Lignin as the main component of black liquor is generally employed to modify aliphatic superplasticizer（AFS）. However, the modification effect is hard to evaluate correctly due to the uncertain molecular structure o...Lignin as the main component of black liquor is generally employed to modify aliphatic superplasticizer（AFS）. However, the modification effect is hard to evaluate correctly due to the uncertain molecular structure of lignin and the disturbance from the complexity of black liquor compositions. In this paper, the purified lignin via acid precipitation from straw black liquor is used to modify AFS. The modified AFS named as LAFS for short presents lower molecular mass than AFS. It is assumed that it is due to the single active site of guaiacol segments in lignin by which lignin graft modifies AFS in virtue of methylolation reaction. In order to verify this assumption, guaiacol and dihydro eugenol as the typical segments of lignin macromolecule were selected, respectively, as the simplified model compounds of lignin to modify AFS, and corresponding products are abbreviated in GAFS and DAFS. Both GAFS and DAFS show the lower molecular mass than unmodified AFS. FTIR and TG-DTG analyses prove that lignin is successfully grafted onto AFS. The graft modification of lignin results in a decrease in electrostatic epulsion, but an enhanced steric hindrance. Therefore, although the replacement rate of lignin in LAFS was about 23.3%, the dispersion performance was only slightly affected.展开更多
The effects of the structure of typical cations and anions of ionic liquids on the separation of benzene and toluene from aromatic/paraffin mixtures were studied. The .results showed that the corresponding separation ...The effects of the structure of typical cations and anions of ionic liquids on the separation of benzene and toluene from aromatic/paraffin mixtures were studied. The .results showed that the corresponding separation factors were considerably larger than those of the traditional solvents （Benzene＋Hexane＋sulfolane）, and that the ionic liquids could be used as novel solvents for the separation of aromatics from hydrocarbon mixtures. The key parameters governing the ability of ionic liquids for separating aromatics from hydrocarbon sources were investigated. It was found that the effectiveness of the ionic liquids, based on the same anion, changed in the cation order of [BIqu]^＋〈 [BPy]^＋〈 [BMIM]^＋. The selectivity of the ionic liquid toward aromatics decreased apparently with the increasing length of the substituted alkyl chain of its cationic head ring. The separation factors, based on the same cation, changed in the anion order of [Tf2N]^-〈[PF6]^-〈[BF4]^-〈[C2H5SO4]^-. The solubilities of the aromatics were greater in the ionic liquids based on the former three anions than that in the ionic liquids involving [C2H5SO4]^-.展开更多
Numerous rivers and lakes in the monsoon climate zone are heavily influenced by frequent rainstorms that mobilize dissolved organic matter(DOM)from pristine or urbanized environments into downstream lakes.Of particula...Numerous rivers and lakes in the monsoon climate zone are heavily influenced by frequent rainstorms that mobilize dissolved organic matter(DOM)from pristine or urbanized environments into downstream lakes.Of particular concern is the mobilization of DOM from anthropogenic effluents,which are commonly enriched in aliphatic compounds that can be easily degraded by microorganisms.Rapid degradation of highly biodegradable DOM,in turn,may cause significant depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water,which,by creating anoxic conditions at the bottom water-sediment interface,promotes microbial production of CO_(2) and CH4.Further investigations based on high-frequency monitoring and novel techniques such as ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and isotopic measurements,are needed to elucidate the processes and mechanisms by which pulsed aliphatic inputs impact lake carbon emissions.展开更多
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51778513)the China Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2015CB655101)
文摘Lignin as the main component of black liquor is generally employed to modify aliphatic superplasticizer（AFS）. However, the modification effect is hard to evaluate correctly due to the uncertain molecular structure of lignin and the disturbance from the complexity of black liquor compositions. In this paper, the purified lignin via acid precipitation from straw black liquor is used to modify AFS. The modified AFS named as LAFS for short presents lower molecular mass than AFS. It is assumed that it is due to the single active site of guaiacol segments in lignin by which lignin graft modifies AFS in virtue of methylolation reaction. In order to verify this assumption, guaiacol and dihydro eugenol as the typical segments of lignin macromolecule were selected, respectively, as the simplified model compounds of lignin to modify AFS, and corresponding products are abbreviated in GAFS and DAFS. Both GAFS and DAFS show the lower molecular mass than unmodified AFS. FTIR and TG-DTG analyses prove that lignin is successfully grafted onto AFS. The graft modification of lignin results in a decrease in electrostatic epulsion, but an enhanced steric hindrance. Therefore, although the replacement rate of lignin in LAFS was about 23.3%, the dispersion performance was only slightly affected.
基金The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20276037)the CNPC Innovation Foundation(03E7016)for financial support.
文摘The effects of the structure of typical cations and anions of ionic liquids on the separation of benzene and toluene from aromatic/paraffin mixtures were studied. The .results showed that the corresponding separation factors were considerably larger than those of the traditional solvents （Benzene＋Hexane＋sulfolane）, and that the ionic liquids could be used as novel solvents for the separation of aromatics from hydrocarbon mixtures. The key parameters governing the ability of ionic liquids for separating aromatics from hydrocarbon sources were investigated. It was found that the effectiveness of the ionic liquids, based on the same anion, changed in the cation order of [BIqu]^＋〈 [BPy]^＋〈 [BMIM]^＋. The selectivity of the ionic liquid toward aromatics decreased apparently with the increasing length of the substituted alkyl chain of its cationic head ring. The separation factors, based on the same cation, changed in the anion order of [Tf2N]^-〈[PF6]^-〈[BF4]^-〈[C2H5SO4]^-. The solubilities of the aromatics were greater in the ionic liquids based on the former three anions than that in the ionic liquids involving [C2H5SO4]^-.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42322104,42471123,and 42207447)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2021312)+3 种基金the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(BK20220162)the Ecological Environment Research Project of Jiangsu Province of China(2023003)supported by the TÜBITAK program BIDEB2232(project 118C250)G.A.W.received financial support from the Swedish Research Council(VR grant 2020-03222 and Formas grant 2020-01091).
文摘Numerous rivers and lakes in the monsoon climate zone are heavily influenced by frequent rainstorms that mobilize dissolved organic matter(DOM)from pristine or urbanized environments into downstream lakes.Of particular concern is the mobilization of DOM from anthropogenic effluents,which are commonly enriched in aliphatic compounds that can be easily degraded by microorganisms.Rapid degradation of highly biodegradable DOM,in turn,may cause significant depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water,which,by creating anoxic conditions at the bottom water-sediment interface,promotes microbial production of CO_(2) and CH4.Further investigations based on high-frequency monitoring and novel techniques such as ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and isotopic measurements,are needed to elucidate the processes and mechanisms by which pulsed aliphatic inputs impact lake carbon emissions.
