A new analytical method is proposed for the determination of heroin based on a sequential perturbation caused by trace amounts of heroin in the Cu(Ⅱ)-catalyzed oscillating reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sodiu...A new analytical method is proposed for the determination of heroin based on a sequential perturbation caused by trace amounts of heroin in the Cu(Ⅱ)-catalyzed oscillating reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sodium thiocyanate in an alkaline medium with the aid of a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor(CSTR). The method relies on the linear relationship between the change in oscillation period of the system and the concentration of heroin, with a detecting limit of 4.0×10^(-7) mol/L. The calibration curve fits a linear equation very well when the concentration of heroin is in the range of 2.0×10^(-6)_1.2×10^(-5) mol/L(r=0.9971). This method features good precision(RSD=0.98%). The influences of temperature, injection point, flow rate and reaction variables on the oscillation period were investigated in detail and a possible mechanism of the performance of heroin in the Cu(Ⅱ)-catalyzed oscillating reaction system is also discussed. The proposed method opens a new avenue for the determination of heroin.展开更多
The aim of the present investigation was to develop a biosensor for the detection of amino acids, Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine based on a quartz crystal nanobalance. leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val)...The aim of the present investigation was to develop a biosensor for the detection of amino acids, Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine based on a quartz crystal nanobalance. leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val) were selectively determined by quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) sensor in conjunction with net analyte signal (NAS)-based method called HLA/GO. An orthogonal design was applied for the formation of calibration and prediction sets including Leu, Ile and Val compounds. The selection of the optimal time range involved the calculation of the net analyte sig-nal regression plot in any considered time window for each test sample. The searching of a region with maximum linearity of NAS regression plot (minimum error indicator) and minimum of PRESS value was carried out by applying a moving window strategy. On the base of obtained results, the differences on the adsorption profiles in the time range between 1 and 300 s were used to determine mixtures of compounds by HLA/GO method. The results showed that the method was successfully applied for the determina-tion of Leu, Ile and Val.展开更多
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)platform,which enables trace analyte detection,has important application prospects.By structuring/modifying the surface of the SERSsubstrate,analyte in highly diluted solutions c...Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)platform,which enables trace analyte detection,has important application prospects.By structuring/modifying the surface of the SERSsubstrate,analyte in highly diluted solutions can be concentrated into localized active areas for highly sensitive detection.However,subject to the difficulty of the fabrication process,itremains challenging to balance hot-spot construction and the concentration capacity of analyte simultaneously.Therefore,preparing SERS substrates with densely ordered hot spots andefficient concentration capacity is of great significance for highly sensitive detection.Herein,we propose an Ag and fluoroalkyl-modified hierarchical armour substrate(Ag/F-HA),which has a double-layer stacking design to combine analyte concentration with hotspot construction.The microarmour structure is fabricated by femtosecond-laser processing to serve as asuperhydrophobic and low-adhesive surface to concentrate analyte,while the anodic aluminium oxide(AAO)template creates a nanopillar array serving as dense and ordered hot spots.Under the synergistic action of hot spots and analyte concentration,Ag/F-HA achieves a detectionlimit down to 10^(-7)M doxorubicin(DOX)molecules with a RSD of 7.69%.Additionally,Ag/F-HA exhibits excellent robustness to resist external disturbances such as liquid splash or abrasion.Based on our strategy,SERS substrates with directional analyte concentrations are further explored by patterning microcone arrays with defects.This work opens a way to the realistic implementation of SERS in diverse scenarios.展开更多
DETECHIP is a detection system made of various sensors that has been shown to detect and discriminate between small molecules of interest, including various illicit and over-the-counter drugs. Previously, detection wa...DETECHIP is a detection system made of various sensors that has been shown to detect and discriminate between small molecules of interest, including various illicit and over-the-counter drugs. Previously, detection was normalized to a single concentration of analyte. Now this detection assay can detect concentration differences in analytes via red, green, and blue color value changes and shifts in the UV-Vis spectra of the assay. To determine the concentrations differences, the exposed assays were scanned on a flatbed scanner and the images were analyzed for individual RGB values with a custom macro in ImageJ, an image analysis program. Increasing concentrations of the analyte resulted in greater differences in color values between control and analyte wells. These differences showed a linear relationship to concentration change, some with correlation coefficients greater than 98%. This work expands the capability of DETECHIP to give information about the concentration of analyte when the analyte identity is known.展开更多
A novel method for simultaneous determination of kolliphor HS15 and miglyol 812 in microemulsion formulation was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a nano quantitation analytical...A novel method for simultaneous determination of kolliphor HS15 and miglyol 812 in microemulsion formulation was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a nano quantitation analytical detector （UHPLC-NQAD）. All components in kolliphor HS15 and miglyo1812 were well separated on an Acquity BEH C18 column. Mobile phase A was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid （TFA） in water and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. A gradient elution sequence was programed initially with 60% organic solvent, slowly increased to 100% within 8 min. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min. Good linearity （r 〉 0.95） was obtained in the range of 27.6-1381.1 μg/mL for polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 0.8-202.0 μg/mL for caprylic acid triglyceride and 2.7-221.9μg/mL for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. The relative standard deviations （RSD） ranged from 0.6% to 1.7% for intra-day precision and from 0.4% to 2.7% for inter-day precision. The overall recoveries （accuracy） were 99.7%-101.4% for polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 96.7%-99.6% for caprylic acid triglyceride, and 94.1%- 103.3% for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. Quantification limits （QL） were determined as 27.6 μg/ mL for polyoxy115 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 0.8 μg/mL for caprylic acid triglyceride, and 2.7 μg/ mL for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. No interferences were observed in the retention time ranges of kolliphor HSI5 and miglyol 812. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, QL, and robustness. The proposed method has been applied to microemulsion for- mulation analyses with good recoveries （82.2%-103.4%）.展开更多
Monitoring multiplexed biochemical markers is beneficial for the comprehensive evaluation of diabetes-associated complications.Techniques for multiplexed analyses in interstitial fluids have often been restricted by t...Monitoring multiplexed biochemical markers is beneficial for the comprehensive evaluation of diabetes-associated complications.Techniques for multiplexed analyses in interstitial fluids have often been restricted by the difficulties of electrode materials in accurately detecting chemicals in complex subcutaneous spaces.In particular,the signal stability of enzyme-based sensing electrodes often inevitably decreases due to enzyme degradation or interference in vivo.In this study,we developed a self-calibrating multiplexed microneedle(MN)electrode array(SC-MMNEA)capable of continuous,real-time monitoring of multiple types of bioanalytes(glucose,cholesterol,uric acid,lactate,reactive oxygen species[ROSs],Na+,K+,Ca2+,and pH)in the subcutaneous space.Each type of analyte was detected by a discrete MN electrode assembled in an integrated array with single-MN resolution.Moreover,this device utilized an MN-delivery-mediated self-calibration technique to address the inherent problem of decreased accuracy of implantable electrodes caused by long-term tissue variation and enzyme degradation,and this technique might increase the reliability of the MN sensors.Our results indicated that SC-MMNEA could provide real-time monitoring of multiplexed analyte concentrations in a rat model with good accuracy,especially after self-calibration.SC-MMNEA has the advantages of in situ and minimally invasive monitoring of physiological states and the potential to promote wearable devices for long-term monitoring of chemical species in vivo.展开更多
A wearable multiplex sweat sensing patch with low sweat volume requirement and uniform distribution is highly desirable for noninvasive,real-time monitoring of various health-related biomarkers.The patch features a mu...A wearable multiplex sweat sensing patch with low sweat volume requirement and uniform distribution is highly desirable for noninvasive,real-time monitoring of various health-related biomarkers.The patch features a multi-channel microfluidic system inspired by cnidarians.It comprises of symmetric super-hydrophilic/super-hydrophobic patterned wedge channels allowing for simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes present in sweat.It ensures a uniform sweat transport and equal volume distribution across multiple sensing zones for a more accurate and reliable electrochemical sensing.As a proof of concept,a four-channel system housing sensors for glucose,lactate,urea,and pH was tested.The innovation lies in a unique surface design and electrode configuration utilizing PDMS-TiO_(2)nanocomposite coating,integrating channels with electrodes,presenting a novel approach for accurate low-volume sweat analysis requiring a minimum of 4µL.An on-body test was conducted to demonstrate the practical application of the patch.In addition,the physics of droplet splitting was explained through simulations.展开更多
Rapid and sensitive detection of various analytes is in high demand.Apart from its application in genome editing,CRISPR-Cas also shows promises in nucleic acid detection applications.To further exploit the potential o...Rapid and sensitive detection of various analytes is in high demand.Apart from its application in genome editing,CRISPR-Cas also shows promises in nucleic acid detection applications.To further exploit the potential of CRISPR-Cas for detection of diverse analytes,we present a versatile biosensing platform that couples the excellent affinity of aptamers for broad-range analytes with the collateral single-strand DNA cleavage activity of CRISPR-Cas12 a.We demonstrated that the biosensors developed by this platform can be used to detect protein and small molecule in human serum with a complicated background,i.e.,the tumor marker alpha fetoprotein and cocaine with the detection limits of 0.07 fmol/L and 0.34 lmol/L,respectively,highlighting the advantages of simplicity,sensitivity,short detection time,and low cost compared with the state-of-the-art biosensing approaches.Altogether,this biosensing platform with plug-and-play design show great potential in the detection of diverse analytes.展开更多
Promoting urban-rural integration and facilitating the bidirectional flow of urban and rural elements are core spatial objectives in the new era of China.The urban-rural fringe represents the region with the most inte...Promoting urban-rural integration and facilitating the bidirectional flow of urban and rural elements are core spatial objectives in the new era of China.The urban-rural fringe represents the region with the most intense interaction between urban and rural areas,serving as a key zone for breaking down barriers and promoting urban-rural integration.Based on a systematic review of representative case studies and scholarly literature,this paper synthesizes the evolving research perspectives on the urban-rural fringe,with particular attention to how data-driven approaches that integrate official statistics,remote sensing imagery,points of interest,and mobile phone signaling data have advanced the characterization of fringe features,refined identification methods,and revealed emerging developmental trends through spatial clustering and machine learning classification.It proposes an integrated analytical framework encompassing administrative boundaries,economic metabolism,social activities,material infrastructure,and the ecological environment.The paper further examines the characteristics and emerging development trends of urban-rural fringe areas and advances a set of strategic directions to support urban-rural integration and more efficient resource allocation.These include expanding analytical dimensions,enhancing data integration,refining identification criteria,elucidating mechanisms of internal and external interactions,and strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration.Collectively,these efforts offer actionable insights for optimizing public service delivery,directing infrastructure investment in transportation and utilities,delineating ecological conservation boundaries,and implementing place-based socioeconomic revitalization strategies in the urban-rural fringe regions.展开更多
Chinese Chemical Letters(CCL)(ISSN 1001-8417)was founded in July 1990.The journal publishes preliminary accounts in the whole field of chemistry,including inorganic chemistry,organic chemistry,analytical chemistry,phy...Chinese Chemical Letters(CCL)(ISSN 1001-8417)was founded in July 1990.The journal publishes preliminary accounts in the whole field of chemistry,including inorganic chemistry,organic chemistry,analytical chemistry,physical chemistry,polymer chemistry,applied chemistry,etc.,satisfying a real and urgent need for the dissemination of research results,especially hot topics.The journal does not accept articles previously published or scheduled to be published.To verify originality,your article may be checked by the originality detection service Cross Check.展开更多
Oil-fired construction machinery(OCM)is a major source of urban air pollutants and CO_(2) emissions,and elec-trification is a crucial pathway for improving air quality and achieving China’s dual carbon goals;however,...Oil-fired construction machinery(OCM)is a major source of urban air pollutants and CO_(2) emissions,and elec-trification is a crucial pathway for improving air quality and achieving China’s dual carbon goals;however,its feasibility has not been fully explored.This study uses data envelopment analysis and the analytic hierarchy process to establish a development potential index,covering technical efficiency,economic cost,application sce-narios,and charging time and range,with an empirical analysis conducted in Beijing.The findings indicated the high feasibility of replacing OCM with electric alternatives,especially within the low-power range.Based on 2023 registered coding dat1,it is projected that by 2030,electrification could reduce regional average con-centrations of CO,NO_(x),PM_(2.5) and VOCs by 12.2%to 56.4%and reduce CO_(2) by 11.7%to 56.9%.Owing to economic considerations,small-and medium-sized machinery are particularly feasible for electrification.Key recommendations include prioritizing the electrification of forklifts,lifting platforms,and small-sized machinery in high-emission areas,particularly in central urban districts.Policies such as carbon taxes,carbon markets,and performance grading systems are suggested to incentivize electrification,along with expanding high-emission restriction zones and improving energy infrastructure to support widespread electrification.展开更多
Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were i...Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were introduced as green solvents for separation of 2-MF/MeOH through liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE)experiment.Three ILs,namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),1-propyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)])and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),were screened out from 425 candidates using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents(COSMO-RS).Then,the ternary LLE data of 2-MF(1)+MeOH(2)+ILs(3)were determined at 30℃ and 101.32 kPa.Results confirmed[EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]as the best performer,achieving a selectivity of 343.86 and a distribution coefficient of 36.66 for MeOH—significantly higher than[PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]and[BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)].The accuracy of the LLE data was verified by Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations(R^(2)>0.90).The non-random two liquid model was used to correlate the experimental data(RMSD<2%).Besides,the combination of electrostatic surfaces potential,independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition,mean square displacement and radial distribution functions revealed strong electrostatic interactions between[H_(2)PO_(4)]^(–) and MeOH.Interaction energy analysis further emphasizes the mechanism of MeOH separation from a mixture of 2-MF and MeOH by ILs.This work provides a multiscale strategy for the separation of 2-MF and MeOH azeotropes,highlighting the potential of ILs to improve biofuel purification while reducing energy and environmental costs.展开更多
Ganmai Dazao Decoction,originating from“Jin Gui Yao Lue”(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),is a classical prescription for treating visceral agitation.Composed of three medicinal and edible substances-licorice(Gancao)...Ganmai Dazao Decoction,originating from“Jin Gui Yao Lue”(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),is a classical prescription for treating visceral agitation.Composed of three medicinal and edible substances-licorice(Gancao),wheat(Xiaomai),and jujube(Dazao),it functions to nourish the heart and calm the mind,harmonize the middle burner and regulate Qi,and alleviate urgency and restlessness.As its clinical application has expanded from traditional emotional disorders to neurological,endocrine,and various psychosomatic diseases,establishing a scientifically precise quality control system and deeply elucidating its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action have become critical tasks.Modern analytical methods,typified by chromatography,spectroscopy,and their hyphenated techniques,with their high sensitivity,high resolution,and powerful substance characterization capabilities,have become the core driving force for standardizing the quality control and modernizing the clinical application research of this formula.This paper systematically reviews the progress of the aforementioned analytical techniques and chemometrics in interpreting the chemical composition,establishing fingerprint profiles,controlling process quality,and researching the pharmacodynamic material basis of Ganmai Dazao Decoction.Furthermore,it discusses integrated approaches combining analytical techniques with pharmacology and clinical medicine to reveal mechanisms of action and explore therapeutic biomarkers.Finally,it provides an outlook on future directions and challenges,including technological integration and innovation,standardization of whole-process quality control systems,and evidence-based research aimed at internationalization.展开更多
Operating Lithium-ion batteries at their temperature limits is a challenging design task due to explosion risk at high temperatures and rapid degradation at low temperatures.Depending on the battery package design,tho...Operating Lithium-ion batteries at their temperature limits is a challenging design task due to explosion risk at high temperatures and rapid degradation at low temperatures.Depending on the battery package design,those risks can be solved with passive solutions,which require no active cooling or heating.Thecurrentwork aims to optimize the pack design and materials of the type-NCR18650B battery based on a wide range of operation temperature.The lower limit was denoted by cold case while the maximum limit was expressed by hot case.A combined analyticalnumerical approach was developed to model the heat generation inside the battery.A thermal resistance analysis was used to determine the boundary conditions of the numerical model.The governing differential equations for the 1-D heat generation model were solved analytically.The numerical analysis was considered to determine the best battery pack design based on material parameters,number of batteries,and geometrical arrangement.The analytical results revealedthat the cold case canbe selectedas theworst case and thebestmodel wasobtainedusing thehexagonal-shaped 10-battery pack that was covered with Delrin of 1.8 mm in thickness.The numerical results showed that the best model was the hexagonal-shaped 10-battery pack with Delrin of 2 mm in thickness that achieved the largest temperature of−20.6℃ in the cold case.展开更多
In the competitive retail industry of the digital era,data-driven insights into gender-specific customer behavior are essential.They support the optimization of store performance,layout design,product placement,and ta...In the competitive retail industry of the digital era,data-driven insights into gender-specific customer behavior are essential.They support the optimization of store performance,layout design,product placement,and targeted marketing.However,existing computer vision solutions often rely on facial recognition to gather such insights,raising significant privacy and ethical concerns.To address these issues,this paper presents a privacypreserving customer analytics system through two key strategies.First,we deploy a deep learning framework using YOLOv9s,trained on the RCA-TVGender dataset.Cameras are positioned perpendicular to observation areas to reduce facial visibility while maintaining accurate gender classification.Second,we apply AES-128 encryption to customer position data,ensuring secure access and regulatory compliance.Our system achieved overall performance,with 81.5%mAP@50,77.7%precision,and 75.7%recall.Moreover,a 90-min observational study confirmed the system’s ability to generate privacy-protected heatmaps revealing distinct behavioral patterns between male and female customers.For instance,women spent more time in certain areas and showed interest in different products.These results confirm the system’s effectiveness in enabling personalized layout and marketing strategies without compromising privacy.展开更多
Latest digital advancements have intensified the necessity for adaptive,data-driven and socially-centered learning ecosystems.This paper presents the formulation of a cross-platform,innovative,gamified and personalize...Latest digital advancements have intensified the necessity for adaptive,data-driven and socially-centered learning ecosystems.This paper presents the formulation of a cross-platform,innovative,gamified and personalized Learning Ecosystem,which integrates 3D/VR environments,as well as machine learning algorithms,and business intelligence frameworks to enhance learner-centered education and inferenced decision-making.This Learning System makes use of immersive,analytically assessed virtual learning spaces,therefore facilitating real-time monitoring of not just learning performance,but also overall engagement and behavioral patterns,via a comprehensive set of sustainability-oriented ESG-aligned Key Performance Indicators(KPIs).Machine learning models support predictive analysis,personalized feedback,and hybrid recommendation mechanisms,whilst dedicated dashboards translate complex educational data into actionable insights for all Use Cases of the System(Educational Institutions,Educators and Learners).Additionally,the presented Learning System introduces a structured Mentoring and Consulting Subsystem,thence reinforcing human-centered guidance alongside automated intelligence.The Platform’s modular architecture and simulation-centered evaluation approach actively support personalized,and continuously optimized learning pathways.Thence,it exemplifies a mature,adaptive Learning Ecosystem,supporting immersive technologies,analytics,and pedagogical support,hence,contributing to contemporary digital learning innovation and sociotechnical transformation in education.展开更多
The increasing number of interconnected devices and the incorporation of smart technology into contemporary healthcare systems have significantly raised the attack surface of cyber threats.The early detection of threa...The increasing number of interconnected devices and the incorporation of smart technology into contemporary healthcare systems have significantly raised the attack surface of cyber threats.The early detection of threats is both necessary and complex,yet these interconnected healthcare settings generate enormous amounts of heterogeneous data.Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),which are generally centralized and machine learning-based,often fail to address the rapidly changing nature of cyberattacks and are challenged by ethical concerns related to patient data privacy.Moreover,traditional AI-driven IDS usually face challenges in handling large-scale,heterogeneous healthcare data while ensuring data privacy and operational efficiency.To address these issues,emerging technologies such as Big Data Analytics(BDA)and Federated Learning(FL)provide a hybrid framework for scalable,adaptive intrusion detection in IoT-driven healthcare systems.Big data techniques enable processing large-scale,highdimensional healthcare data,and FL can be used to train a model in a decentralized manner without transferring raw data,thereby maintaining privacy between institutions.This research proposes a privacy-preserving Federated Learning–based model that efficiently detects cyber threats in connected healthcare systems while ensuring distributed big data processing,privacy,and compliance with ethical regulations.To strengthen the reliability of the reported findings,the resultswere validated using cross-dataset testing and 95%confidence intervals derived frombootstrap analysis,confirming consistent performance across heterogeneous healthcare data distributions.This solution takes a significant step toward securing next-generation healthcare infrastructure by combining scalability,privacy,adaptability,and earlydetection capabilities.The proposed global model achieves a test accuracy of 99.93%±0.03(95%CI)and amiss-rate of only 0.07%±0.02,representing state-of-the-art performance in privacy-preserving intrusion detection.The proposed FL-driven IDS framework offers an efficient,privacy-preserving,and scalable solution for securing next-generation healthcare infrastructures by combining adaptability,early detection,and ethical data management.展开更多
Defence Technology(ISSN 2214-9147(O);2096-3459(P)),sponsored by China Ordnance Society,is published monthly and aims to become one of the well-known comprehensive journals in the world,which reports on the breakthroug...Defence Technology(ISSN 2214-9147(O);2096-3459(P)),sponsored by China Ordnance Society,is published monthly and aims to become one of the well-known comprehensive journals in the world,which reports on the breakthroughs in defence technology by building up an international academic exchange platform for the defence technology related research.It publishes original research papers having direct bearing on defence,with a balanced coverage on analytical,experimental,numerical simulation and applied investigations.It covers various disciplines of science,technology and engineering.展开更多
An analytical model of a floating heaving box integrated with a vertical flexible porous membrane placed right next to the box applications to wave energy extraction and breakwater systems is developed under the reduc...An analytical model of a floating heaving box integrated with a vertical flexible porous membrane placed right next to the box applications to wave energy extraction and breakwater systems is developed under the reduced wave equation.The theoretical solutions for the heave radiating potential to the assigned physical model in the corresponding zones are attained by using the separation of variables approach along with the Fourier expansion.Applying the matching eigenfunction expansion technique and orthogonal conditions,the unknown coefficients that are involved in the radiated potentials are determined.The attained radiation potential allows the computation of hydrodynamic coefficients of the heaving buoy,Power Take-Off damping,and wave quantities.The accuracy of the analytical solution for the hydrodynamic coefficients is demonstrated for different oblique angles with varying numbers of terms in the series solution.The current analytical analysis findings are confirmed by existing published numerical boundary element method simulations.Several numerical results of the hydrodynamic coefficients,power capture,power take-off optimal damping,and transmission coefficients for numerous structural and physical aspects are conducted.It has been noted that the ideal power take-off damping increases as the angle of incidence rises,and the analysis suggests that the ability to capture waves is more effective in shallower waters compared to deeper ones.展开更多
Rotational computed laminography(CL)has broad application potential in three-dimensional imaging of plate-like objects because it only requires X-rays to pass through the tested object in the thickness direction durin...Rotational computed laminography(CL)has broad application potential in three-dimensional imaging of plate-like objects because it only requires X-rays to pass through the tested object in the thickness direction during the imaging process.In this study,a rectangular cross-section field-of-view rotational CL(RC-CL)is proposed for circuit board imaging.Compared to other rotational CL systems,the field of view is the largest and most suitable for rectangular circuit boards.Meanwhile,as the imaging geometry of RC-CL is significantly different from that of cone-beam CT,the Feldkamp-Davis-Kress(FDK)reconstruction algorithm cannot be used directly.However,transferring the projection data to fit into the CBCT geometry using two-dimensional interpolation introduces interpolation errors.Therefore,an FDK-type analytical reconstruction algorithm applicable to RC-CL was developed.The effectiveness of the method was validated through numerical experiments,and the influence of the tilt angle on the reconstruction results was analyzed.Finally,the RC-CL technique was applied to real defect detection research on circuit boards.展开更多
基金Supported by the Project of International Cooperation between China and U kraine(No.0 4 3- 0 5 ) and the Project ofKJCXGC- 0 1Northwest Norm al U niversityChina
文摘A new analytical method is proposed for the determination of heroin based on a sequential perturbation caused by trace amounts of heroin in the Cu(Ⅱ)-catalyzed oscillating reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sodium thiocyanate in an alkaline medium with the aid of a continuous-flow stirred tank reactor(CSTR). The method relies on the linear relationship between the change in oscillation period of the system and the concentration of heroin, with a detecting limit of 4.0×10^(-7) mol/L. The calibration curve fits a linear equation very well when the concentration of heroin is in the range of 2.0×10^(-6)_1.2×10^(-5) mol/L(r=0.9971). This method features good precision(RSD=0.98%). The influences of temperature, injection point, flow rate and reaction variables on the oscillation period were investigated in detail and a possible mechanism of the performance of heroin in the Cu(Ⅱ)-catalyzed oscillating reaction system is also discussed. The proposed method opens a new avenue for the determination of heroin.
文摘The aim of the present investigation was to develop a biosensor for the detection of amino acids, Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine based on a quartz crystal nanobalance. leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val) were selectively determined by quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) sensor in conjunction with net analyte signal (NAS)-based method called HLA/GO. An orthogonal design was applied for the formation of calibration and prediction sets including Leu, Ile and Val compounds. The selection of the optimal time range involved the calculation of the net analyte sig-nal regression plot in any considered time window for each test sample. The searching of a region with maximum linearity of NAS regression plot (minimum error indicator) and minimum of PRESS value was carried out by applying a moving window strategy. On the base of obtained results, the differences on the adsorption profiles in the time range between 1 and 300 s were used to determine mixtures of compounds by HLA/GO method. The results showed that the method was successfully applied for the determina-tion of Leu, Ile and Val.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92050203,52122511,52305319,52375582)Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program(Nos.JCYJ20200109105606426,JCYJ20190808164007485)。
文摘Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)platform,which enables trace analyte detection,has important application prospects.By structuring/modifying the surface of the SERSsubstrate,analyte in highly diluted solutions can be concentrated into localized active areas for highly sensitive detection.However,subject to the difficulty of the fabrication process,itremains challenging to balance hot-spot construction and the concentration capacity of analyte simultaneously.Therefore,preparing SERS substrates with densely ordered hot spots andefficient concentration capacity is of great significance for highly sensitive detection.Herein,we propose an Ag and fluoroalkyl-modified hierarchical armour substrate(Ag/F-HA),which has a double-layer stacking design to combine analyte concentration with hotspot construction.The microarmour structure is fabricated by femtosecond-laser processing to serve as asuperhydrophobic and low-adhesive surface to concentrate analyte,while the anodic aluminium oxide(AAO)template creates a nanopillar array serving as dense and ordered hot spots.Under the synergistic action of hot spots and analyte concentration,Ag/F-HA achieves a detectionlimit down to 10^(-7)M doxorubicin(DOX)molecules with a RSD of 7.69%.Additionally,Ag/F-HA exhibits excellent robustness to resist external disturbances such as liquid splash or abrasion.Based on our strategy,SERS substrates with directional analyte concentrations are further explored by patterning microcone arrays with defects.This work opens a way to the realistic implementation of SERS in diverse scenarios.
文摘DETECHIP is a detection system made of various sensors that has been shown to detect and discriminate between small molecules of interest, including various illicit and over-the-counter drugs. Previously, detection was normalized to a single concentration of analyte. Now this detection assay can detect concentration differences in analytes via red, green, and blue color value changes and shifts in the UV-Vis spectra of the assay. To determine the concentrations differences, the exposed assays were scanned on a flatbed scanner and the images were analyzed for individual RGB values with a custom macro in ImageJ, an image analysis program. Increasing concentrations of the analyte resulted in greater differences in color values between control and analyte wells. These differences showed a linear relationship to concentration change, some with correlation coefficients greater than 98%. This work expands the capability of DETECHIP to give information about the concentration of analyte when the analyte identity is known.
文摘A novel method for simultaneous determination of kolliphor HS15 and miglyol 812 in microemulsion formulation was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a nano quantitation analytical detector （UHPLC-NQAD）. All components in kolliphor HS15 and miglyo1812 were well separated on an Acquity BEH C18 column. Mobile phase A was 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid （TFA） in water and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. A gradient elution sequence was programed initially with 60% organic solvent, slowly increased to 100% within 8 min. The flow rate was 0.7 mL/min. Good linearity （r 〉 0.95） was obtained in the range of 27.6-1381.1 μg/mL for polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 0.8-202.0 μg/mL for caprylic acid triglyceride and 2.7-221.9μg/mL for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. The relative standard deviations （RSD） ranged from 0.6% to 1.7% for intra-day precision and from 0.4% to 2.7% for inter-day precision. The overall recoveries （accuracy） were 99.7%-101.4% for polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 96.7%-99.6% for caprylic acid triglyceride, and 94.1%- 103.3% for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. Quantification limits （QL） were determined as 27.6 μg/ mL for polyoxy115 hydroxystearate in kolliphor HS15, 0.8 μg/mL for caprylic acid triglyceride, and 2.7 μg/ mL for capric acid triglyceride in miglyol 812. No interferences were observed in the retention time ranges of kolliphor HSI5 and miglyol 812. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, QL, and robustness. The proposed method has been applied to microemulsion for- mulation analyses with good recoveries （82.2%-103.4%）.
基金support from the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(grant nos.T2225010,32171399,and 32171456)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(grant no.2023A1515011267)+1 种基金Science and Technalogy Program of Guangzhou,China(grant nos.2024B03J0121 and 2024B03J1284)the Independent Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Ma-terials and Technologies(Sun YatSen University)under grant no.
文摘Monitoring multiplexed biochemical markers is beneficial for the comprehensive evaluation of diabetes-associated complications.Techniques for multiplexed analyses in interstitial fluids have often been restricted by the difficulties of electrode materials in accurately detecting chemicals in complex subcutaneous spaces.In particular,the signal stability of enzyme-based sensing electrodes often inevitably decreases due to enzyme degradation or interference in vivo.In this study,we developed a self-calibrating multiplexed microneedle(MN)electrode array(SC-MMNEA)capable of continuous,real-time monitoring of multiple types of bioanalytes(glucose,cholesterol,uric acid,lactate,reactive oxygen species[ROSs],Na+,K+,Ca2+,and pH)in the subcutaneous space.Each type of analyte was detected by a discrete MN electrode assembled in an integrated array with single-MN resolution.Moreover,this device utilized an MN-delivery-mediated self-calibration technique to address the inherent problem of decreased accuracy of implantable electrodes caused by long-term tissue variation and enzyme degradation,and this technique might increase the reliability of the MN sensors.Our results indicated that SC-MMNEA could provide real-time monitoring of multiplexed analyte concentrations in a rat model with good accuracy,especially after self-calibration.SC-MMNEA has the advantages of in situ and minimally invasive monitoring of physiological states and the potential to promote wearable devices for long-term monitoring of chemical species in vivo.
基金support of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology,Government of India(Grant number W-49/3/2019-IPHWMeitY)is acknowledged。
文摘A wearable multiplex sweat sensing patch with low sweat volume requirement and uniform distribution is highly desirable for noninvasive,real-time monitoring of various health-related biomarkers.The patch features a multi-channel microfluidic system inspired by cnidarians.It comprises of symmetric super-hydrophilic/super-hydrophobic patterned wedge channels allowing for simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes present in sweat.It ensures a uniform sweat transport and equal volume distribution across multiple sensing zones for a more accurate and reliable electrochemical sensing.As a proof of concept,a four-channel system housing sensors for glucose,lactate,urea,and pH was tested.The innovation lies in a unique surface design and electrode configuration utilizing PDMS-TiO_(2)nanocomposite coating,integrating channels with electrodes,presenting a novel approach for accurate low-volume sweat analysis requiring a minimum of 4µL.An on-body test was conducted to demonstrate the practical application of the patch.In addition,the physics of droplet splitting was explained through simulations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770055, 31922002, 31720103901, and 31772242)the 111 Project (B18022)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (22221818014)the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (18JC1411900)the Young Scientists Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2016087) to Weishan Wangthe Shandong Taishan Scholar Program of China to Lixin Zhangthe Open Project Funding of the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
文摘Rapid and sensitive detection of various analytes is in high demand.Apart from its application in genome editing,CRISPR-Cas also shows promises in nucleic acid detection applications.To further exploit the potential of CRISPR-Cas for detection of diverse analytes,we present a versatile biosensing platform that couples the excellent affinity of aptamers for broad-range analytes with the collateral single-strand DNA cleavage activity of CRISPR-Cas12 a.We demonstrated that the biosensors developed by this platform can be used to detect protein and small molecule in human serum with a complicated background,i.e.,the tumor marker alpha fetoprotein and cocaine with the detection limits of 0.07 fmol/L and 0.34 lmol/L,respectively,highlighting the advantages of simplicity,sensitivity,short detection time,and low cost compared with the state-of-the-art biosensing approaches.Altogether,this biosensing platform with plug-and-play design show great potential in the detection of diverse analytes.
基金Under the auspices of the Funding Project of Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey(No.QCJJ2024-11)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2025-BS-0873)+1 种基金Liaoning Provincial Joint Science and Technology Program(No.2024-MSLH-507)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.23ATJ006)。
文摘Promoting urban-rural integration and facilitating the bidirectional flow of urban and rural elements are core spatial objectives in the new era of China.The urban-rural fringe represents the region with the most intense interaction between urban and rural areas,serving as a key zone for breaking down barriers and promoting urban-rural integration.Based on a systematic review of representative case studies and scholarly literature,this paper synthesizes the evolving research perspectives on the urban-rural fringe,with particular attention to how data-driven approaches that integrate official statistics,remote sensing imagery,points of interest,and mobile phone signaling data have advanced the characterization of fringe features,refined identification methods,and revealed emerging developmental trends through spatial clustering and machine learning classification.It proposes an integrated analytical framework encompassing administrative boundaries,economic metabolism,social activities,material infrastructure,and the ecological environment.The paper further examines the characteristics and emerging development trends of urban-rural fringe areas and advances a set of strategic directions to support urban-rural integration and more efficient resource allocation.These include expanding analytical dimensions,enhancing data integration,refining identification criteria,elucidating mechanisms of internal and external interactions,and strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration.Collectively,these efforts offer actionable insights for optimizing public service delivery,directing infrastructure investment in transportation and utilities,delineating ecological conservation boundaries,and implementing place-based socioeconomic revitalization strategies in the urban-rural fringe regions.
文摘Chinese Chemical Letters(CCL)(ISSN 1001-8417)was founded in July 1990.The journal publishes preliminary accounts in the whole field of chemistry,including inorganic chemistry,organic chemistry,analytical chemistry,physical chemistry,polymer chemistry,applied chemistry,etc.,satisfying a real and urgent need for the dissemination of research results,especially hot topics.The journal does not accept articles previously published or scheduled to be published.To verify originality,your article may be checked by the originality detection service Cross Check.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2024ZD1200200).
文摘Oil-fired construction machinery(OCM)is a major source of urban air pollutants and CO_(2) emissions,and elec-trification is a crucial pathway for improving air quality and achieving China’s dual carbon goals;however,its feasibility has not been fully explored.This study uses data envelopment analysis and the analytic hierarchy process to establish a development potential index,covering technical efficiency,economic cost,application sce-narios,and charging time and range,with an empirical analysis conducted in Beijing.The findings indicated the high feasibility of replacing OCM with electric alternatives,especially within the low-power range.Based on 2023 registered coding dat1,it is projected that by 2030,electrification could reduce regional average con-centrations of CO,NO_(x),PM_(2.5) and VOCs by 12.2%to 56.4%and reduce CO_(2) by 11.7%to 56.9%.Owing to economic considerations,small-and medium-sized machinery are particularly feasible for electrification.Key recommendations include prioritizing the electrification of forklifts,lifting platforms,and small-sized machinery in high-emission areas,particularly in central urban districts.Policies such as carbon taxes,carbon markets,and performance grading systems are suggested to incentivize electrification,along with expanding high-emission restriction zones and improving energy infrastructure to support widespread electrification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278272)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2024-MS-129).
文摘Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were introduced as green solvents for separation of 2-MF/MeOH through liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE)experiment.Three ILs,namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),1-propyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)])and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),were screened out from 425 candidates using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents(COSMO-RS).Then,the ternary LLE data of 2-MF(1)+MeOH(2)+ILs(3)were determined at 30℃ and 101.32 kPa.Results confirmed[EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]as the best performer,achieving a selectivity of 343.86 and a distribution coefficient of 36.66 for MeOH—significantly higher than[PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]and[BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)].The accuracy of the LLE data was verified by Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations(R^(2)>0.90).The non-random two liquid model was used to correlate the experimental data(RMSD<2%).Besides,the combination of electrostatic surfaces potential,independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition,mean square displacement and radial distribution functions revealed strong electrostatic interactions between[H_(2)PO_(4)]^(–) and MeOH.Interaction energy analysis further emphasizes the mechanism of MeOH separation from a mixture of 2-MF and MeOH by ILs.This work provides a multiscale strategy for the separation of 2-MF and MeOH azeotropes,highlighting the potential of ILs to improve biofuel purification while reducing energy and environmental costs.
文摘Ganmai Dazao Decoction,originating from“Jin Gui Yao Lue”(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),is a classical prescription for treating visceral agitation.Composed of three medicinal and edible substances-licorice(Gancao),wheat(Xiaomai),and jujube(Dazao),it functions to nourish the heart and calm the mind,harmonize the middle burner and regulate Qi,and alleviate urgency and restlessness.As its clinical application has expanded from traditional emotional disorders to neurological,endocrine,and various psychosomatic diseases,establishing a scientifically precise quality control system and deeply elucidating its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action have become critical tasks.Modern analytical methods,typified by chromatography,spectroscopy,and their hyphenated techniques,with their high sensitivity,high resolution,and powerful substance characterization capabilities,have become the core driving force for standardizing the quality control and modernizing the clinical application research of this formula.This paper systematically reviews the progress of the aforementioned analytical techniques and chemometrics in interpreting the chemical composition,establishing fingerprint profiles,controlling process quality,and researching the pharmacodynamic material basis of Ganmai Dazao Decoction.Furthermore,it discusses integrated approaches combining analytical techniques with pharmacology and clinical medicine to reveal mechanisms of action and explore therapeutic biomarkers.Finally,it provides an outlook on future directions and challenges,including technological integration and innovation,standardization of whole-process quality control systems,and evidence-based research aimed at internationalization.
文摘Operating Lithium-ion batteries at their temperature limits is a challenging design task due to explosion risk at high temperatures and rapid degradation at low temperatures.Depending on the battery package design,those risks can be solved with passive solutions,which require no active cooling or heating.Thecurrentwork aims to optimize the pack design and materials of the type-NCR18650B battery based on a wide range of operation temperature.The lower limit was denoted by cold case while the maximum limit was expressed by hot case.A combined analyticalnumerical approach was developed to model the heat generation inside the battery.A thermal resistance analysis was used to determine the boundary conditions of the numerical model.The governing differential equations for the 1-D heat generation model were solved analytically.The numerical analysis was considered to determine the best battery pack design based on material parameters,number of batteries,and geometrical arrangement.The analytical results revealedthat the cold case canbe selectedas theworst case and thebestmodel wasobtainedusing thehexagonal-shaped 10-battery pack that was covered with Delrin of 1.8 mm in thickness.The numerical results showed that the best model was the hexagonal-shaped 10-battery pack with Delrin of 2 mm in thickness that achieved the largest temperature of−20.6℃ in the cold case.
文摘In the competitive retail industry of the digital era,data-driven insights into gender-specific customer behavior are essential.They support the optimization of store performance,layout design,product placement,and targeted marketing.However,existing computer vision solutions often rely on facial recognition to gather such insights,raising significant privacy and ethical concerns.To address these issues,this paper presents a privacypreserving customer analytics system through two key strategies.First,we deploy a deep learning framework using YOLOv9s,trained on the RCA-TVGender dataset.Cameras are positioned perpendicular to observation areas to reduce facial visibility while maintaining accurate gender classification.Second,we apply AES-128 encryption to customer position data,ensuring secure access and regulatory compliance.Our system achieved overall performance,with 81.5%mAP@50,77.7%precision,and 75.7%recall.Moreover,a 90-min observational study confirmed the system’s ability to generate privacy-protected heatmaps revealing distinct behavioral patterns between male and female customers.For instance,women spent more time in certain areas and showed interest in different products.These results confirm the system’s effectiveness in enabling personalized layout and marketing strategies without compromising privacy.
文摘Latest digital advancements have intensified the necessity for adaptive,data-driven and socially-centered learning ecosystems.This paper presents the formulation of a cross-platform,innovative,gamified and personalized Learning Ecosystem,which integrates 3D/VR environments,as well as machine learning algorithms,and business intelligence frameworks to enhance learner-centered education and inferenced decision-making.This Learning System makes use of immersive,analytically assessed virtual learning spaces,therefore facilitating real-time monitoring of not just learning performance,but also overall engagement and behavioral patterns,via a comprehensive set of sustainability-oriented ESG-aligned Key Performance Indicators(KPIs).Machine learning models support predictive analysis,personalized feedback,and hybrid recommendation mechanisms,whilst dedicated dashboards translate complex educational data into actionable insights for all Use Cases of the System(Educational Institutions,Educators and Learners).Additionally,the presented Learning System introduces a structured Mentoring and Consulting Subsystem,thence reinforcing human-centered guidance alongside automated intelligence.The Platform’s modular architecture and simulation-centered evaluation approach actively support personalized,and continuously optimized learning pathways.Thence,it exemplifies a mature,adaptive Learning Ecosystem,supporting immersive technologies,analytics,and pedagogical support,hence,contributing to contemporary digital learning innovation and sociotechnical transformation in education.
文摘The increasing number of interconnected devices and the incorporation of smart technology into contemporary healthcare systems have significantly raised the attack surface of cyber threats.The early detection of threats is both necessary and complex,yet these interconnected healthcare settings generate enormous amounts of heterogeneous data.Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),which are generally centralized and machine learning-based,often fail to address the rapidly changing nature of cyberattacks and are challenged by ethical concerns related to patient data privacy.Moreover,traditional AI-driven IDS usually face challenges in handling large-scale,heterogeneous healthcare data while ensuring data privacy and operational efficiency.To address these issues,emerging technologies such as Big Data Analytics(BDA)and Federated Learning(FL)provide a hybrid framework for scalable,adaptive intrusion detection in IoT-driven healthcare systems.Big data techniques enable processing large-scale,highdimensional healthcare data,and FL can be used to train a model in a decentralized manner without transferring raw data,thereby maintaining privacy between institutions.This research proposes a privacy-preserving Federated Learning–based model that efficiently detects cyber threats in connected healthcare systems while ensuring distributed big data processing,privacy,and compliance with ethical regulations.To strengthen the reliability of the reported findings,the resultswere validated using cross-dataset testing and 95%confidence intervals derived frombootstrap analysis,confirming consistent performance across heterogeneous healthcare data distributions.This solution takes a significant step toward securing next-generation healthcare infrastructure by combining scalability,privacy,adaptability,and earlydetection capabilities.The proposed global model achieves a test accuracy of 99.93%±0.03(95%CI)and amiss-rate of only 0.07%±0.02,representing state-of-the-art performance in privacy-preserving intrusion detection.The proposed FL-driven IDS framework offers an efficient,privacy-preserving,and scalable solution for securing next-generation healthcare infrastructures by combining adaptability,early detection,and ethical data management.
文摘Defence Technology(ISSN 2214-9147(O);2096-3459(P)),sponsored by China Ordnance Society,is published monthly and aims to become one of the well-known comprehensive journals in the world,which reports on the breakthroughs in defence technology by building up an international academic exchange platform for the defence technology related research.It publishes original research papers having direct bearing on defence,with a balanced coverage on analytical,experimental,numerical simulation and applied investigations.It covers various disciplines of science,technology and engineering.
基金Open access funding provided by FCT|FCCN(b-on)the Strategic Research Plan of the Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering(CENTEC),which is financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia-FCT)under contract UIDB/UIDP/00134/2020.
文摘An analytical model of a floating heaving box integrated with a vertical flexible porous membrane placed right next to the box applications to wave energy extraction and breakwater systems is developed under the reduced wave equation.The theoretical solutions for the heave radiating potential to the assigned physical model in the corresponding zones are attained by using the separation of variables approach along with the Fourier expansion.Applying the matching eigenfunction expansion technique and orthogonal conditions,the unknown coefficients that are involved in the radiated potentials are determined.The attained radiation potential allows the computation of hydrodynamic coefficients of the heaving buoy,Power Take-Off damping,and wave quantities.The accuracy of the analytical solution for the hydrodynamic coefficients is demonstrated for different oblique angles with varying numbers of terms in the series solution.The current analytical analysis findings are confirmed by existing published numerical boundary element method simulations.Several numerical results of the hydrodynamic coefficients,power capture,power take-off optimal damping,and transmission coefficients for numerous structural and physical aspects are conducted.It has been noted that the ideal power take-off damping increases as the angle of incidence rises,and the analysis suggests that the ability to capture waves is more effective in shallower waters compared to deeper ones.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFF0607802)。
文摘Rotational computed laminography(CL)has broad application potential in three-dimensional imaging of plate-like objects because it only requires X-rays to pass through the tested object in the thickness direction during the imaging process.In this study,a rectangular cross-section field-of-view rotational CL(RC-CL)is proposed for circuit board imaging.Compared to other rotational CL systems,the field of view is the largest and most suitable for rectangular circuit boards.Meanwhile,as the imaging geometry of RC-CL is significantly different from that of cone-beam CT,the Feldkamp-Davis-Kress(FDK)reconstruction algorithm cannot be used directly.However,transferring the projection data to fit into the CBCT geometry using two-dimensional interpolation introduces interpolation errors.Therefore,an FDK-type analytical reconstruction algorithm applicable to RC-CL was developed.The effectiveness of the method was validated through numerical experiments,and the influence of the tilt angle on the reconstruction results was analyzed.Finally,the RC-CL technique was applied to real defect detection research on circuit boards.
