A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pr...A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mmx28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.展开更多
In this study we conducted single V-groove butt welding （GTAW） on three types of heat treatable aluminum alloys 2024-T351, 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 and compared the angular distortion levels of the three aluminum alloys ...In this study we conducted single V-groove butt welding （GTAW） on three types of heat treatable aluminum alloys 2024-T351, 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 and compared the angular distortion levels of the three aluminum alloys at different Vee preparation angles with or without restraint. Experimental results demonstrated that when the Vee preparation angle was 0° （I-shaped groove）, the angular distortion level of the restrained weldment can exceed that of the unrestrained weldments. Moreover, when the Vee preparation angle was 45°, 60° or 90°, the restrained weldment had lower angular distortion than the unrestrained weldments. The single Vee preparation angle （amount of filler metal） in butt welding affected the angular distortion of the weldment. Without restraint, the angular distortion tended to increase with the single Vee preparation angle. Meanwhile, the angular distortion tended to decrease when the single Vee preparation angle was 60% Additionally, a restrained weldment had high angular distortion when the single Vee preparation angle was 0°. Notably, the angular distortion tended to reduce with increasing single Vee preparation angle. The angular distortion of the weldment was minimized at an angle of 60°. However, the angular distortion increased when the Vee preparation angle exceeded 60% The high-temperature yield strength of a material also affected its angular distortion. Angular distortion increased with high-temperature yield strength. Experimental results also showed that, from the strongest to the weakest, the high-temperature yield strength of the three types of aluminum alloys followed the order 6061-T6 and 2024-T351〉7075-T6.展开更多
Experimental crystallographic structural parameters of a range of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins were reviewed to show how far the meso-substitution by any functional group and the insertion of ...Experimental crystallographic structural parameters of a range of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins were reviewed to show how far the meso-substitution by any functional group and the insertion of metal in the porphyrins core macrocycle may affect the geometry. The analysis of twists and angles has shown two kinds of distortions: external [T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) and T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>)] and internal [T(N<sup>m</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) and T(N<sup>n</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>)] with averages of [+6°and –6°] and [–5°and +5°], respectively. In the meso-substituted case, the external and internal twists C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X and N-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X, respectively are oppositely orientated. Similar effect is observed in meso-unsubstituted of C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>- C<sup>meso</sup>-H and N-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-H. However, the external distortions are more significant than internal. Considering the same order, the limit of distortions is [97°and 132°(–48°)] for external and [91°(–89°) and 52°] for internal. In the two cases, the substituents have opposite directions of distortions. The meso-substituted porphyrins have a high limit of twisting than usubstituted one, depending of the weight of substituents. The average of the bond angular deformations is 168°, almost planar. However, the limit of angular deformation is 94°.展开更多
The effects of the process parameters of TIG （tungsten inset gas）-flux welding on the welds morphology, angular distortion, ferrite content and hot cracking in austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Autogenou...The effects of the process parameters of TIG （tungsten inset gas）-flux welding on the welds morphology, angular distortion, ferrite content and hot cracking in austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Autogenous TIG welding process was applied to the type 304 stainless steel through a thin layer of activating flux to produce a bead on plate welded joint. TiO2, SiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO and MnO2 were used as the activating fluxes. The experimental results indicated that the TIG-flux welding can increase the weld depth/width ratio and reduce the HAZ （heat affected zone） range, and therefore the angular distortion of the weldment can be reduced. It was also found that the retained ferrite content within the TIG-flux welds is increased, and has a beneficial effect in reducing hot cracking tendency for stainless steels of the austenitic type weld metals. A plasma column constriction increases the current density at the anode spot and then a substantial increase in penetration of the TIG-flux welds can be obtained.展开更多
文摘A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mmx28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.
文摘In this study we conducted single V-groove butt welding （GTAW） on three types of heat treatable aluminum alloys 2024-T351, 6061-T6 and 7075-T6 and compared the angular distortion levels of the three aluminum alloys at different Vee preparation angles with or without restraint. Experimental results demonstrated that when the Vee preparation angle was 0° （I-shaped groove）, the angular distortion level of the restrained weldment can exceed that of the unrestrained weldments. Moreover, when the Vee preparation angle was 45°, 60° or 90°, the restrained weldment had lower angular distortion than the unrestrained weldments. The single Vee preparation angle （amount of filler metal） in butt welding affected the angular distortion of the weldment. Without restraint, the angular distortion tended to increase with the single Vee preparation angle. Meanwhile, the angular distortion tended to decrease when the single Vee preparation angle was 60% Additionally, a restrained weldment had high angular distortion when the single Vee preparation angle was 0°. Notably, the angular distortion tended to reduce with increasing single Vee preparation angle. The angular distortion of the weldment was minimized at an angle of 60°. However, the angular distortion increased when the Vee preparation angle exceeded 60% The high-temperature yield strength of a material also affected its angular distortion. Angular distortion increased with high-temperature yield strength. Experimental results also showed that, from the strongest to the weakest, the high-temperature yield strength of the three types of aluminum alloys followed the order 6061-T6 and 2024-T351〉7075-T6.
文摘Experimental crystallographic structural parameters of a range of metaled meso-substituted and unsubstituted porphyrins were reviewed to show how far the meso-substitution by any functional group and the insertion of metal in the porphyrins core macrocycle may affect the geometry. The analysis of twists and angles has shown two kinds of distortions: external [T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) and T(C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>)] and internal [T(N<sup>m</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X<sup>n</sup>) and T(N<sup>n</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>)] with averages of [+6°and –6°] and [–5°and +5°], respectively. In the meso-substituted case, the external and internal twists C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X and N-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-X, respectively are oppositely orientated. Similar effect is observed in meso-unsubstituted of C<sup>β</sup>-C<sup>α</sup>- C<sup>meso</sup>-H and N-C<sup>α</sup>-C<sup>meso</sup>-H. However, the external distortions are more significant than internal. Considering the same order, the limit of distortions is [97°and 132°(–48°)] for external and [91°(–89°) and 52°] for internal. In the two cases, the substituents have opposite directions of distortions. The meso-substituted porphyrins have a high limit of twisting than usubstituted one, depending of the weight of substituents. The average of the bond angular deformations is 168°, almost planar. However, the limit of angular deformation is 94°.
文摘The effects of the process parameters of TIG （tungsten inset gas）-flux welding on the welds morphology, angular distortion, ferrite content and hot cracking in austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Autogenous TIG welding process was applied to the type 304 stainless steel through a thin layer of activating flux to produce a bead on plate welded joint. TiO2, SiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO and MnO2 were used as the activating fluxes. The experimental results indicated that the TIG-flux welding can increase the weld depth/width ratio and reduce the HAZ （heat affected zone） range, and therefore the angular distortion of the weldment can be reduced. It was also found that the retained ferrite content within the TIG-flux welds is increased, and has a beneficial effect in reducing hot cracking tendency for stainless steels of the austenitic type weld metals. A plasma column constriction increases the current density at the anode spot and then a substantial increase in penetration of the TIG-flux welds can be obtained.
