In this paper, we account for this subject: how to de sign a pattern, it can track the state of the equipment of some organizations su ch as enterprise, organ, laboratory, school etc. We present an analysis pattern, w...In this paper, we account for this subject: how to de sign a pattern, it can track the state of the equipment of some organizations su ch as enterprise, organ, laboratory, school etc. We present an analysis pattern, which describes the whole procedure of managing the equipment and record the us ing of the equipment. It not only can track the quantity and location of the equ ipment of the whole organization, the more important is it can update the state of the equipment at real-time automatically. First,we design the static diagram(i.e. using UML class diagram to describe the basic state of the equipment). Then we consider its dynamic aspect, i.e., how th e state of the equipment to get changed according to the time. We use UML sequen ce diagram and state diagram to respectively describe the procedure of after pur chasing, transferring and discarding as useless of the equipment. Obviously, the manager can update the quantity and location of the equipment automatic ally. We character this pattern from the following five aspects: Problem: How the enterprise, organ, laboratory and school to track the quantity and location of the equipment. Circumstance: In some organizations, especially, in the manufactory or laborator y, when the number of the quantity and type is large or the distribution of the equipment is dispersed, they want to be able to track the quantity and location of the equipment. Forces: First, it is possible to the equipment be transferred or be discarded, n o matter when and where, the organization must be able to track the factual quan tity and location.Second, the solution must describe a basic semantic unit, that is, the solution must simple enough to apply it to various of circumstance, whi ch is the base of reusing. Third, the solution must include the interpret of the factual document. Solution: This part, we start with the basic demands, first using UML class diag ram to describe the basic pattern, which is an atomic pattern. Then using UML se quence diagram and state diagram to respectively describe the procedure of after purchasing, transferring and discarding as useless of the equipment and the rel evant change of the equipment in quantity and location. Consequence: Describing the effect of the pattern and how it supports the object . The pattern falls in the class which we call it semantic analysis patterns (SA P), it is a general model, which is abstract from the practical application. The case in fact is the minimum application which we can apply it to a certain fiel d, furthermore, we can implement the more particular demands or the similar appl ication by extending.展开更多
The proliferation of textual data in society currently is overwhelming, in particular, unstructured textual data is being constantly generated via call centre logs, emails, documents on the web, blogs, tweets, custome...The proliferation of textual data in society currently is overwhelming, in particular, unstructured textual data is being constantly generated via call centre logs, emails, documents on the web, blogs, tweets, customer comments, customer reviews, etc.While the amount of textual data is increasing rapidly, users ability to summarise, understand, and make sense of such data for making better business/living decisions remains challenging. This paper studies how to analyse textual data, based on layered software patterns, for extracting insightful user intelligence from a large collection of documents and for using such information to improve user operations and performance.展开更多
Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development （Zhao, 2010）. In Arabidopsis, a number of YUCCA （YUC） genes, which are involved in auxin biosyn- thesis, have been identified （Zhao e...Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development （Zhao, 2010）. In Arabidopsis, a number of YUCCA （YUC） genes, which are involved in auxin biosyn- thesis, have been identified （Zhao et al., 2001; Woodward et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2014）. YUC genes encode flavin monooxygenases （FMOs） that convert indole-3-pyruvate （IPA） to indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） （Zhao, 2012）. The Arabidopsis YUC family is comprised of 11 members （Zhao et al., 2001;展开更多
Landscape structure is often regarded as an important factor that governs the distribution and abundance of species. Therefore it is critical to understand the landscapes and their dynamics. Patterns of landscape elem...Landscape structure is often regarded as an important factor that governs the distribution and abundance of species. Therefore it is critical to understand the landscapes and their dynamics. Patterns of landscape elements strongly influence the ecological characteristics. This study was designed to document and map the current status of the tropi-cal dry deciduous forest of the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve （TATR）, Central India, （using IRS P6 LISS IV data） and to describe its landscape structure at three levels of organization viz. landscape, class, and patch. The study area was classified into 10 land cover classes that include 6 vegetation classes. The landscape structure was analyzed using FRAG-STATS using 12 set of indices. The TATR landscapes have a total of 2,307 patches with a mean patch size of 25.67 ha and patch density of 1.7 patches per km2. Amongst all land cover classes, mixed bamboo forest is dominant-it occupied maximum area （77.99%）-while riparian forest is least represented （0.32%）. Mixed forest has maximum number of patches among all vegetation classes. Results have shown that despite being dominant in the area, mixed bamboo forest has low patch density （0.25/100 ha）. Dominance of mixed bamboo forest is attributed to large patch sizes and not to the number of patches. This study has focussed on the approach of integrating satellite forest classification and forest inven-tory data for studying forest landscape patterns.展开更多
Pattern analysis method was used to study DC breakdown characteristics of low-density polyethylene （LDPE） film and high-density polyethylene （HDPE） film, with particular attention paid to the breakdown phenomenon ...Pattern analysis method was used to study DC breakdown characteristics of low-density polyethylene （LDPE） film and high-density polyethylene （HDPE） film, with particular attention paid to the breakdown phenomenon identification. The breakdown pattern （BP） was recorded by a monocular-video-zoom microscope. The records showed that the effective area of BP was almost identical to the types of electrodes. The effective area od. The diameter was obtained by a mathematical was calculated by a mathematical integral methstatistic method. The study revealed that the DC breakdown voltage of LDPE was lower than that of HDPE. The diameter and effective area of LDPE were smaller than those of HDPE, but it is opposite for the condition of the needle-plane electrode with plane electrode grounded. As for the needle-plane electrode, the diameter and effective area with the films near the needle electrode were smaller than those near the plane electrode, and those in the middle of air gap were between them. As for the sphere-plane electrode, the diameter and effective area with the films near the plane electrode were smaller than those near the sphere electrode, and those in the middle of air gap were between them.展开更多
Understanding population structure provides basic ecological data related to species and ecosystems.Our objective was to understand the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of Quercus aquifolioides populations.Using...Understanding population structure provides basic ecological data related to species and ecosystems.Our objective was to understand the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of Quercus aquifolioides populations.Using a 1 ha permanent sample plot data for Q.aquifolioides on Sejila Mountain,Tibet Autonomous Region(Tibet),China,we analyzed the population structure of Q.aquifolioides by combining data for diameter class,static life table and survival curve.Simultaneously,the spatial distribution of Q.aquifolioides was studied using Ripley’s L Function in point pattern analysis.The results showed:(1) Individuals in Q.aquifolioides populations were mainly aggregated in the youngest age classes,that accounted for94.3% of the individuals; the older age classes had much smaller populations.Although the youngest age classes(ClassesⅠ and Ⅱ) had fewer individuals than Class Ⅲ,the total number of individuals in classes Ⅰ and Ⅱ was also greater than in classes Ⅳ to Ⅸ.In terms of tree height,fewsaplings,more medium-sized saplings and few large-sized trees were found.The diameter class structure of Q.aquifolioides populations formed an atypical ‘pyramid’type; the population was expanding,but growth was limited,tending toward a stable population.(2) Mortality of Q.aquifolioides increased continuously with age; life expectancy decreased over time,and the survivorship curve was close to a Deevey I curve.(3) The spatial distribution pattern of Q.aquifolioides varied widely across different developmental stages.Saplings and medium-sized tree showed aggregated distributions at the scales of 0–33 m and 0–29 m,respectively.The aggregation intensities of saplings and medium-sized trees at small scales were significantly stronger than that of large-sized trees.However,large-sized trees showed a random distribution at most scales.(4) No correlation was observed among saplings,medium-and large-sized trees at small scales,while a significant and negative association was observed as the scale increased.Strong competition was found among saplings,medium-and large-sized trees,while no significant association was observed between medium-and largesized trees at all scales.Biotic interactions and local ecological characteristics influenced the spatial distribution pattern of Q.aquifolioides populations most strongly.展开更多
In terms of formation mechanisms of linear dunes,there are open arguments for their widespread distribution and multi-morphological diversities.In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes of Qarhan Sal...In terms of formation mechanisms of linear dunes,there are open arguments for their widespread distribution and multi-morphological diversities.In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,we used pattern analysis method to analyze the statistical characteristics and spatial variation of their pattern parameters.Except at the west-northwest margin,the pattern parameters showed regular spatial variation from the up-middle part towards the downwind end of the dune field.Based on the cumulative probability plots for inter-crest spacing and crest length,we divided the linear dunes into three groups,which corresponding to the three evolution stages of these dunes.The first group comprises erosional relics,with shorter crests,smaller inter-crest spacing and more random dune orientation.The second group comprises dunes whose sand supply is just sufficient to maintain stability and these dunes are approaching the net erosion stage.The crest length and inter-crest spacing of these dunes are much larger than those of the first group,and dune orientation is closer to the resultant drift direction （RDD） .The last group comprises linear dunes that are still undergoing vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation,which follows the RDD of the modern wind regime.The presence of regular spatial variation of pattern parameters and a similar geometry with the vegetated linear dunes suggest that deposition and erosion coexist in the development and evolution of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,i.e.deposition predominates at the downwind end of linear dunes in the vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation stage,whereas erosion mainly occurs at the upwind end of linear dunes in the degradation stage.Therefore,the formation mechanism of linear dunes in Qarhan Salt Lake can be reasonably explained by the combination of depositional and erosional theories.展开更多
Abies georgei var.smithii is an important plant species in Southeast Tibet,China.It has high ecological value in terms of biodiversity protection,as well as soil and water conservation.We analyzed the spatial pattern ...Abies georgei var.smithii is an important plant species in Southeast Tibet,China.It has high ecological value in terms of biodiversity protection,as well as soil and water conservation.We analyzed the spatial pattern and associations of A.georgei var.smithii populations at different growth stages by using Ripley's L function for point pattern analysis.The diameter structure was a nearly reverse 'J' shape.The amount of saplings and medium-sized trees accounts for a large part of the entire population,suggesting a high regeneration rate and an expanding population.In the transition from saplings to medium trees or to large trees,saplings show a significant aggregation distribution at small scales,while medium trees and large trees show a random distribution.There are significant inverse associations between saplings and medium trees and large trees at small scales,while there are no obvious associations between medium trees and large trees.The natural regeneration was affected by interspecific competition,and it was also affected by intraspecific competition.The joint effects of biological characteristics and environmental factors contribute to the spatial distribution pattern and associations of this A.georgei var.sm ithii population.展开更多
The urban-rural integrated area in Sanshui District of Foshan City was selected for research, and the impact of landscape pattern around the No.269 provincial highway was analyzed based on the land-use data in 2014 us...The urban-rural integrated area in Sanshui District of Foshan City was selected for research, and the impact of landscape pattern around the No.269 provincial highway was analyzed based on the land-use data in 2014 using the spatial analysis in GIS and the moving window method. The results showed that:(1) within the scope of a 2 km-range buffer zone, with a low degree of heterogeneity, land for construction use and water area were the dominant land-use types, while with a high degree of fragmentation, cultivated land, wooded land, grassland, garden land, land for other farm uses, and land unused were scattered;(2) the 250-m square moving window could well detect the change characteristics of landscape pattern on both sides of the road;(3) the gradient analysis of landscape pattern in urban-rural integrated area, which was conducted with the aid of a 750-m transect on both sides of the road, indicated that there were significant differences between landscape indexes both in the urban-rural integrated area and on both sides of the road;(4) the road that had an obvious cutting and fragmentation impact on the landscape was an important factor leading to the increasing fragmentation and heterogeneity to regional landscapes.展开更多
In the current biomedical data movement, numerous efforts have been made to convert and normalize a large number of traditional structured and unstructured data (e.g., EHRs, reports) to semi-structured data (e.g., RDF...In the current biomedical data movement, numerous efforts have been made to convert and normalize a large number of traditional structured and unstructured data (e.g., EHRs, reports) to semi-structured data (e.g., RDF, OWL). With the increasing number of semi-structured data coming into the biomedical community, data integration and knowledge discovery from heterogeneous domains become important research problem. In the application level, detection of related concepts among medical ontologies is an important goal of life science research. It is more crucial to figure out how different concepts are related within a single ontology or across multiple ontologies by analysing predicates in different knowledge bases. However, the world today is one of information explosion, and it is extremely difficult for biomedical researchers to find existing or potential predicates to perform linking among cross domain concepts without any support from schema pattern analysis. Therefore, there is a need for a mechanism to do predicate oriented pattern analysis to partition heterogeneous ontologies into closer small topics and do query generation to discover cross domain knowledge from each topic. In this paper, we present such a model that predicates oriented pattern analysis based on their close relationship and generates a similarity matrix. Based on this similarity matrix, we apply an innovated unsupervised learning algorithm to partition large data sets into smaller and closer topics and generate meaningful queries to fully discover knowledge over a set of interlinked data sources. We have implemented a prototype system named BmQGen and evaluate the proposed model with colorectal surgical cohort from the Mayo Clinic.展开更多
Forest fragmentation is an integral part of global change.Understanding forest fragmentation patterns and dynamics are of great significance for maintaining ecosystem stability.There are great differences in the inter...Forest fragmentation is an integral part of global change.Understanding forest fragmentation patterns and dynamics are of great significance for maintaining ecosystem stability.There are great differences in the interference of natural and human factors on forests in different towns of mountainous cities,and the characteristics of forest fragmentation are also obviously different.Forest fragmentation has been broadly studied,yet,it remains poorly understood at the township-scale within mountainous cities.In this study,the spatial form of forest landscape and forest fragmentation modes of towns were examined in Qujing City,Yunnan Province,China for the years of 2006 and 2016,relying heavily on the morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA)and K-means clustering algorithm.Results in 2016 showed that the forest landscape morphology of Qujing could be divided into seven classes:core,perforation,islet,bridge,edge,branch and ring;with landscape areas of 41.94%,1.22%,7.04%,11.12%,23.26%,11.74%and 3.68%respectively.Compared with 2006,the changes of landscape area were 1.71%,0.02%,0.30%,1.65%,0.20%,0.19%and 0.05%respectively.The townships in Qujing varied significantly in their landscape fragmentation patterns,and these patterns were spatially dependent.Different forest landscape forms have positive spatial correlations and differences.The forest fragmentation modes of towns can be divided into four types:Low anthropogenic towns,high anthropogenic towns,complex terrain towns and gentle terrain towns.Different ways of human activities play a decisive role in forest landscape fragmentation.The expansion of construction land and agricultural land intensifies forest fragmentation;however,man-made orderly and planned ecological restoration will greatly improve the forest coverage and improve the spatial form of urban forest landscape.展开更多
The multi-voxel pattern analysis technique is applied to fMRI data for classification of high-level brain functions using pattern information distributed over multiple voxels. In this paper, we propose a classifier en...The multi-voxel pattern analysis technique is applied to fMRI data for classification of high-level brain functions using pattern information distributed over multiple voxels. In this paper, we propose a classifier ensemble for multiclass classification in fMRI analysis, exploiting the fact that specific neighboring voxels can contain spatial pattern information. The proposed method converts the multiclass classification to a pairwise classifier ensemble, and each pairwise classifier consists of multiple sub-clas- sifiers using an adaptive feature set for each class-pair. Simulated and real fMRI data were used to verify the proposed method. Intra- and inter-subject analyses were performed to compare the proposed method with several well-known classitiers, including single and ensemble classifiers. The comparison results showed that the proposed method can be generally applied to multiclass classification in both simulations and real fMRI analyses.展开更多
Serial remote sensing images offer a valuable means of tracking the evolutionary changes and growth of a specific geographical area over time.Although the original images may provide limited insights,they harbor consi...Serial remote sensing images offer a valuable means of tracking the evolutionary changes and growth of a specific geographical area over time.Although the original images may provide limited insights,they harbor considerable potential for identifying clusters and patterns.The aggregation of these serial remote sensing images(SRSI)becomes increasingly viable as distinct patterns emerge in diverse scenarios,such as suburbanization,the expansion of native flora,and agricultural activities.In a novel approach,we propose an innovative method for extracting sequential patterns by combining Ant Colony Optimization(ACD)and Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD).This integration of the newly developed EMD and ACO techniques proves remarkably effective in identifying the most significant characteristic features within serial remote sensing images,guided by specific criteria.Our findings highlight a substantial improvement in the efficiency of sequential pattern mining through the application of this unique hybrid method,seamlessly integrating EMD and ACO for feature selection.This study exposes the potential of our innovative methodology,particularly in the realms of urbanization,native vegetation expansion,and agricultural activities.展开更多
The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in ...The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in redundant content transmission and the end-point-based communication model.Information-centric networking(ICN)is a paradigm for the future Internet that can be utilized to resolve the data explosion problem.In this paper,we focus on content-centric networking(CCN),one of the key candidate ICN architectures.CCN has been studied in various network environments with the aim of relieving network and server burden,especially in name-based forwarding and in-network caching functionalities.This paper studies the effect of several caching strategies in the CCN domain from the perspective of network and server overhead.Thus,we comprehensively analyze the in-network caching performance of CCN under several popular cache replication methods(i.e.,cache placement).We evaluate the performance with respect to wellknown Internet traffic patterns that follow certain probabilistic distributions,such as the Zipf/Mandelbrot–Zipf distributions,and flashcrowds.For the experiments,we developed an OPNET-based CCN simulator with a realistic Internet-like topology.展开更多
The society is constantly developing, and the landscape garden landscape is also constantly changing. Traditional landscape gardens are being eliminated, step by step to launch the historical stage, the updated landsc...The society is constantly developing, and the landscape garden landscape is also constantly changing. Traditional landscape gardens are being eliminated, step by step to launch the historical stage, the updated landscape is gradually formed. As an important part of human society, landscape gardens must keep up with the development pace of The Times for planning and design renewal, so that landscape gardens can continue to provide services for people. However, the planning and design update of landscape architecture can not be completely separated from the history, and it needs to ensure its continuity in the history. This paper briefly discusses the steps and expression forms of landscape ecological pattern analysis, and also analyzes the application of landscape ecological pattern analysis in landscape garden planning and design in detail, hoping to provide some theoretical reference for the development of relevant practical work.展开更多
A methodology integrating correlation,regression(MLR),machine learning(ML),and pattern analysis of long-term weekly net ecosystem exchange(NEE)datasets are applied to four deciduous broadleaf forest(DBF)sites forming ...A methodology integrating correlation,regression(MLR),machine learning(ML),and pattern analysis of long-term weekly net ecosystem exchange(NEE)datasets are applied to four deciduous broadleaf forest(DBF)sites forming part of the AmeriFlux(FLUXNET2015)database.Such analysis effectively characterizes and distinguishes those DBF sites for which long-term NEE patterns can be accurately predicted using the recorded environmental variables,from those sites cannot be so delineated.Comparisons of twelve NEE prediction models(5 MLR;7 ML),using multi-fold cross-validation analysis,reveal that support vector regression generates the most accurate and reliable predictions for each site considered,based on fits involving between 16 and 24 available environmental variables.SVR can accurately predict NEE for datasets for DBF sites US-MMS and US-MOz,but fail to reliably do so for sites CA-Cbo and MX-Tes.For the latter two sites the predicted versus recorded NEE weekly data follow a Y≠X pattern and are characterized by rapid fluctuations between low and high NEE values across leaf-on seasonal periods.Variable influences on NEE,determined by their importance to MLR and ML model solutions,identify distinctive sets of the most and least influential variables for each site studied.Such information is valuable for monitoring and modelling the likely impacts of changing climate on the ability of these sites to serve as long-term carbon sinks.The periodically oscillating NEE weekly patterns distinguished for sites CA-Cbo and MX-Tes are not readily explained in terms of the currently recorded environmental variables.More detailed analysis of the biological processes at work in the forest understory and soil at these sites are recommended to determine additional suitable variables to measure that might better explain such fluctuations.展开更多
Glutathione-S-transferase(GST,EC2.5.1.18)multifunctional protease is important for detoxification,defense against biotic and abiotic stresses,and secondary metabolic material transport for plant growth and development...Glutathione-S-transferase(GST,EC2.5.1.18)multifunctional protease is important for detoxification,defense against biotic and abiotic stresses,and secondary metabolic material transport for plant growth and development.In this study,71 members of the BpGST family were identified from the entire Betula platyphylla Suk.genome.Most of the members encode proteins with amino acid lengths ranging from 101 to 875 and were localized to the cytoplasm by a prediction.BpGSTs can be divided into seven subfamilies,with a majority of birch U and F subfamily members according to gene structure,conserved motifs and evolutionary analysis.GST family genes showed collinearity with 22 genes in Oryza sativa L.,and three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana;promoter cis-acting elements predicted that the GST gene family is functional in growth,hormone regulation,and abiotic stress response.Most members of the F subfamily of GST(BpGSTFs)were expressed in roots,stems,leaves,and petioles,with the most expression observed in leaves.On the basis of the expression profiles of F subfamily genes(BpGSTF1 to BpGSTF13)during salt,mannitol and ABA stress,BpGSTF proteins seem to have multiple functions depending on the type of abiotic stress;for instance,BpGSTs may function at different times during abiotic stress.This study enhances understanding of the GST gene family and provides a basis for further exploration of their function in birch.展开更多
China is one of the countries with the longest history in the world.The protection and development of historical and cultural resources is an issue worthy of attention in the fields of economic geography and urban-rur...China is one of the countries with the longest history in the world.The protection and development of historical and cultural resources is an issue worthy of attention in the fields of economic geography and urban-rural planning at the present stage.This study takes the Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration,which is rich in historical and cultural heritage,as a specific case,analyzes the characteristics of the spatial-temporal distribution pattern of its historical and cultural resources.The results show that the distribution structure of historical and cultural element resources within the Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration presents significant regional agglomeration and combination characteristics.In response to the analysis results,the study formulates an optimization strategy for the regional development pattern supported by the protection and development of historical and cultural resources,and initially proposes a matching spatial development pattern plan and policy recommendations for coordinated development.展开更多
We discuss the evolution of object oriented software development process based on software pattern. For developing mature software framework and component, we advocate to elicit and incorporate software patterns for ...We discuss the evolution of object oriented software development process based on software pattern. For developing mature software framework and component, we advocate to elicit and incorporate software patterns for ensuing quality and reusability of software frameworks. On the analysis base of requirement specification for business application domain, we present analysis method and basic role model of software framework. We also elicit analysis pattern of framework architecture, and design basic role classes and their structure.展开更多
Camptotheca acuminata produces camptothecin(CPT),a monoterpene indole alkaloid(MIA)that is widely used in the treatment of lung,colorectal,cervical,and ovarian cancers.Its biosynthesis pathway has attracted significan...Camptotheca acuminata produces camptothecin(CPT),a monoterpene indole alkaloid(MIA)that is widely used in the treatment of lung,colorectal,cervical,and ovarian cancers.Its biosynthesis pathway has attracted significant attention,but the regulation of CPT biosynthesis by the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors(TFs)remains unclear.In this study,a systematic analysis of the AP2/ERF TFs family in C.acuminata was performed,including phylogeny,gene structure,conserved motifs,and gene expression profiles in different tissues and organs(immature bark,cotyledons,young flower,immature fruit,mature fruit,mature leaf,roots,upper stem,and lower stem)of C.acuminata.A total of 198 AP2/ERF genes were identified and divided into five relatively conserved subfamilies,including AP2(26 genes),DREB(61 genes),ERF(92 genes),RAV(18 genes),and Soloist(one gene).The combination of gene expression patterns in different C.acuminata tissues and organs,the phylogenetic tree,the co-expression analysis with biosynthetic genes,and the analysis of promoter sequences of key enzymes genes involved in CPT biosynthesis pathways revealed that eight AP2/ERF TFs in C.acuminata might be involved in CPT synthesis regulation,which exhibit relatively high expression levels in the upper stem or immature bark.Among these,four genes(Cac AP2/ERF123,Cac AP2/ERF125,Cac AP2/ERF126,and Cac AP2/ERF127)belong to the ERF–B2 subgroup;two genes(Cac AP2/ERF149 and Cac AP2/ERF152)belong to the ERF–B3 subgroup;and two more genes(Cac AP2/ERF095 and Cac AP2/ERF096)belong to the DREB–A6 subgroup.These results provide a foundation for future functional characterization of the AP2/ERF genes to enhance the biosynthesis of CPT compounds of C.acuminata.展开更多
文摘In this paper, we account for this subject: how to de sign a pattern, it can track the state of the equipment of some organizations su ch as enterprise, organ, laboratory, school etc. We present an analysis pattern, which describes the whole procedure of managing the equipment and record the us ing of the equipment. It not only can track the quantity and location of the equ ipment of the whole organization, the more important is it can update the state of the equipment at real-time automatically. First,we design the static diagram(i.e. using UML class diagram to describe the basic state of the equipment). Then we consider its dynamic aspect, i.e., how th e state of the equipment to get changed according to the time. We use UML sequen ce diagram and state diagram to respectively describe the procedure of after pur chasing, transferring and discarding as useless of the equipment. Obviously, the manager can update the quantity and location of the equipment automatic ally. We character this pattern from the following five aspects: Problem: How the enterprise, organ, laboratory and school to track the quantity and location of the equipment. Circumstance: In some organizations, especially, in the manufactory or laborator y, when the number of the quantity and type is large or the distribution of the equipment is dispersed, they want to be able to track the quantity and location of the equipment. Forces: First, it is possible to the equipment be transferred or be discarded, n o matter when and where, the organization must be able to track the factual quan tity and location.Second, the solution must describe a basic semantic unit, that is, the solution must simple enough to apply it to various of circumstance, whi ch is the base of reusing. Third, the solution must include the interpret of the factual document. Solution: This part, we start with the basic demands, first using UML class diag ram to describe the basic pattern, which is an atomic pattern. Then using UML se quence diagram and state diagram to respectively describe the procedure of after purchasing, transferring and discarding as useless of the equipment and the rel evant change of the equipment in quantity and location. Consequence: Describing the effect of the pattern and how it supports the object . The pattern falls in the class which we call it semantic analysis patterns (SA P), it is a general model, which is abstract from the practical application. The case in fact is the minimum application which we can apply it to a certain fiel d, furthermore, we can implement the more particular demands or the similar appl ication by extending.
文摘The proliferation of textual data in society currently is overwhelming, in particular, unstructured textual data is being constantly generated via call centre logs, emails, documents on the web, blogs, tweets, customer comments, customer reviews, etc.While the amount of textual data is increasing rapidly, users ability to summarise, understand, and make sense of such data for making better business/living decisions remains challenging. This paper studies how to analyse textual data, based on layered software patterns, for extracting insightful user intelligence from a large collection of documents and for using such information to improve user operations and performance.
基金financially supported by the grant from the National Plant Transgenic Program(No.2013ZX08003-003)from Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China
文摘Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development （Zhao, 2010）. In Arabidopsis, a number of YUCCA （YUC） genes, which are involved in auxin biosyn- thesis, have been identified （Zhao et al., 2001; Woodward et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2014）. YUC genes encode flavin monooxygenases （FMOs） that convert indole-3-pyruvate （IPA） to indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） （Zhao, 2012）. The Arabidopsis YUC family is comprised of 11 members （Zhao et al., 2001;
基金National Natural Resource Management System(NNRMS)and Ministry of Environment and Forests(MoEF),Government of India for funding the project"Mapping of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries"
文摘Landscape structure is often regarded as an important factor that governs the distribution and abundance of species. Therefore it is critical to understand the landscapes and their dynamics. Patterns of landscape elements strongly influence the ecological characteristics. This study was designed to document and map the current status of the tropi-cal dry deciduous forest of the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve （TATR）, Central India, （using IRS P6 LISS IV data） and to describe its landscape structure at three levels of organization viz. landscape, class, and patch. The study area was classified into 10 land cover classes that include 6 vegetation classes. The landscape structure was analyzed using FRAG-STATS using 12 set of indices. The TATR landscapes have a total of 2,307 patches with a mean patch size of 25.67 ha and patch density of 1.7 patches per km2. Amongst all land cover classes, mixed bamboo forest is dominant-it occupied maximum area （77.99%）-while riparian forest is least represented （0.32%）. Mixed forest has maximum number of patches among all vegetation classes. Results have shown that despite being dominant in the area, mixed bamboo forest has low patch density （0.25/100 ha）. Dominance of mixed bamboo forest is attributed to large patch sizes and not to the number of patches. This study has focussed on the approach of integrating satellite forest classification and forest inven-tory data for studying forest landscape patterns.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Foundation from Education Ministry of China (No. 20040056037).
文摘Pattern analysis method was used to study DC breakdown characteristics of low-density polyethylene （LDPE） film and high-density polyethylene （HDPE） film, with particular attention paid to the breakdown phenomenon identification. The breakdown pattern （BP） was recorded by a monocular-video-zoom microscope. The records showed that the effective area of BP was almost identical to the types of electrodes. The effective area od. The diameter was obtained by a mathematical was calculated by a mathematical integral methstatistic method. The study revealed that the DC breakdown voltage of LDPE was lower than that of HDPE. The diameter and effective area of LDPE were smaller than those of HDPE, but it is opposite for the condition of the needle-plane electrode with plane electrode grounded. As for the needle-plane electrode, the diameter and effective area with the films near the needle electrode were smaller than those near the plane electrode, and those in the middle of air gap were between them. As for the sphere-plane electrode, the diameter and effective area with the films near the plane electrode were smaller than those near the sphere electrode, and those in the middle of air gap were between them.
基金financially supported by the National Key Technology Support Program(Grant No.2013BAC04B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31460200)
文摘Understanding population structure provides basic ecological data related to species and ecosystems.Our objective was to understand the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of Quercus aquifolioides populations.Using a 1 ha permanent sample plot data for Q.aquifolioides on Sejila Mountain,Tibet Autonomous Region(Tibet),China,we analyzed the population structure of Q.aquifolioides by combining data for diameter class,static life table and survival curve.Simultaneously,the spatial distribution of Q.aquifolioides was studied using Ripley’s L Function in point pattern analysis.The results showed:(1) Individuals in Q.aquifolioides populations were mainly aggregated in the youngest age classes,that accounted for94.3% of the individuals; the older age classes had much smaller populations.Although the youngest age classes(ClassesⅠ and Ⅱ) had fewer individuals than Class Ⅲ,the total number of individuals in classes Ⅰ and Ⅱ was also greater than in classes Ⅳ to Ⅸ.In terms of tree height,fewsaplings,more medium-sized saplings and few large-sized trees were found.The diameter class structure of Q.aquifolioides populations formed an atypical ‘pyramid’type; the population was expanding,but growth was limited,tending toward a stable population.(2) Mortality of Q.aquifolioides increased continuously with age; life expectancy decreased over time,and the survivorship curve was close to a Deevey I curve.(3) The spatial distribution pattern of Q.aquifolioides varied widely across different developmental stages.Saplings and medium-sized tree showed aggregated distributions at the scales of 0–33 m and 0–29 m,respectively.The aggregation intensities of saplings and medium-sized trees at small scales were significantly stronger than that of large-sized trees.However,large-sized trees showed a random distribution at most scales.(4) No correlation was observed among saplings,medium-and large-sized trees at small scales,while a significant and negative association was observed as the scale increased.Strong competition was found among saplings,medium-and large-sized trees,while no significant association was observed between medium-and largesized trees at all scales.Biotic interactions and local ecological characteristics influenced the spatial distribution pattern of Q.aquifolioides populations most strongly.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB956000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171010,41371102,41301003)
文摘In terms of formation mechanisms of linear dunes,there are open arguments for their widespread distribution and multi-morphological diversities.In order to clarify the formation mechanism of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,we used pattern analysis method to analyze the statistical characteristics and spatial variation of their pattern parameters.Except at the west-northwest margin,the pattern parameters showed regular spatial variation from the up-middle part towards the downwind end of the dune field.Based on the cumulative probability plots for inter-crest spacing and crest length,we divided the linear dunes into three groups,which corresponding to the three evolution stages of these dunes.The first group comprises erosional relics,with shorter crests,smaller inter-crest spacing and more random dune orientation.The second group comprises dunes whose sand supply is just sufficient to maintain stability and these dunes are approaching the net erosion stage.The crest length and inter-crest spacing of these dunes are much larger than those of the first group,and dune orientation is closer to the resultant drift direction （RDD） .The last group comprises linear dunes that are still undergoing vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation,which follows the RDD of the modern wind regime.The presence of regular spatial variation of pattern parameters and a similar geometry with the vegetated linear dunes suggest that deposition and erosion coexist in the development and evolution of linear dunes of Qarhan Salt Lake,i.e.deposition predominates at the downwind end of linear dunes in the vertical accretion and longitudinal elongation stage,whereas erosion mainly occurs at the upwind end of linear dunes in the degradation stage.Therefore,the formation mechanism of linear dunes in Qarhan Salt Lake can be reasonably explained by the combination of depositional and erosional theories.
基金funded by the National Key Technology Support Program (2013BAC04B01)
文摘Abies georgei var.smithii is an important plant species in Southeast Tibet,China.It has high ecological value in terms of biodiversity protection,as well as soil and water conservation.We analyzed the spatial pattern and associations of A.georgei var.smithii populations at different growth stages by using Ripley's L function for point pattern analysis.The diameter structure was a nearly reverse 'J' shape.The amount of saplings and medium-sized trees accounts for a large part of the entire population,suggesting a high regeneration rate and an expanding population.In the transition from saplings to medium trees or to large trees,saplings show a significant aggregation distribution at small scales,while medium trees and large trees show a random distribution.There are significant inverse associations between saplings and medium trees and large trees at small scales,while there are no obvious associations between medium trees and large trees.The natural regeneration was affected by interspecific competition,and it was also affected by intraspecific competition.The joint effects of biological characteristics and environmental factors contribute to the spatial distribution pattern and associations of this A.georgei var.sm ithii population.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671160)
文摘The urban-rural integrated area in Sanshui District of Foshan City was selected for research, and the impact of landscape pattern around the No.269 provincial highway was analyzed based on the land-use data in 2014 using the spatial analysis in GIS and the moving window method. The results showed that:(1) within the scope of a 2 km-range buffer zone, with a low degree of heterogeneity, land for construction use and water area were the dominant land-use types, while with a high degree of fragmentation, cultivated land, wooded land, grassland, garden land, land for other farm uses, and land unused were scattered;(2) the 250-m square moving window could well detect the change characteristics of landscape pattern on both sides of the road;(3) the gradient analysis of landscape pattern in urban-rural integrated area, which was conducted with the aid of a 750-m transect on both sides of the road, indicated that there were significant differences between landscape indexes both in the urban-rural integrated area and on both sides of the road;(4) the road that had an obvious cutting and fragmentation impact on the landscape was an important factor leading to the increasing fragmentation and heterogeneity to regional landscapes.
文摘In the current biomedical data movement, numerous efforts have been made to convert and normalize a large number of traditional structured and unstructured data (e.g., EHRs, reports) to semi-structured data (e.g., RDF, OWL). With the increasing number of semi-structured data coming into the biomedical community, data integration and knowledge discovery from heterogeneous domains become important research problem. In the application level, detection of related concepts among medical ontologies is an important goal of life science research. It is more crucial to figure out how different concepts are related within a single ontology or across multiple ontologies by analysing predicates in different knowledge bases. However, the world today is one of information explosion, and it is extremely difficult for biomedical researchers to find existing or potential predicates to perform linking among cross domain concepts without any support from schema pattern analysis. Therefore, there is a need for a mechanism to do predicate oriented pattern analysis to partition heterogeneous ontologies into closer small topics and do query generation to discover cross domain knowledge from each topic. In this paper, we present such a model that predicates oriented pattern analysis based on their close relationship and generates a similarity matrix. Based on this similarity matrix, we apply an innovated unsupervised learning algorithm to partition large data sets into smaller and closer topics and generate meaningful queries to fully discover knowledge over a set of interlinked data sources. We have implemented a prototype system named BmQGen and evaluate the proposed model with colorectal surgical cohort from the Mayo Clinic.
基金The research reported in this manuscript is funded by the Joint Special Project on Agricultural Basic Research of Yunnan Province,China[Grant No.18YJAZH032]Humanities and Social Sciences Research Program of the Ministry of Education of China[Grant No.2018FG001-065]National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.31760212].
文摘Forest fragmentation is an integral part of global change.Understanding forest fragmentation patterns and dynamics are of great significance for maintaining ecosystem stability.There are great differences in the interference of natural and human factors on forests in different towns of mountainous cities,and the characteristics of forest fragmentation are also obviously different.Forest fragmentation has been broadly studied,yet,it remains poorly understood at the township-scale within mountainous cities.In this study,the spatial form of forest landscape and forest fragmentation modes of towns were examined in Qujing City,Yunnan Province,China for the years of 2006 and 2016,relying heavily on the morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA)and K-means clustering algorithm.Results in 2016 showed that the forest landscape morphology of Qujing could be divided into seven classes:core,perforation,islet,bridge,edge,branch and ring;with landscape areas of 41.94%,1.22%,7.04%,11.12%,23.26%,11.74%and 3.68%respectively.Compared with 2006,the changes of landscape area were 1.71%,0.02%,0.30%,1.65%,0.20%,0.19%and 0.05%respectively.The townships in Qujing varied significantly in their landscape fragmentation patterns,and these patterns were spatially dependent.Different forest landscape forms have positive spatial correlations and differences.The forest fragmentation modes of towns can be divided into four types:Low anthropogenic towns,high anthropogenic towns,complex terrain towns and gentle terrain towns.Different ways of human activities play a decisive role in forest landscape fragmentation.The expansion of construction land and agricultural land intensifies forest fragmentation;however,man-made orderly and planned ecological restoration will greatly improve the forest coverage and improve the spatial form of urban forest landscape.
文摘The multi-voxel pattern analysis technique is applied to fMRI data for classification of high-level brain functions using pattern information distributed over multiple voxels. In this paper, we propose a classifier ensemble for multiclass classification in fMRI analysis, exploiting the fact that specific neighboring voxels can contain spatial pattern information. The proposed method converts the multiclass classification to a pairwise classifier ensemble, and each pairwise classifier consists of multiple sub-clas- sifiers using an adaptive feature set for each class-pair. Simulated and real fMRI data were used to verify the proposed method. Intra- and inter-subject analyses were performed to compare the proposed method with several well-known classitiers, including single and ensemble classifiers. The comparison results showed that the proposed method can be generally applied to multiclass classification in both simulations and real fMRI analyses.
文摘Serial remote sensing images offer a valuable means of tracking the evolutionary changes and growth of a specific geographical area over time.Although the original images may provide limited insights,they harbor considerable potential for identifying clusters and patterns.The aggregation of these serial remote sensing images(SRSI)becomes increasingly viable as distinct patterns emerge in diverse scenarios,such as suburbanization,the expansion of native flora,and agricultural activities.In a novel approach,we propose an innovative method for extracting sequential patterns by combining Ant Colony Optimization(ACD)and Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD).This integration of the newly developed EMD and ACO techniques proves remarkably effective in identifying the most significant characteristic features within serial remote sensing images,guided by specific criteria.Our findings highlight a substantial improvement in the efficiency of sequential pattern mining through the application of this unique hybrid method,seamlessly integrating EMD and ACO for feature selection.This study exposes the potential of our innovative methodology,particularly in the realms of urbanization,native vegetation expansion,and agricultural activities.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2014R1A1A2057796)and(2015R1D1A1A01059049)
文摘The phenomenon of data explosion represents a severe challenge for the upcoming big data era.However,the current Internet architecture is insufficient for dealing with a huge amount of traffic owing to an increase in redundant content transmission and the end-point-based communication model.Information-centric networking(ICN)is a paradigm for the future Internet that can be utilized to resolve the data explosion problem.In this paper,we focus on content-centric networking(CCN),one of the key candidate ICN architectures.CCN has been studied in various network environments with the aim of relieving network and server burden,especially in name-based forwarding and in-network caching functionalities.This paper studies the effect of several caching strategies in the CCN domain from the perspective of network and server overhead.Thus,we comprehensively analyze the in-network caching performance of CCN under several popular cache replication methods(i.e.,cache placement).We evaluate the performance with respect to wellknown Internet traffic patterns that follow certain probabilistic distributions,such as the Zipf/Mandelbrot–Zipf distributions,and flashcrowds.For the experiments,we developed an OPNET-based CCN simulator with a realistic Internet-like topology.
文摘The society is constantly developing, and the landscape garden landscape is also constantly changing. Traditional landscape gardens are being eliminated, step by step to launch the historical stage, the updated landscape is gradually formed. As an important part of human society, landscape gardens must keep up with the development pace of The Times for planning and design renewal, so that landscape gardens can continue to provide services for people. However, the planning and design update of landscape architecture can not be completely separated from the history, and it needs to ensure its continuity in the history. This paper briefly discusses the steps and expression forms of landscape ecological pattern analysis, and also analyzes the application of landscape ecological pattern analysis in landscape garden planning and design in detail, hoping to provide some theoretical reference for the development of relevant practical work.
文摘A methodology integrating correlation,regression(MLR),machine learning(ML),and pattern analysis of long-term weekly net ecosystem exchange(NEE)datasets are applied to four deciduous broadleaf forest(DBF)sites forming part of the AmeriFlux(FLUXNET2015)database.Such analysis effectively characterizes and distinguishes those DBF sites for which long-term NEE patterns can be accurately predicted using the recorded environmental variables,from those sites cannot be so delineated.Comparisons of twelve NEE prediction models(5 MLR;7 ML),using multi-fold cross-validation analysis,reveal that support vector regression generates the most accurate and reliable predictions for each site considered,based on fits involving between 16 and 24 available environmental variables.SVR can accurately predict NEE for datasets for DBF sites US-MMS and US-MOz,but fail to reliably do so for sites CA-Cbo and MX-Tes.For the latter two sites the predicted versus recorded NEE weekly data follow a Y≠X pattern and are characterized by rapid fluctuations between low and high NEE values across leaf-on seasonal periods.Variable influences on NEE,determined by their importance to MLR and ML model solutions,identify distinctive sets of the most and least influential variables for each site studied.Such information is valuable for monitoring and modelling the likely impacts of changing climate on the ability of these sites to serve as long-term carbon sinks.The periodically oscillating NEE weekly patterns distinguished for sites CA-Cbo and MX-Tes are not readily explained in terms of the currently recorded environmental variables.More detailed analysis of the biological processes at work in the forest understory and soil at these sites are recommended to determine additional suitable variables to measure that might better explain such fluctuations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFD2200304)FundamentalResearch Funds for the Central Universities(2572022DQ08)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No32171738).
文摘Glutathione-S-transferase(GST,EC2.5.1.18)multifunctional protease is important for detoxification,defense against biotic and abiotic stresses,and secondary metabolic material transport for plant growth and development.In this study,71 members of the BpGST family were identified from the entire Betula platyphylla Suk.genome.Most of the members encode proteins with amino acid lengths ranging from 101 to 875 and were localized to the cytoplasm by a prediction.BpGSTs can be divided into seven subfamilies,with a majority of birch U and F subfamily members according to gene structure,conserved motifs and evolutionary analysis.GST family genes showed collinearity with 22 genes in Oryza sativa L.,and three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana;promoter cis-acting elements predicted that the GST gene family is functional in growth,hormone regulation,and abiotic stress response.Most members of the F subfamily of GST(BpGSTFs)were expressed in roots,stems,leaves,and petioles,with the most expression observed in leaves.On the basis of the expression profiles of F subfamily genes(BpGSTF1 to BpGSTF13)during salt,mannitol and ABA stress,BpGSTF proteins seem to have multiple functions depending on the type of abiotic stress;for instance,BpGSTs may function at different times during abiotic stress.This study enhances understanding of the GST gene family and provides a basis for further exploration of their function in birch.
基金Major Program of National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China(24&ZD148).
文摘China is one of the countries with the longest history in the world.The protection and development of historical and cultural resources is an issue worthy of attention in the fields of economic geography and urban-rural planning at the present stage.This study takes the Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration,which is rich in historical and cultural heritage,as a specific case,analyzes the characteristics of the spatial-temporal distribution pattern of its historical and cultural resources.The results show that the distribution structure of historical and cultural element resources within the Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration presents significant regional agglomeration and combination characteristics.In response to the analysis results,the study formulates an optimization strategy for the regional development pattern supported by the protection and development of historical and cultural resources,and initially proposes a matching spatial development pattern plan and policy recommendations for coordinated development.
基金The research has gained the stake of Middleware Software Division of Software Group of F ujitsu L imitedJapanThe Project T
文摘We discuss the evolution of object oriented software development process based on software pattern. For developing mature software framework and component, we advocate to elicit and incorporate software patterns for ensuing quality and reusability of software frameworks. On the analysis base of requirement specification for business application domain, we present analysis method and basic role model of software framework. We also elicit analysis pattern of framework architecture, and design basic role classes and their structure.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1711100)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,No.2016-I2M-3-016)。
文摘Camptotheca acuminata produces camptothecin(CPT),a monoterpene indole alkaloid(MIA)that is widely used in the treatment of lung,colorectal,cervical,and ovarian cancers.Its biosynthesis pathway has attracted significant attention,but the regulation of CPT biosynthesis by the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors(TFs)remains unclear.In this study,a systematic analysis of the AP2/ERF TFs family in C.acuminata was performed,including phylogeny,gene structure,conserved motifs,and gene expression profiles in different tissues and organs(immature bark,cotyledons,young flower,immature fruit,mature fruit,mature leaf,roots,upper stem,and lower stem)of C.acuminata.A total of 198 AP2/ERF genes were identified and divided into five relatively conserved subfamilies,including AP2(26 genes),DREB(61 genes),ERF(92 genes),RAV(18 genes),and Soloist(one gene).The combination of gene expression patterns in different C.acuminata tissues and organs,the phylogenetic tree,the co-expression analysis with biosynthetic genes,and the analysis of promoter sequences of key enzymes genes involved in CPT biosynthesis pathways revealed that eight AP2/ERF TFs in C.acuminata might be involved in CPT synthesis regulation,which exhibit relatively high expression levels in the upper stem or immature bark.Among these,four genes(Cac AP2/ERF123,Cac AP2/ERF125,Cac AP2/ERF126,and Cac AP2/ERF127)belong to the ERF–B2 subgroup;two genes(Cac AP2/ERF149 and Cac AP2/ERF152)belong to the ERF–B3 subgroup;and two more genes(Cac AP2/ERF095 and Cac AP2/ERF096)belong to the DREB–A6 subgroup.These results provide a foundation for future functional characterization of the AP2/ERF genes to enhance the biosynthesis of CPT compounds of C.acuminata.
