Based on the study of ancient maps preserved in China and abroad,the systematic nature and practical meaning of the maps of the Yellow River and Grand Canal is demonstrated.It is pointed out that the ancient maps not ...Based on the study of ancient maps preserved in China and abroad,the systematic nature and practical meaning of the maps of the Yellow River and Grand Canal is demonstrated.It is pointed out that the ancient maps not only record the spatial information of the established water conservancy engineering for river harnessing but also the management systems of the rivers in history.Besides,the maps provide abundant information on nature,humanity,and geography and possess high value in academic research and art appreciation.展开更多
Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cart...Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the ＂Yu Gong Regional Maps＂, along with 18 articles and the ＂Terrain Fangzhang Map＂ （AD 224-271）. This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the ＂Wooden Fangzhang Map＂ （an administrative map） which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties （AD 502-557） ＂Haineihuayi Tu＂ （Map of China and its neighbouring countries） （AD 730-805）, drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and ＂Shouling Tu＂ （an administrative map, AD 1031-1095）, drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western lati- tude-based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases （world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps）, charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps.展开更多
Our solar system＇s cyclic order explains the sudden appearance of the Advanced Sumerians and Pharaohs around the time of the Atlantean and Mayan destruction. Certainly past advanced civilizations do point to the cycl...Our solar system＇s cyclic order explains the sudden appearance of the Advanced Sumerians and Pharaohs around the time of the Atlantean and Mayan destruction. Certainly past advanced civilizations do point to the cyclic rise and fall of human cultures extending much farther back into ＂prehistory＂ than currently accepted. Ancients believed the universe was concentric heavens, there is evidence of the ancient knowledge of the sun＇s processional cycle of almost 26,000 years, leading to the coup of north and south poles. Edmund Halley wrote about the photon belt that periodically encases the Pleiades constellation＇s eight suns. Halley proposed planet Earth was composed of five concentric earths. In 1950s Doctors Watson and Crick discovered a third separated strand in the double helix. Now energies from the Photon Belt are recalibrating dormant DNA strands, where originally humanity was endowed with 12 DNA strands. Every culture developed their legend of the perfect Human who emerges at the end of human evolution, these prophecies also met with the Abrahamic religions concerning the end＇s signs and the return of paradise on Earth. Christ and the Quran spoke of a light consciousness that succeeds in the earth and the succession of angel like humans before the end.展开更多
The morphological differences between two geographical maps can be highlighted by a polycentric distance cartogram resulting from a bidimensional regression.Beyond the communicational interest of the transformations t...The morphological differences between two geographical maps can be highlighted by a polycentric distance cartogram resulting from a bidimensional regression.Beyond the communicational interest of the transformations thus produced,the method makes it possible to reveal the differences in structure and therefore constitutes a real research tool.However,bidimensional regression can only compare the shape of two maps.Since the 1990s,geometric morphometrics has revolutionized the morphological analysis of natural structures(and others).It has since been applied in many fields of research but not in cartography.This article describes the theoretical and methodological bases of a method combining bidimensional regression with a geometric morphometrics approach to compare the shape of several geographical maps.Geometric morphometrics and bidimensional regression indeed share common approaches of the statistical shape analysis like homologous landmarks and interpolation grids.However,there is no software in geometric morphometrics capable of directly reading geographical data,which would facilitate the work of cartographers accustomed to GIS software.That is why we present MapMorphy,a tool specifically developed for this task.An example on ancient maps illustrates the method.展开更多
Chinese Traditional Maps and Local Chronicles serve as significant sources for investigating the urban history of ancient Chinese cities.These documents prioritize the abstract representation of topological relationsh...Chinese Traditional Maps and Local Chronicles serve as significant sources for investigating the urban history of ancient Chinese cities.These documents prioritize the abstract representation of topological relationships over precise numerical values and geometric shapes.This is consistent with the traditional Chinese city image and spatial schema emphasizing“harmony between man and nature”.Most Chinese Traditional Maps reflect a centripetal spatial schema,wherein the core area is located at the center,and other locations are positioned hierarchically about the center.Based on this data,this research aims to categorize and examine the development and evolution of the centripetal spatial schema in ancient Chinese cities by constructing a pedigree of types.The authors identify three types and summarize their causes,calculate the topological features,and reveal their correlations with the type of pedigree.This study reveals that cities with different centripetal forms exhibit regular differences in the accessibility,centrality,and functional attributes of central nodes,as well as the proportion of nodes with different attributes in the city.Overall,the conclusion aims to deepen people’s understanding of traditional Chinese spatial concepts at the macro-urban level,particularly in the context of China’s current urban renewal wave.Additionally,it provides practical references for inheriting and applying Chinese traditional construction wisdom.展开更多
文摘Based on the study of ancient maps preserved in China and abroad,the systematic nature and practical meaning of the maps of the Yellow River and Grand Canal is demonstrated.It is pointed out that the ancient maps not only record the spatial information of the established water conservancy engineering for river harnessing but also the management systems of the rivers in history.Besides,the maps provide abundant information on nature,humanity,and geography and possess high value in academic research and art appreciation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41101447 Basic Science-technological Special Working： Compilation of the National Atlases of the People＇s Republic of China （New Century Version）, No.2013FY 112800 Foundation Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology, China, No.2012FY 120200
文摘Ancient Chinese cartography dates back to the Western Jin Dynasty in the third century. Cartography was initiated during this period by Pei Xiu, a minister and cartographic expert, who suggested six principles of cartography. Pei Xiu, who is known as the father of Chinese cartography, oversaw the completion of the ＂Yu Gong Regional Maps＂, along with 18 articles and the ＂Terrain Fangzhang Map＂ （AD 224-271）. This led to a number of subsequent cartographic initiatives including the ＂Wooden Fangzhang Map＂ （an administrative map） which was completed by Xie Zhuang, a minister during the Southern Dynasties （AD 502-557） ＂Haineihuayi Tu＂ （Map of China and its neighbouring countries） （AD 730-805）, drawn by Jia Dan, a cartographer of the Tang Dynasty, and ＂Shouling Tu＂ （an administrative map, AD 1031-1095）, drawn by Shen Kuo, a scientist during the Northern Song Dynasty. Throughout the 16th century, ancient Chinese cartography developed continuously and cumulatively, and formed the specific characteristics of China ancient cartography. Although Western lati- tude-based and longitude-based mapping techniques introduced to China in AD 1460, the theories and methods of Chinese and Western mapping systems co-existed for over 400 years. The cultural heritage of Chinese cartography can be seen in many famous ancient Chinese maps, including astronomical figures and atlases （world, Chinese, regional, military, water conservancy, historical, and educational maps）, charts, and maps of scenic spots. These have hitherto been kept in well-known archives and institutions across the world. They form an important part of the global cultural heritage of ancient maps and cartography. Given their high cultural value, these maps remain an important point of study. This paper provides a preliminary discussion on the rarity, application, and the historical, scientific, and artistic value of ancient Chinese maps.
文摘Our solar system＇s cyclic order explains the sudden appearance of the Advanced Sumerians and Pharaohs around the time of the Atlantean and Mayan destruction. Certainly past advanced civilizations do point to the cyclic rise and fall of human cultures extending much farther back into ＂prehistory＂ than currently accepted. Ancients believed the universe was concentric heavens, there is evidence of the ancient knowledge of the sun＇s processional cycle of almost 26,000 years, leading to the coup of north and south poles. Edmund Halley wrote about the photon belt that periodically encases the Pleiades constellation＇s eight suns. Halley proposed planet Earth was composed of five concentric earths. In 1950s Doctors Watson and Crick discovered a third separated strand in the double helix. Now energies from the Photon Belt are recalibrating dormant DNA strands, where originally humanity was endowed with 12 DNA strands. Every culture developed their legend of the perfect Human who emerges at the end of human evolution, these prophecies also met with the Abrahamic religions concerning the end＇s signs and the return of paradise on Earth. Christ and the Quran spoke of a light consciousness that succeeds in the earth and the succession of angel like humans before the end.
文摘The morphological differences between two geographical maps can be highlighted by a polycentric distance cartogram resulting from a bidimensional regression.Beyond the communicational interest of the transformations thus produced,the method makes it possible to reveal the differences in structure and therefore constitutes a real research tool.However,bidimensional regression can only compare the shape of two maps.Since the 1990s,geometric morphometrics has revolutionized the morphological analysis of natural structures(and others).It has since been applied in many fields of research but not in cartography.This article describes the theoretical and methodological bases of a method combining bidimensional regression with a geometric morphometrics approach to compare the shape of several geographical maps.Geometric morphometrics and bidimensional regression indeed share common approaches of the statistical shape analysis like homologous landmarks and interpolation grids.However,there is no software in geometric morphometrics capable of directly reading geographical data,which would facilitate the work of cartographers accustomed to GIS software.That is why we present MapMorphy,a tool specifically developed for this task.An example on ancient maps illustrates the method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Key Program(No.52038007).
文摘Chinese Traditional Maps and Local Chronicles serve as significant sources for investigating the urban history of ancient Chinese cities.These documents prioritize the abstract representation of topological relationships over precise numerical values and geometric shapes.This is consistent with the traditional Chinese city image and spatial schema emphasizing“harmony between man and nature”.Most Chinese Traditional Maps reflect a centripetal spatial schema,wherein the core area is located at the center,and other locations are positioned hierarchically about the center.Based on this data,this research aims to categorize and examine the development and evolution of the centripetal spatial schema in ancient Chinese cities by constructing a pedigree of types.The authors identify three types and summarize their causes,calculate the topological features,and reveal their correlations with the type of pedigree.This study reveals that cities with different centripetal forms exhibit regular differences in the accessibility,centrality,and functional attributes of central nodes,as well as the proportion of nodes with different attributes in the city.Overall,the conclusion aims to deepen people’s understanding of traditional Chinese spatial concepts at the macro-urban level,particularly in the context of China’s current urban renewal wave.Additionally,it provides practical references for inheriting and applying Chinese traditional construction wisdom.
