swimming,climbing,and jumping,on both macroscopic symptoms(e.g.,body weight,disease activity,and colon length)and microscopic parameters(e.g.,histopathology,immune markers,oxidative/antioxidant balance,and gut microbiota)in colitis models were compared.RESULTS VWR(simulated recreational physical activity),swimming(aerobic exercise),and strength training(climbing and jumping)consistently promoted overall health in animal colitis models.However,evidence for FTR remains inconsistent,with a notable number of studies suggesting potential exacerbation of colitis symptoms,possibly due to stress or fatigue resulting from its coercive nature.Overall,various exercise(e.g.,VWR,swimming,strength training)ameliorates colitis symptoms possibly by suppressing immune hyperactivation,enhancing antioxidant defenses,and modulating gut microbiota composition.In contrast,FTR was inconsistent,with several studies indicating a potential exacerbation of colitis symptoms,possibly due to stress or fatigue induced by its coercive nature.CONCLUSION Exercise modality is critical in influencing colitis outcomes,with voluntary and low-stress forms generally being beneficial,while forced exercise may yield adverse effects.These findings highlight the importance of exercise type and individual tolerance in designing therapeutic exercise interventions for IBD.Further research is warranted to establish a robust therapeutic framework for exercise-based interventions in IBD management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82401772)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2021-01-07-00-02-E0086).
文摘Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by reexperiencing,avoidance and hyperarousal.Memory abnormalities manifested as intrusive thoughts and prolonged distressful emotions are postulated as key roles in PTSD development and persistence.Over the past decades,convergent results from human and animal studies have systematically investigated contributions of the amygdala,hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC)in fear memory processes,including fear acquisition,storage,reconsolidation and extinction.These findings provide mechanistic insights for cognitive-behavioural therapy and aid in developing pathological region-targeted neuromodulation treatment for PTSD.Taking advantage of advances in cell-type selective labelling and manipulation technologies,recent studies have focused on the spatiotemporal regulation of neural circuits underlying distinct phases of fear memory processes.These findings have revealed that multiple distributed brain areas participate in the fear memory encoding network.Moreover,the functional role of distinct neuronal ensembles within the amygdala-hippocampus-mPFC pathway,identified by genetic markers and projection profiles,has been assigned to temporally separate features of fear processing,demonstrating the sophistication of the fear encoding circuit.These results provide mechanistic insights into PTSD pathology and might shed light on aetiology-based clinical interventions for PTSD.Therefore,the present review will mainly focus on the recent progress in elucidating neural circuit mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of fear memory,with an emphasis on the spatial distribution of fear memory encoding neural networks and the temporal coherence between neuronal ensemble activity and fear expression.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xiaogan,China,No.XGKJ2023010036.
文摘BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent affective disorder,but its pathophysiology remains unclear.Dysfunction in the gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)-ergic system may contribute to its onset.Recently,antidepressants(e.g.,brexanolone,zuranolone)targeting the GABA-A receptor were introduced.The zona incerta(ZI),an inhibitory subthalamic region mainly composed of GABAergic neurons,has been implicated in emotional regulation.Deep brain stimulation of the ZI in humans affects anxiety and depression symptoms,while activation of ZI neurons in mice can either worsen or alleviate anxiety.Currently,there is no direct evidence linking GABAergic neurons in the ZI to depression-like behaviors in rodents.AIM To explore the relationship between GABAergic neurons in the ZI and depression-like behaviors in mice.METHODS A chronic restraint stress(CRS)model was utilized to induce depression in mice.Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings assessed the excitability changes of GABAergic neurons in the ZI.Additionally,chemogenetic techniques were employed to modulate ZI GABAergic neurons.The performance of the mice in behavioral tests for depression and anxiety was observed.RESULTS The findings indicated that GABAergic neurons in the ZI were closely associated with depression-like behaviors in mice.Twenty-eight days after the CRS model was established,depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors were observed in the mice.The excitability of GABAergic neurons in the ZI was reduced.Chemogenetic activation of these neurons alleviated CRS-induced depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors.Conversely,inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the ZI led to changes in emotion-related behavioral outcomes in mice.CONCLUSION Activity of GABAergic neurons in the ZI was closely associated with depression-like phenotypes in mice,suggesting that these neurons could be a potential therapeutic target for treating depression.
基金supported in part by the e-ASIA Joint Research Program from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development(AMED)(grant number:21jm0210062h0004).
文摘Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a fatal bile duct malignancy.CCA is intrinsically resistant to standard chemotherapy,responds poorly to it,and has a poor prognosis.Effective treatments for cholangiocarcinoma remain elusive,and a breakthrough in CCA treatment is still awaited.The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)plays an oncogenic role by promoting an aggressive cancer phenotype through multiple pathways.While HER2 has shown increasing potential as an effective target for breast and gastric cancers over the last decade,this has not been the case for CCA.This review explores the possibility of targeting HER2 in CCA immunotherapy.Key findings suggest that HER2 alterations have been reported as one of the signatures associated with a poorer prognosis in liver fluke-associated CCA,the most prevalent subtype in Southeast Asia.Furthermore,we assess recent advances in HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches,presenting the current stage,rationale,and evidence supporting the use of HER2 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in CCA.We also emphasize the crucial role of animal models in developing anticancer therapies.In summary,focusing on HER2 expression could provide alternative strategies for the HER2-altered CCA cluster.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82072551,82172551)the Health Discipline Leader Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(No.2022XD044)the Shanghai“Super Postdoctoral”Incentive Program(No.2022510).
文摘Numerous randomised controlled trials have suggested the positive effects of acupuncture on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).However,the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture for COPD have not been clearly summarized yet.Inflammation is central to the development of COPD.In this review,we elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture from an antiinflammatory perspective based on animal studies.Cigarette smoke combined with lipopolysaccharide is often used to establish animal models of COPD.Electroacupuncture can be an effective intervention to improve inflammation in COPD,and Feishu(BL13)and Zusanli(ST36)can be used as basic acupoints in COPD animal models.Different acupuncture types can regulate different types of inflammatory cytokines;meanwhile,different acupuncture types and acupoint options have similar effects on modulating the level of inflammatory cytokines.In particular,acupuncture exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of inflammatory cells,inflammasomes and inflammatory cytokines.The main underlying mechanism through which acupuncture improves inflammation in COPD is the modulation of relevant signalling pathways:nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)(e.g.,myeloid differentiation primary response 88/NF-κB,toll-like receptor-4/NF-κB,silent information regulator transcript-1/NF-κB),mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase),cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway,and dopamine D2 receptor pathway.The current synthesis will be beneficial for further research on the effect of acupuncture on COPD inflammation.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of HainanProvince, No. 805107
文摘AIM:To investigate the malignant potential of hepatic stem cells derived from the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a mouse model of chemical hepatocarcino- genesis. METHODS:BMSCs from male BALB/c mice were harvested and cultured, then transplanted into female syngenic BALB/ c mice via portal vein. Hepato-carcinogenesis was induced by 6 mo of treatment with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Six months later, the liver was removed from each treated mouse and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS:Twenty-six percent of recipient mice survived and developed multiple hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Immunohistochemically, HCC expressed placental form of glutathione-S-transferase (GST-P) and α-fetoprotein, but did not express cytokeratin 19. Y chromosome positive hepatocytes were detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the liver of mice treated with DEN after BMSCs transplantation while no such hepatocytes were identified in the liver of mice not treated with DEN. No HCC was positive for the Y chromosome by FISH. CONCLUSION:Hepatic stem cells derived from the bone marrow stromal cells have a low malignant potential in our mouse model of chemical hepatocarcingenesis.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30371516, 30672291)Alexander Von Humbonldt Foundation in Germany (to YS Wang, V8151/02085)
文摘AIM: To study the effect of Rac1 on the induction of HIF-1 alpha in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice. METHODS: One hundred C57BL/6J mice were laser photocoagulated to induce CNV, fifty mice of that were selected randomly for intravitreal injection of Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 solution (1 mu L). After laser photocoagulation, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was performed to verify the growth of CNV. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 in posterior segment of eye globes. RESULTS: FFA verified that incidence of CNV was significantly reduced in the eyes with NSC23766 injection comparing with that of eyes without NSC23766 injection (P< 0.01). Immunohistochemistry detected that HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 mainly Expressed in the new fibrovascular tissue. Western blot showed that HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 was highly increased in tissue explants of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid without NSC23766 injection. But for tissue explants of RPE and choroid with N5C23766 injection, both the expressions of HIF-1 alpha and Rac1 were inhibited. CONCLUSION: Rac1 is crucial to activate HIF-1 regulating the growth of CNV, and its inhibition may have potential therapeutic value.
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is the predominant cause of chronic liver disease worldwide.NAFLD progresses in some cases to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),which is characterized,in addition to liver fat deposition,by hepatocyte ballooning,inflammation and liver fibrosis,and in some cases may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD prevalence increases along with the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Currently,lifestyle interventions and weight loss are used as the major therapeutic strategy in the vast majority of patients with NAFLD.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)are used in the management of T2DM and do not have major side effects like hypoglycemia.In patients with NAFLD,the GLP-1 receptor production is down-regulated.Recently,several animal and human studies have emphasized the role of GLP-1RAs in ameliorating liver fat accumulation,alleviating the inflammatory environment and preventing NAFLD progression to NASH.In this review,we summarize the updated literature data on the beneficial effects of GLP-1RAs in NAFLD/NASH.Finally,as GLP-1RAs seem to be an attractive therapeutic option for T2DM patients with concomitant NAFLD,we discuss whether GLP-1RAs should represent the first line pharmacotherapy for these patients.
文摘Male-mediated developmental toxicity has been of concern for many years. The public became aware of male-mediated developmental toxicity in the early 1990s when it was reported that men working at Sellafield might be causing leukemia in their children. Human and animal studies have contributed to our current understanding of male-mediated effects. Animal studies in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that genetic damage after radiation and chemical exposure might be transmitted to offspring. With the increasing understanding that there is histone retention and modification, protamine incorporation into the chromatin and DNA methylation in mature sperm and that spermatozoal RNA transcripts can play important roles in the epigenetic state of sperm, heritable studies began to be viewed differently. Recent reports using molecular approaches have demonstrated that DNA damage can be transmitted to babies from smoking fathers, and expanded simple tandem repeats minisatellite mutations were found in the germline of fathers who were exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. In epidemiological studies, it is possible to clarify whether damage is transmitted to the sons after exposure of the fathers. Paternally transmitted damage to the offspring is now recognized as a complex issue with genetic as well as epigenetic components.
文摘Panic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks,with a prevalence of~4%in the general population,causing heavy personal and socioeconomic burdens.The similarities of animal defense responses to clinical panic attack symptoms in humans make it possible to translate neuroanatomical pathways identified in animal studies to panic disorder in humans.Therefore,in this review we first present a basic overview of panic disorder in humans including the main subtypes,models commonly used to trigger panic attacks,related hypotheses,the neurotransmitter systems that may be involved,and the current clinical treatments to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of panic disorder.The animal section introduces the models that trigger panic-like behavior in animals and the brain regions that may be involved,providing insights for future elucidation of the neural circuit mechanisms behind panic attacks.
基金the Barcelo Foundation for the financial contribution.
文摘This present study was conducted to evaluate the metabolic effects of isolated fi ber of carrot supplementation in rats.Physicochemical properties of fi ber were determined.The groups were as follows:animals fed a standard diet,control group;high fi ber supplementation(70 mg);low fi ber supplementation(35 mg);for 12 weeks.Blood samples were collected at the time of sacrifi ce.The weights of heart,liver,kidneys and spleen of the experimental rats with respect to body weight were recorded.Commercial kits were used to determine serum glucose concentration,lipid profi le(cholesterol,HDL-cholesterol,triglycerides),and the two main aminotransferases glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT)/glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(GPT).A histopathological assay was performed on the heart,liver,and spleen tissues of animals.Supplementation with fi ber favors weight loss in female((242.03±23.73)-(197.81±10.45)g);and male rats((262.50±32.21)-(213.96±12.56)g and induces a decrease in glucose levels in the supplemented animals.With the exception of total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,the other lipid fractions decrease signifi cantly in rats supplemented.Fiber supplementation did not induce changes in the dissected organs of the supplemented animals.In conclusion supplementation of fiber,improves glucose control,lower plasma lipid concentrations and reduced body weight in normal rats.
文摘Herbicide tolerant plants such as Roundup-Ready soybean contain residues of glyphosate herbicide. These residues are considered safe and previous animal-feeding-studies have failed to find negative effects related to such chemical residues. The present study tests 8 experimental soy- meal diets as feed in groups (each containing 20 individuals) of test-animals (D. magna). The diets have different levels of glyphosate residues and we show that animal growth, reproductive maturity and number of offspring are correlated with these chemicals. The tested soybeans are from ordinary agriculture in Iowa USA and the residues are below the regulatory limits. Despite this, clear negative effects are seen in life-long feeding. The work enhances the need for including analysis of herbicide residues in future assessment of GMO.
文摘Background Stroke is a major cause of global mortality and disability.Currently,the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke through reperfusion has posed several challenges,raising the need for complementary options to protect the ischaemic penumbra.Recent investigations have indicated that certain epigenetic factors,specifically,histone deacetylases(HDACs)and sirtuins,can be promising for ischaemic stroke therapy,with recent studies suggesting that inhibitors of HDACs or sirtuins may provide neuronal protection after ischaemic stroke.However,the impact of specific HDAC/sirtuin isoforms on the survival of neuronal cells following stroke is still uncertain.This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the function of HDACs and their modulators in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke.Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis will encompass animal intervention studies that explore the efficacy of modulation of HDACs and sirtuins in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke.The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.Electronic searches will be conducted in PubMed,Web of Science and Scopus,with subsequent screening by independent reviewers based on the established eligibility criteria.Methodological quality will be evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool.The primary outcomes will be infarct volume and functional response,with the secondary outcomes established a priori.Data pertaining to infarct volume will be used for random-effects meta-analysis.Additionally,a descriptive summary will be conducted for the functional response and secondary outcomes.Discussion No systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of ischaemic stroke through HDAC modulation has been conducted to date.A comprehensive analysis of the available literature on the relevant preclinical investigations can yield invaluable insights in discerning the most effective trials and in further standardisation of preclinical studies.
