Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction leading to fluctuating skeletal muscle fatigability. The majority of myasthenia gravis patients have detectable antibodies in ...Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction leading to fluctuating skeletal muscle fatigability. The majority of myasthenia gravis patients have detectable antibodies in their serum, targeting acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase, or related proteins. Current treatment for myasthenia gravis involves symptomatic therapy, immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil, and thymectomy, which is primarily indicated in patients with thymoma or thymic hyperplasia. However, this condition continues to pose significant challenges including an unpredictable and variable disease progression, differing response to individual therapies, and substantial longterm side effects associated with standard treatments(including an increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, and diabetes), underscoring the necessity for a more personalized approach to treatment. Furthermore, about fifteen percent of patients, called “refractory myasthenia gravis patients”, do not respond adequately to standard therapies. In this context, the introduction of molecular therapies has marked a significant advance in myasthenia gravis management. Advances in understanding myasthenia gravis pathogenesis, especially the role of pathogenic antibodies, have driven the development of these biological drugs, which offer more selective, rapid, and safer alternatives to traditional immunosuppressants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting specific immune pathways in myasthenia gravis, with a particular focus on preclinical evidence, therapeutic rationale, and clinical translation of B-cell depletion therapies, neonatal Fc receptor inhibitors, and complement inhibitors.展开更多
Depressive disorder is a chronic,recurring,and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease.According to a report by the World Health Organization,the global population suffering from depression is experienci...Depressive disorder is a chronic,recurring,and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease.According to a report by the World Health Organization,the global population suffering from depression is experiencing a significant annual increase.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on people,little is known about its pathogenesis.One major reason is the scarcity of reliable animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Furthermore,the neural circuit mechanism of depression induced by various factors is particularly complex.Considering the variability in depressive behavior patterns and neurobiological mechanisms among different animal models of depression,a comparison between the neural circuits of depression induced by various factors is essential for its treatment.In this review,we mainly summarize the most widely used behavioral animal models and neural circuits under different triggers of depression,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for depression prevention.展开更多
Background:Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today,numerous re-search studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems.In most...Background:Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today,numerous re-search studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems.In most studies,oxidative stress has been identified as the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves.This paper aims to provide a holistic review of the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced electromag-netic waves on various organs.Methods:This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar,PubMed,Embase,Scopus,Web of Science,and Science Direct using the key-words‘melatonin’,‘cell phone radiation’,and‘animal model’.The search focused on articles written in English,which were reviewed and evaluated.The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study,and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.Results:In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles,the effects of me-latonin in the intervention group,the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group,and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ,i.e.brain,skin,eyes,testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined.The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain,the skin,the eyes,the testis,and the kidneys.Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues;these measurements were sig-nificantly increased in control groups.Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atro-phy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.Conclusion:Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of an-imal models against electromagnetic waves.In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin,future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials.We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physi-ology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications result-ing from electromagnetic waves in humans.展开更多
Cardiac arrest(CA)is a critical condition in the field of cardiovascular medicine.Despite successful resuscitation,patients continue to have a high mortality rate,largely due to post CA syndrome(PCAS).However,the inju...Cardiac arrest(CA)is a critical condition in the field of cardiovascular medicine.Despite successful resuscitation,patients continue to have a high mortality rate,largely due to post CA syndrome(PCAS).However,the injury and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PCAS remain unclear.Experimental animal models are valuable tools for exploring the etiology,pathogenesis,and potential interventions for CA and PCAS.Current CA animal models include electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation(VF),myocardial infarction,high potassium,asphyxia,and hemorrhagic shock.Although these models do not fully replicate the complexity of clinical CA,the mechanistic insights they provide remain highly relevant,including post-CA brain injury(PCABI),post-CA myocardial dysfunction(PAMD),systemic ischaemia/reperfusion injury(IRI),and the persistent precipitating pathology.Summarizing the methods of establishing CA models,the challenges encountered in the modeling process,and the mechanisms of PCAS can provide a foundation for developing standardized CA modeling protocols.展开更多
Human herpesvirus,a specific group within the herpesvirus family,is responsible for a variety of human diseases.These viruses can infect humans and other vertebrates,primarily targeting the skin,mucous membranes,and n...Human herpesvirus,a specific group within the herpesvirus family,is responsible for a variety of human diseases.These viruses can infect humans and other vertebrates,primarily targeting the skin,mucous membranes,and neural tissues,thereby signifi-cantly impacting the health of both humans and animals.Animal models are crucial for studying virus pathogenesis,vaccine development,and drug testing.Despite several vaccine candidates being in preclinical and clinical stages,no vaccines are current available to prevent lifelong infections caused by these human herpesviruses,except for varicella-zoster virus(VZV)vaccine.However,the strict host tropism of herpes-viruses and other limitations mean that no single animal model can fully replicate all key features of human herpesvirus-associated diseases.This makes it challeng-ing to evaluate vaccines and antivirals against human herpesvirus comprehensively.Herein,we summarize the current animal models used to study the human herpesvi-ruses includingα-herpesviruses(herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1),HSV-2,VZV),β-herpesviruses(human cytomegalovirus(HCMV),γ-herpesviruses(Epstein-Barr virus(EBV))and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus(KSHV)).By providing concise information and detailed analysis of the potential,limitations and applications of various models,such as non-human primates,mice,rabbits,guinea pigs,and tree shrews,this sum-mary aims to help researchers efficiently select the most appropriate animal model,offering practical guidance for studying human herpesvirus.展开更多
Background:Developing a granulomatous liver injury preclinical model may pave the way to understanding hepatic-TB(tuberculosis)and autoimmune granulomatous liver diseases.Antitubercular(ATT)and other drugs'metabol...Background:Developing a granulomatous liver injury preclinical model may pave the way to understanding hepatic-TB(tuberculosis)and autoimmune granulomatous liver diseases.Antitubercular(ATT)and other drugs'metabolism in the presence of a specific type of liver injury is not well understood.The present study aimed to establish a preclinical model of granulomatous hepatitis by using the BCG(Bacillus CalmetteGuérin)vaccine,further studying it in the presence of ATT dosing,and analyze the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid,rifampicin,and their respective primary metabolites.Methods:We used 56 rats in seven equal groups.Group I functioned as a normal control(NC)receiving normal saline only.Groups II-IV received intravenous injections of low-,medium-,and high-dose BCG vaccine daily for 21 days.Groups V,VI,and VII received isoniazid(H)alone,rifampicin(R)alone,and isoniazid+rifampicin(HR)for a subsequent 15 days in addition to high dose BCG for the first 21 days,respectively.Liver function tests(LFT)were monitored on days 0,21,28,and 36.Rats were sacrificed later for oxidative stress and histopathological examination.Results:The study observed BCG dose-specific LFT derangements in groups II-IV compared to group I on day 21(p<0.05).Isoniazid,rifampicin,and combination intervention groups demonstrated normalization of the BCG-led LFT changes.Histology and oxidative stress parameters confirmed model development and biochemical changes.Isoniazid area under the curve(AUC)showed a reduction of 16.9%in BCG+HR group in comparison to the BCG+H group(p=0.01).Des-acetyl-rifampicin AUC and maximum-concentration value demonstrated a significant rise in BCG+HR group in comparison to the BCG+R group(p=0.001).Conclusion:A novel preclinical model of granulomatous liver injury was developed using the BCG vaccine strain and validated with ATT response.展开更多
Background:Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott,known as the taro vegetable,possesses various beneficial effects and is traditionally used in folk medicine.This study explores the ameliorative antioxidant and hepatoprotectiv...Background:Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott,known as the taro vegetable,possesses various beneficial effects and is traditionally used in folk medicine.This study explores the ameliorative antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of a methanolic extract of the C.esculenta flower(ME-CEF)against oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in mice.Methods:The antioxidant efficacy of ME-CEF was assessed using 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic)(ABTS)and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay.The hepatoprotective effect was investigated by an assessment of liver injury indicators(amino transferase[ALT],aspartate amino transferase[AST],alkaline phosphatase[ALP],bilirubin,creatinine)and normalizing lipid profiles(cho-lesterol[CHO],triglyceride[TG],high-density lipoprotein[HDL],and low-density li-poprotein[LDL])along with histopathological study and antioxidant enzymes(CAT).A phytochemical analysis,both qualitative and quantitative,was conducted,including gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)analysis and an in silico molecular docking study.Results:The Result Showed that ME-CEF Possesses Moderate ABTS and DPPH Scavenging Activity with IC_(50) Values of 117.18 and 160.41μg/mL.As Illustrated by Reducing Liver Enzymes(ALT,AST,ALP,Bilirubin,Creatinine)and Lipid Profile(CHO,TG,LDL)and Raising HDL Levels(p<0.01),ME-CEF Dose Dependently Mitigated CCl_(4)-Induced Acute Liver Injury.Furthermore,ME-CEF Blocked Hepatic Oxidative Stress by Boosting Antioxidant Enzymes(CAT)and Preventing Liver Tissue Damage and Apoptosis.In Silico Investigations Also Showed a Promising Binding Affinity with Tumor Necrosis Factor α(TNF-α),Interleukin 6(IL-6),PRAP-1,and Xanthin Oxidoreductase,which Displayed Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Candidacy while Notable Safety and Efficacy Profile Was Also Documented through ADME/T Studies.Histopathological Analysis Showed Reduced Hepatocellular Necrosis and Vascular Congestion in Silymarin and Extract Groups.Conclusion:Based on these results,our findings strongly recommend the medicinal use of the plant,highlighting its antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials.展开更多
The mortality rate of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA) after rupture is extremely high,and this disease has become an important disease endangering the health of the Chinese population.Methods used to mode...The mortality rate of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA) after rupture is extremely high,and this disease has become an important disease endangering the health of the Chinese population.Methods used to model AAA include intraluminal pressurized elastase infusion,chronic infusion of angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) via an osmotic pump,periarterial application of calcium chloride,vascular grafting,and gene modification.AAA models induced by elastase and Ang Ⅱ are the two most widely used animal models.In the elastase-induced model,because intraluminal infusion is transient,with the cessation of initial stimulation,the aneurysm lesion tends to be stable and rarely ruptures.The model induced by Ang Ⅱ infusion often presents with a typical aortic dissection with a false lumen,whereas clinical AAA patients do not necessarily have dissection.Currently,the treatment of AAA in clinical practice remains endovascular,and there is a lack of pharmacological therapy,which is also related to the fact that the pathogenic mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Smoking,old age,male sex,and hypertension are the main risk factors for AAA,but these risk factors have not been fully investigated in the current modeling methods,which may affect the clinical translational application of research results based on animal models.Therefore,this article reviews the most commonly used AAA modeling methods,comments on their applications and limitations,and provides a perspective on the development of novel animal models.展开更多
Rotator cuff tears are highly prevalent,and there is an urgent need to understand their healing mechanisms to improve treatment outcomes for patients.This editorial aims to summarize the roles and limitations of commo...Rotator cuff tears are highly prevalent,and there is an urgent need to understand their healing mechanisms to improve treatment outcomes for patients.This editorial aims to summarize the roles and limitations of common animal models(including rodents,rabbits,sheep,dogs,and primates)and second-look arthroscopy in rotator cuff healing research.Different animal models offer distinct advantages and disadvantages.For example,rodent models are cost-effective and suitable for genetic studies but have anatomical differences from humans.Rabbit models are favored for their relatively large tendon size and ease of surgical manipulation,yet they still deviate from human shoulder anatomy in some aspects.Larger animals like sheep and dogs have more similar shoulder structures to humans but come with high costs and challenges in maintaining consistent experimental conditions.Second-look arthroscopic studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of current surgical techniques.Animal models will continue to play a crucial role in further exploring the local microenvironment of the rotator cuff,which is expected to help develop more effective strategies to promote healing.展开更多
Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is an emerging minimally invasive therapeutic modality that relies on the activation of a photosensitizing agent by light of a specific wavelength in the presence of molecular oxygen,leading t...Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is an emerging minimally invasive therapeutic modality that relies on the activation of a photosensitizing agent by light of a specific wavelength in the presence of molecular oxygen,leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).This mechanism facilitates selective cytotoxic effects within pathological tissues and has demonstrated therapeutic potential across diverse disease contexts.However,the broader clinical applications remain limited by photosensitizer selectivity,shallow light penetration,and the risk of off-target cytotoxicity.Recent advancements in PDT have focused on the development of next-generation photosensitizers,the integration of nanotechnology for enhanced delivery and targeting,and the strategic combination of PDT with complementary therapeutic approaches.Experimental animal models play a crucial role in validating the efficacy and safety of PDT,optimizing its therapeutic parameters,and determining its mechanisms of action.This review provides a comprehensive overview of PDT applications in various disease models,including oncological,infectious,and nonconventional indications.Special emphasis is placed on the importance of large animal models in PDT research,such as rabbits,pigs,dogs,and non-human primates,which provide experimental platforms that more closely resemble human physiological and pathological states.The use of these models for understanding the mechanisms of PDT,optimizing therapeutic regimens,and evaluating clinical outcomes is also discussed.This review aims to inform future directions in PDT research and emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate preclinical animal models to facilitate successful clinical translation.展开更多
Cisplatin chemotherapy has been used as the main treatment for different types of cancer.However,cisplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain(CIPNP)seriously affects the treatment process and quality of ...Cisplatin chemotherapy has been used as the main treatment for different types of cancer.However,cisplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain(CIPNP)seriously affects the treatment process and quality of life of patients.In addition,it impacts the underlying mechanism and prevention and treatment strategies,indicating that drug selection and efficacy evaluation need to be further investigated.Furthermore,an animal model that is more consistent with the pathological mechanism needs to be developed.In this study,we describe and discuss the methods of developing and detecting CIPNP models in rats and mice induced by cisplatin chemotherapy.The aim was to improve the modeling rate and develop animal models that are more consistent with the developmental pattern of the disease.In addition,the study provides ideal reference animal models for clinical research and drug discovery and development.展开更多
Post-stroke depression(PSD) is a common psychiatric complication affecting nearly one-third of stroke survivors, leading to increased disability, mortality, and cognitive decline. Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) has...Post-stroke depression(PSD) is a common psychiatric complication affecting nearly one-third of stroke survivors, leading to increased disability, mortality, and cognitive decline. Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) has proven effective in treating PSD through syndrome differentiation, yet existing animal models primarily reflect Western medical concepts and fail to incorporate the TCM principle of “同病异治”( treating the same disease with different methods). This paper provides a review of the current methods for constructing animal models of post-stroke depression(PSD) from the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) syndrome differentiation and proposes multi-dimensional assessment indicators. By integrating TCM theories with modern biomedical techniques, this study offers a comprehensive framework for deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic evaluation of PSD. This approach not only contributes to advancing PSD research but also paves the way for innovative treatment strategies that combine traditional and modern medicine.展开更多
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease(SCID),characterized by profound immune system dysfunction,can lead to life-threatening infections and death.Animal models play a pivotal role in elucidating biological processe...Severe combined immunodeficiency disease(SCID),characterized by profound immune system dysfunction,can lead to life-threatening infections and death.Animal models play a pivotal role in elucidating biological processes and advancing therapeutic strategies.Recent advances in gene-editing technologies,including zincfinger nucleases(ZFNs),transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs),CRISPR/Cas9,and base editing,have significantly enhanced the generation of SCID models.These models have not only deepened our understanding of disease pathophysiology but have also driven progress in cancer therapy,stem cell transplantation,organ transplantation,and infectious diseasemanagement.Thisreviewprovidesa comprehensive overview of current SCID models generated using novel gene-editing approaches,highlighting their potential applications in translational medicine and their role in advancing biomedical research.展开更多
Lung cancer has one of the highest rates of incidence and mortality worldwide,mak-ing research on its mechanisms and treatments crucial.Animal models are essential in lung cancer research as they accurately replicate ...Lung cancer has one of the highest rates of incidence and mortality worldwide,mak-ing research on its mechanisms and treatments crucial.Animal models are essential in lung cancer research as they accurately replicate the biological characteristics and treatment outcomes seen in human diseases.Currently,various lung cancer models have been established,including chemical induction models,orthotopic transplan-tation models,ectopic transplantation models,metastasis models,and gene editing mouse models.Additionally,lung cancer grafts can be categorized into two types:tissue-based and cell-based grafts.This paper summarizes the phenotypes,advan-tages,and disadvantages of various induction methods based on their modeling tech-niques.The goal is to enhance the simulation of clinical lung cancer characteristics and to establish a solid foundation for future clinical research.展开更多
Depression is a chronic,recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20%of the population across the world.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human,little is known about its pat...Depression is a chronic,recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20%of the population across the world.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human,little is known about its pathogenesis.One of the major reasons is the restricted availability of validated animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Besides,some core symptoms such as depressed mood,feeling of worthlessness,and recurring thoughts of death or suicide,are impossible to be modeled on laboratory animals.Currently,the criteria for identifying animal models of depression rely on either of the 2 principles：actions of known antidepressants and responses to stress.This review mainly focuses on the most widely used animal models of depression,including learned helplessness,chronic mild stress,and social defeat paradigms.Also,the behavioral tests for screening antidepressants,such as forced swimming test and tail suspension test,are also discussed.The advantages and major drawbacks of each model are evaluated.In prospective,new techniques that will be beneficial for developing novel animal models or detecting depression are discussed.展开更多
Aim To investigate the effects of FDP on different liver injury models to explore the possibility of FDP used as an oral liver protective agent. Methods Chronic liver injury model in rats was induced by carbon tetrach...Aim To investigate the effects of FDP on different liver injury models to explore the possibility of FDP used as an oral liver protective agent. Methods Chronic liver injury model in rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride （ CCl4 ） ; Acute liver injury model in mice was induced by aminogalactose （GAIN） or lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Results In CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model, FDP （1 , 4 g·kg^-1·d^-1, q.d., for 10 weeks） significantly lowered ALT, AST,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase （γ-GT）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and total bilirubin （T-BIL） in serum compared with vehicle; simultaneously it evidently elevated abnormal total protein （TP）, albumin （ALB） and total cholesterol （ T-CHO ） levels in serum; it also dose-dependently reduced hydroxyproline contents in hepatic tissue. 4 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP apparently decreased incidence of hepatic cirrhosis, and alleviated pathological changes of liver tissue. In GaiN-induced model, 1.0 - 4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP （ bid, for 3 d ） significantly lowered alanine aminotransferase （ ALT ） and aspartate aminotransferase （ AST ） levels in serum ; it also decreased liver coefficient. 4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP significantly alleviated pathological changes of cell ultra-structures. In LPS-induced model, only high dose of FDP （4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1, bid, for 12 d） significantly decreased ALT level in serum. Conclusion This study first demonstrated the protective effect of oral FDP on chronic liver injury caused by CCl4, and confirmed its effect on acute liver injury at the same time, suggesting that Long-term oral FDP is efficacious against liver injury induced by different factors and can be used as an oral liver protective agent in clinic.展开更多
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.Even with the applications of excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy, the 5 year survival rate is only 15% in the USA. Clinically relevant...Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.Even with the applications of excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy, the 5 year survival rate is only 15% in the USA. Clinically relevant laboratory animal models of the disease could greatly facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer, its progression, invasion and metastasis. Transplanted lung cancer models are of special interest and are widely used today. Such models are essential tools in accelerating development of new therapies for lung cancer. In this communication we will present a brief overview of the hosts, sites and pathways used to establish transplanted animal lung tumor models.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progres...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and incidence has been increasing worldwide in line with the increased prevalence of obesity,type 2 diabetes,and hyperlipemia.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH give crucial information,not only in elucidating pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH but also in examining therapeutic effects of various agents.An ideal model of NAFLD/NASH should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and pathophysiology of human NAFLD/NASH.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH are divided into genetic,dietary,and combination models.In this paper,we review commonly used animal models of NAFLD/NASH referring to their advantages and disadvantages.展开更多
The Chinese tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri chinensis） a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal, has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, South and Southwest China and has many unique characteristics that make it suitabl...The Chinese tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri chinensis） a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal, has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, South and Southwest China and has many unique characteristics that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal. There have been many studies using the tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） aimed at increasing our understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms and for the modeling of human diseases and therapeutic responses. The recent release of a publicly available annotated genome sequence of the Chinese tree shrew and its genome database （www.treeshrewdb.org） has offered a solid base from which it is possible to elucidate the basic biological properties and create animal models using this species. The extensive characterization of key factors and signaling pathways in the immune and nervous systems has shown that tree shrews possess both conserved and unique features relative to primates. Hitherto, the tree shrew has been successfully used to create animal models for myopia, depression, breast cancer, alcohol-induced or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1） and hepatitis C virus （HCV） infections, to name a few. The recent successful genetic manipulation of the tree shrew has opened a new avenue for the wider usage of this animal in biomedical research. In this opinion paper, I attempt to summarize the recent research advances that have used the Chinese tree shrew, with a focus on the new knowledge obtained by using the biological properties identified using the tree shrew genome, a proposal for the genome-based approach for creating animal models, and the genetic manipulation of the tree shrew. With more studies using this species and the application of cutting-edge gene editing techniques, the tree shrew will continue to be under the spot light as a viable animal model for investigating the basis of many different human diseases.展开更多
The tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid repro...The tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid reproduction make the tree shrew an ideal subject for the study of human disease. Numerous tree shrew disease models have been generated in biological and medical studies in recent years. Here we summarize current tree shrew disease models, including models of infectious diseases, cancers, depressive disorders, drug addiction, myopia, metabolic diseases, and immune-related diseases. With the success of tree shrew transgenic technology, this species will be increasingly used in biological and medical studies in the future.展开更多
文摘Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction leading to fluctuating skeletal muscle fatigability. The majority of myasthenia gravis patients have detectable antibodies in their serum, targeting acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase, or related proteins. Current treatment for myasthenia gravis involves symptomatic therapy, immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil, and thymectomy, which is primarily indicated in patients with thymoma or thymic hyperplasia. However, this condition continues to pose significant challenges including an unpredictable and variable disease progression, differing response to individual therapies, and substantial longterm side effects associated with standard treatments(including an increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, and diabetes), underscoring the necessity for a more personalized approach to treatment. Furthermore, about fifteen percent of patients, called “refractory myasthenia gravis patients”, do not respond adequately to standard therapies. In this context, the introduction of molecular therapies has marked a significant advance in myasthenia gravis management. Advances in understanding myasthenia gravis pathogenesis, especially the role of pathogenic antibodies, have driven the development of these biological drugs, which offer more selective, rapid, and safer alternatives to traditional immunosuppressants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting specific immune pathways in myasthenia gravis, with a particular focus on preclinical evidence, therapeutic rationale, and clinical translation of B-cell depletion therapies, neonatal Fc receptor inhibitors, and complement inhibitors.
基金supported by the Brain&Behavior Research Foundation(30233).
文摘Depressive disorder is a chronic,recurring,and potentially life-endangering neuropsychiatric disease.According to a report by the World Health Organization,the global population suffering from depression is experiencing a significant annual increase.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on people,little is known about its pathogenesis.One major reason is the scarcity of reliable animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Furthermore,the neural circuit mechanism of depression induced by various factors is particularly complex.Considering the variability in depressive behavior patterns and neurobiological mechanisms among different animal models of depression,a comparison between the neural circuits of depression induced by various factors is essential for its treatment.In this review,we mainly summarize the most widely used behavioral animal models and neural circuits under different triggers of depression,aiming to provide a theoretical basis for depression prevention.
基金Deputy for Research and Technology,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:4030031。
文摘Background:Due to the widespread use of cell phone devices today,numerous re-search studies have focused on the adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation on human neuropsychological and reproductive systems.In most studies,oxidative stress has been identified as the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves.This paper aims to provide a holistic review of the protective effects of melatonin against cell phone-induced electromag-netic waves on various organs.Methods:This study is a systematic review of articles chosen by searching Google Scholar,PubMed,Embase,Scopus,Web of Science,and Science Direct using the key-words‘melatonin’,‘cell phone radiation’,and‘animal model’.The search focused on articles written in English,which were reviewed and evaluated.The PRISMA process was used to review the articles chosen for the study,and the JBI checklist was used to check the quality of the reviewed articles.Results:In the final review of 11 valid quality-checked articles,the effects of me-latonin in the intervention group,the effects of electromagnetic waves in the case group,and the amount of melatonin in the chosen organ,i.e.brain,skin,eyes,testis and the kidney were thoroughly examined.The review showed that electromagnetic waves increase cellular anti-oxidative activity in different tissues such as the brain,the skin,the eyes,the testis,and the kidneys.Melatonin can considerably augment the anti-oxidative system of cells and protect tissues;these measurements were sig-nificantly increased in control groups.Electromagnetic waves can induce tissue atro-phy and cell death in various organs including the brain and the skin and this effect was highly decreased by melatonin.Conclusion:Our review confirms that melatonin effectively protects the organs of an-imal models against electromagnetic waves.In light of this conclusion and the current world-wide use of melatonin,future studies should advance to the stages of human clinical trials.We also recommend that more research in the field of melatonin physi-ology is conducted in order to protect exposed cells from dying and that melatonin should be considered as a pharmaceutical option for treating the complications result-ing from electromagnetic waves in humans.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC3002205)the Postgraduate Research and Innovation Program of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission(2022BKY113),China.
文摘Cardiac arrest(CA)is a critical condition in the field of cardiovascular medicine.Despite successful resuscitation,patients continue to have a high mortality rate,largely due to post CA syndrome(PCAS).However,the injury and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PCAS remain unclear.Experimental animal models are valuable tools for exploring the etiology,pathogenesis,and potential interventions for CA and PCAS.Current CA animal models include electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation(VF),myocardial infarction,high potassium,asphyxia,and hemorrhagic shock.Although these models do not fully replicate the complexity of clinical CA,the mechanistic insights they provide remain highly relevant,including post-CA brain injury(PCABI),post-CA myocardial dysfunction(PAMD),systemic ischaemia/reperfusion injury(IRI),and the persistent precipitating pathology.Summarizing the methods of establishing CA models,the challenges encountered in the modeling process,and the mechanisms of PCAS can provide a foundation for developing standardized CA modeling protocols.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82222041 and 82241068CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2021-I2M-1-037 and 2023-I2M-2-001+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Project of China,Grant/Award Number:2023YFC2309000Beijing Natural Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:Z220018。
文摘Human herpesvirus,a specific group within the herpesvirus family,is responsible for a variety of human diseases.These viruses can infect humans and other vertebrates,primarily targeting the skin,mucous membranes,and neural tissues,thereby signifi-cantly impacting the health of both humans and animals.Animal models are crucial for studying virus pathogenesis,vaccine development,and drug testing.Despite several vaccine candidates being in preclinical and clinical stages,no vaccines are current available to prevent lifelong infections caused by these human herpesviruses,except for varicella-zoster virus(VZV)vaccine.However,the strict host tropism of herpes-viruses and other limitations mean that no single animal model can fully replicate all key features of human herpesvirus-associated diseases.This makes it challeng-ing to evaluate vaccines and antivirals against human herpesvirus comprehensively.Herein,we summarize the current animal models used to study the human herpesvi-ruses includingα-herpesviruses(herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1),HSV-2,VZV),β-herpesviruses(human cytomegalovirus(HCMV),γ-herpesviruses(Epstein-Barr virus(EBV))and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus(KSHV)).By providing concise information and detailed analysis of the potential,limitations and applications of various models,such as non-human primates,mice,rabbits,guinea pigs,and tree shrews,this sum-mary aims to help researchers efficiently select the most appropriate animal model,offering practical guidance for studying human herpesvirus.
文摘Background:Developing a granulomatous liver injury preclinical model may pave the way to understanding hepatic-TB(tuberculosis)and autoimmune granulomatous liver diseases.Antitubercular(ATT)and other drugs'metabolism in the presence of a specific type of liver injury is not well understood.The present study aimed to establish a preclinical model of granulomatous hepatitis by using the BCG(Bacillus CalmetteGuérin)vaccine,further studying it in the presence of ATT dosing,and analyze the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid,rifampicin,and their respective primary metabolites.Methods:We used 56 rats in seven equal groups.Group I functioned as a normal control(NC)receiving normal saline only.Groups II-IV received intravenous injections of low-,medium-,and high-dose BCG vaccine daily for 21 days.Groups V,VI,and VII received isoniazid(H)alone,rifampicin(R)alone,and isoniazid+rifampicin(HR)for a subsequent 15 days in addition to high dose BCG for the first 21 days,respectively.Liver function tests(LFT)were monitored on days 0,21,28,and 36.Rats were sacrificed later for oxidative stress and histopathological examination.Results:The study observed BCG dose-specific LFT derangements in groups II-IV compared to group I on day 21(p<0.05).Isoniazid,rifampicin,and combination intervention groups demonstrated normalization of the BCG-led LFT changes.Histology and oxidative stress parameters confirmed model development and biochemical changes.Isoniazid area under the curve(AUC)showed a reduction of 16.9%in BCG+HR group in comparison to the BCG+H group(p=0.01).Des-acetyl-rifampicin AUC and maximum-concentration value demonstrated a significant rise in BCG+HR group in comparison to the BCG+R group(p=0.001).Conclusion:A novel preclinical model of granulomatous liver injury was developed using the BCG vaccine strain and validated with ATT response.
基金partially funded by the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) as an R&D project work of the 2022–2023 fiscal year,reference no.:39.02.0000.011.14.157.2022/172 (Date:10.11.2022).
文摘Background:Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schott,known as the taro vegetable,possesses various beneficial effects and is traditionally used in folk medicine.This study explores the ameliorative antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of a methanolic extract of the C.esculenta flower(ME-CEF)against oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in mice.Methods:The antioxidant efficacy of ME-CEF was assessed using 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic)(ABTS)and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay.The hepatoprotective effect was investigated by an assessment of liver injury indicators(amino transferase[ALT],aspartate amino transferase[AST],alkaline phosphatase[ALP],bilirubin,creatinine)and normalizing lipid profiles(cho-lesterol[CHO],triglyceride[TG],high-density lipoprotein[HDL],and low-density li-poprotein[LDL])along with histopathological study and antioxidant enzymes(CAT).A phytochemical analysis,both qualitative and quantitative,was conducted,including gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)analysis and an in silico molecular docking study.Results:The Result Showed that ME-CEF Possesses Moderate ABTS and DPPH Scavenging Activity with IC_(50) Values of 117.18 and 160.41μg/mL.As Illustrated by Reducing Liver Enzymes(ALT,AST,ALP,Bilirubin,Creatinine)and Lipid Profile(CHO,TG,LDL)and Raising HDL Levels(p<0.01),ME-CEF Dose Dependently Mitigated CCl_(4)-Induced Acute Liver Injury.Furthermore,ME-CEF Blocked Hepatic Oxidative Stress by Boosting Antioxidant Enzymes(CAT)and Preventing Liver Tissue Damage and Apoptosis.In Silico Investigations Also Showed a Promising Binding Affinity with Tumor Necrosis Factor α(TNF-α),Interleukin 6(IL-6),PRAP-1,and Xanthin Oxidoreductase,which Displayed Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Candidacy while Notable Safety and Efficacy Profile Was Also Documented through ADME/T Studies.Histopathological Analysis Showed Reduced Hepatocellular Necrosis and Vascular Congestion in Silymarin and Extract Groups.Conclusion:Based on these results,our findings strongly recommend the medicinal use of the plant,highlighting its antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,Grant/Award Number:2023-CX-PT-17General Project of Natural Science Research in Luoyang Polytechnic College,Grant/Award Number:2024B01。
文摘The mortality rate of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA) after rupture is extremely high,and this disease has become an important disease endangering the health of the Chinese population.Methods used to model AAA include intraluminal pressurized elastase infusion,chronic infusion of angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) via an osmotic pump,periarterial application of calcium chloride,vascular grafting,and gene modification.AAA models induced by elastase and Ang Ⅱ are the two most widely used animal models.In the elastase-induced model,because intraluminal infusion is transient,with the cessation of initial stimulation,the aneurysm lesion tends to be stable and rarely ruptures.The model induced by Ang Ⅱ infusion often presents with a typical aortic dissection with a false lumen,whereas clinical AAA patients do not necessarily have dissection.Currently,the treatment of AAA in clinical practice remains endovascular,and there is a lack of pharmacological therapy,which is also related to the fact that the pathogenic mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Smoking,old age,male sex,and hypertension are the main risk factors for AAA,but these risk factors have not been fully investigated in the current modeling methods,which may affect the clinical translational application of research results based on animal models.Therefore,this article reviews the most commonly used AAA modeling methods,comments on their applications and limitations,and provides a perspective on the development of novel animal models.
文摘Rotator cuff tears are highly prevalent,and there is an urgent need to understand their healing mechanisms to improve treatment outcomes for patients.This editorial aims to summarize the roles and limitations of common animal models(including rodents,rabbits,sheep,dogs,and primates)and second-look arthroscopy in rotator cuff healing research.Different animal models offer distinct advantages and disadvantages.For example,rodent models are cost-effective and suitable for genetic studies but have anatomical differences from humans.Rabbit models are favored for their relatively large tendon size and ease of surgical manipulation,yet they still deviate from human shoulder anatomy in some aspects.Larger animals like sheep and dogs have more similar shoulder structures to humans but come with high costs and challenges in maintaining consistent experimental conditions.Second-look arthroscopic studies have provided evidence for the effectiveness of current surgical techniques.Animal models will continue to play a crucial role in further exploring the local microenvironment of the rotator cuff,which is expected to help develop more effective strategies to promote healing.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M751098,2024M761134)Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission Program(ZKJCFGW2023015)+1 种基金Wenzhou Science&Technology Bureau Basic Public Welfare Research Program(Y20240006)Jilin University Young Teachers and Students Cross-disciplinary Training Project(2023-JCXK-08)。
文摘Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is an emerging minimally invasive therapeutic modality that relies on the activation of a photosensitizing agent by light of a specific wavelength in the presence of molecular oxygen,leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).This mechanism facilitates selective cytotoxic effects within pathological tissues and has demonstrated therapeutic potential across diverse disease contexts.However,the broader clinical applications remain limited by photosensitizer selectivity,shallow light penetration,and the risk of off-target cytotoxicity.Recent advancements in PDT have focused on the development of next-generation photosensitizers,the integration of nanotechnology for enhanced delivery and targeting,and the strategic combination of PDT with complementary therapeutic approaches.Experimental animal models play a crucial role in validating the efficacy and safety of PDT,optimizing its therapeutic parameters,and determining its mechanisms of action.This review provides a comprehensive overview of PDT applications in various disease models,including oncological,infectious,and nonconventional indications.Special emphasis is placed on the importance of large animal models in PDT research,such as rabbits,pigs,dogs,and non-human primates,which provide experimental platforms that more closely resemble human physiological and pathological states.The use of these models for understanding the mechanisms of PDT,optimizing therapeutic regimens,and evaluating clinical outcomes is also discussed.This review aims to inform future directions in PDT research and emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate preclinical animal models to facilitate successful clinical translation.
基金Liaoning Provincial Key Research and Development Program,Grant/Award Number:2024JH2/102500062China Health Promotion Foundation Spark Program,Grant/Award Number:XH-D001National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82104838。
文摘Cisplatin chemotherapy has been used as the main treatment for different types of cancer.However,cisplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain(CIPNP)seriously affects the treatment process and quality of life of patients.In addition,it impacts the underlying mechanism and prevention and treatment strategies,indicating that drug selection and efficacy evaluation need to be further investigated.Furthermore,an animal model that is more consistent with the pathological mechanism needs to be developed.In this study,we describe and discuss the methods of developing and detecting CIPNP models in rats and mice induced by cisplatin chemotherapy.The aim was to improve the modeling rate and develop animal models that are more consistent with the developmental pattern of the disease.In addition,the study provides ideal reference animal models for clinical research and drug discovery and development.
基金Jilin Provincial Department of Education,Grant/Award Number:JJKH20230958KJJilin Scientific and Technological Development Program,Grant/Award Number:YDZJ202401092ZYTS。
文摘Post-stroke depression(PSD) is a common psychiatric complication affecting nearly one-third of stroke survivors, leading to increased disability, mortality, and cognitive decline. Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) has proven effective in treating PSD through syndrome differentiation, yet existing animal models primarily reflect Western medical concepts and fail to incorporate the TCM principle of “同病异治”( treating the same disease with different methods). This paper provides a review of the current methods for constructing animal models of post-stroke depression(PSD) from the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) syndrome differentiation and proposes multi-dimensional assessment indicators. By integrating TCM theories with modern biomedical techniques, this study offers a comprehensive framework for deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic evaluation of PSD. This approach not only contributes to advancing PSD research but also paves the way for innovative treatment strategies that combine traditional and modern medicine.
基金supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZC20231064)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2024M761345)+3 种基金Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2024A04J6615)Scientific Research Project of Southern Medical University Stomatological Hospital (PY2023004)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA0805300)National Natural Science Foundation of China (82171244,32470564)。
文摘Severe combined immunodeficiency disease(SCID),characterized by profound immune system dysfunction,can lead to life-threatening infections and death.Animal models play a pivotal role in elucidating biological processes and advancing therapeutic strategies.Recent advances in gene-editing technologies,including zincfinger nucleases(ZFNs),transcription activator-like effector nucleases(TALENs),CRISPR/Cas9,and base editing,have significantly enhanced the generation of SCID models.These models have not only deepened our understanding of disease pathophysiology but have also driven progress in cancer therapy,stem cell transplantation,organ transplantation,and infectious diseasemanagement.Thisreviewprovidesa comprehensive overview of current SCID models generated using novel gene-editing approaches,highlighting their potential applications in translational medicine and their role in advancing biomedical research.
基金Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Grant/Award Number:2023MS564National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82474436。
文摘Lung cancer has one of the highest rates of incidence and mortality worldwide,mak-ing research on its mechanisms and treatments crucial.Animal models are essential in lung cancer research as they accurately replicate the biological characteristics and treatment outcomes seen in human diseases.Currently,various lung cancer models have been established,including chemical induction models,orthotopic transplan-tation models,ectopic transplantation models,metastasis models,and gene editing mouse models.Additionally,lung cancer grafts can be categorized into two types:tissue-based and cell-based grafts.This paper summarizes the phenotypes,advan-tages,and disadvantages of various induction methods based on their modeling tech-niques.The goal is to enhance the simulation of clinical lung cancer characteristics and to establish a solid foundation for future clinical research.
文摘Depression is a chronic,recurring and potentially life-threatening illness that affects up to 20%of the population across the world.Despite its prevalence and considerable impact on human,little is known about its pathogenesis.One of the major reasons is the restricted availability of validated animal models due to the absence of consensus on the pathology and etiology of depression.Besides,some core symptoms such as depressed mood,feeling of worthlessness,and recurring thoughts of death or suicide,are impossible to be modeled on laboratory animals.Currently,the criteria for identifying animal models of depression rely on either of the 2 principles：actions of known antidepressants and responses to stress.This review mainly focuses on the most widely used animal models of depression,including learned helplessness,chronic mild stress,and social defeat paradigms.Also,the behavioral tests for screening antidepressants,such as forced swimming test and tail suspension test,are also discussed.The advantages and major drawbacks of each model are evaluated.In prospective,new techniques that will be beneficial for developing novel animal models or detecting depression are discussed.
文摘Aim To investigate the effects of FDP on different liver injury models to explore the possibility of FDP used as an oral liver protective agent. Methods Chronic liver injury model in rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride （ CCl4 ） ; Acute liver injury model in mice was induced by aminogalactose （GAIN） or lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Results In CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model, FDP （1 , 4 g·kg^-1·d^-1, q.d., for 10 weeks） significantly lowered ALT, AST,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase （γ-GT）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and total bilirubin （T-BIL） in serum compared with vehicle; simultaneously it evidently elevated abnormal total protein （TP）, albumin （ALB） and total cholesterol （ T-CHO ） levels in serum; it also dose-dependently reduced hydroxyproline contents in hepatic tissue. 4 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP apparently decreased incidence of hepatic cirrhosis, and alleviated pathological changes of liver tissue. In GaiN-induced model, 1.0 - 4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP （ bid, for 3 d ） significantly lowered alanine aminotransferase （ ALT ） and aspartate aminotransferase （ AST ） levels in serum ; it also decreased liver coefficient. 4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP significantly alleviated pathological changes of cell ultra-structures. In LPS-induced model, only high dose of FDP （4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1, bid, for 12 d） significantly decreased ALT level in serum. Conclusion This study first demonstrated the protective effect of oral FDP on chronic liver injury caused by CCl4, and confirmed its effect on acute liver injury at the same time, suggesting that Long-term oral FDP is efficacious against liver injury induced by different factors and can be used as an oral liver protective agent in clinic.
文摘Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.Even with the applications of excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy, the 5 year survival rate is only 15% in the USA. Clinically relevant laboratory animal models of the disease could greatly facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer, its progression, invasion and metastasis. Transplanted lung cancer models are of special interest and are widely used today. Such models are essential tools in accelerating development of new therapies for lung cancer. In this communication we will present a brief overview of the hosts, sites and pathways used to establish transplanted animal lung tumor models.
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and incidence has been increasing worldwide in line with the increased prevalence of obesity,type 2 diabetes,and hyperlipemia.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH give crucial information,not only in elucidating pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH but also in examining therapeutic effects of various agents.An ideal model of NAFLD/NASH should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and pathophysiology of human NAFLD/NASH.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH are divided into genetic,dietary,and combination models.In this paper,we review commonly used animal models of NAFLD/NASH referring to their advantages and disadvantages.
基金supported by the grant of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC U1402224)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS zsys-02)
文摘The Chinese tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri chinensis） a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal, has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, South and Southwest China and has many unique characteristics that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal. There have been many studies using the tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） aimed at increasing our understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms and for the modeling of human diseases and therapeutic responses. The recent release of a publicly available annotated genome sequence of the Chinese tree shrew and its genome database （www.treeshrewdb.org） has offered a solid base from which it is possible to elucidate the basic biological properties and create animal models using this species. The extensive characterization of key factors and signaling pathways in the immune and nervous systems has shown that tree shrews possess both conserved and unique features relative to primates. Hitherto, the tree shrew has been successfully used to create animal models for myopia, depression, breast cancer, alcohol-induced or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1） and hepatitis C virus （HCV） infections, to name a few. The recent successful genetic manipulation of the tree shrew has opened a new avenue for the wider usage of this animal in biomedical research. In this opinion paper, I attempt to summarize the recent research advances that have used the Chinese tree shrew, with a focus on the new knowledge obtained by using the biological properties identified using the tree shrew genome, a proposal for the genome-based approach for creating animal models, and the genetic manipulation of the tree shrew. With more studies using this species and the application of cutting-edge gene editing techniques, the tree shrew will continue to be under the spot light as a viable animal model for investigating the basis of many different human diseases.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(81325016,U1602221,81322038 and U1502222)
文摘The tree shrew （Tupaia belangeri） is a promising laboratory animal that possesses a closer genetic relationship to primates than to rodents. In addition, advantages such as small size, easy breeding, and rapid reproduction make the tree shrew an ideal subject for the study of human disease. Numerous tree shrew disease models have been generated in biological and medical studies in recent years. Here we summarize current tree shrew disease models, including models of infectious diseases, cancers, depressive disorders, drug addiction, myopia, metabolic diseases, and immune-related diseases. With the success of tree shrew transgenic technology, this species will be increasingly used in biological and medical studies in the future.
