With the rapid advancement of medical artificial intelligence(AI)technology,particularly the widespread adoption of AI diagnostic systems,ethical challenges in medical decision-making have garnered increasing attentio...With the rapid advancement of medical artificial intelligence(AI)technology,particularly the widespread adoption of AI diagnostic systems,ethical challenges in medical decision-making have garnered increasing attention.This paper analyzes the limitations of algorithmic ethics in medical decision-making and explores accountability mechanisms,aiming to provide theoretical support for ethically informed medical practices.The study highlights how the opacity of AI algorithms complicates the definition of decision-making responsibility,undermines doctor-patient trust,and affects informed consent.By thoroughly investigating issues such as the algorithmic“black box”problem and data privacy protection,we develop accountability assessment models to address ethical concerns related to medical resource allocation.Furthermore,this research examines the effective implementation of AI diagnostic systems through case studies of both successful and unsuccessful applications,extracting lessons on accountability mechanisms and response strategies.Finally,we emphasize that establishing a transparent accountability framework is crucial for enhancing the ethical standards of medical AI systems and protecting patients’rights and interests.展开更多
Combining the heuristic algorithm （HA） developed based on the specific knowledge of the cooperative multiple target attack （CMTA） tactics and the particle swarm optimization （PSO）, a heuristic particle swarm opt...Combining the heuristic algorithm （HA） developed based on the specific knowledge of the cooperative multiple target attack （CMTA） tactics and the particle swarm optimization （PSO）, a heuristic particle swarm optimization （HPSO） algorithm is proposed to solve the decision-making （DM） problem. HA facilitates to search the local optimum in the neighborhood of a solution, while the PSO algorithm tends to explore the search space for possible solutions. Combining the advantages of HA and PSO, HPSO algorithms can find out the global optimum quickly and efficiently. It obtains the DM solution by seeking for the optimal assignment of missiles of friendly fighter aircrafts （FAs） to hostile FAs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the general PSO algorithm and two GA based algorithms in searching for the best solution to the DM problem.展开更多
This paper is to explore the problems of intelligent connected vehicles(ICVs)autonomous driving decision-making under a 5G-V2X structured road environment.Through literature review and interviews with autonomous drivi...This paper is to explore the problems of intelligent connected vehicles(ICVs)autonomous driving decision-making under a 5G-V2X structured road environment.Through literature review and interviews with autonomous driving practitioners,this paper firstly puts forward a logical framework for designing a cerebrum-like autonomous driving system.Secondly,situated on this framework,it builds a hierarchical finite state machine(HFSM)model as well as a TOPSIS-GRA algorithm for making ICV autonomous driving decisions by employing a data fusion approach between the entropy weight method(EWM)and analytic hierarchy process method(AHP)and by employing a model fusion approach between the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)and grey relational analysis(GRA).The HFSM model is composed of two layers:the global FSM model and the local FSM model.The decision of the former acts as partial input information of the latter and the result of the latter is sent forward to the local pathplanning module,meanwhile pulsating feedback to the former as real-time refresh data.To identify different traffic scenarios in a cerebrum-like way,the global FSM model is designed as 7 driving behavior states and 17 driving characteristic events,and the local FSM model is designed as 16 states and 8 characteristic events.In respect to designing a cerebrum-like algorithm for state transition,this paper firstly fuses AHP weight and EWM weight at their output layer to generate a synthetic weight coefficient for each characteristic event;then,it further fuses TOPSIS method and GRA method at the model building layer to obtain the implementable order of state transition.To verify the feasibility,reliability,and safety of theHFSMmodel aswell as its TOPSISGRA state transition algorithm,this paper elaborates on a series of simulative experiments conducted on the PreScan8.50 platform.The results display that the accuracy of obstacle detection gets 98%,lane line prediction is beyond 70 m,the speed of collision avoidance is higher than 45 km/h,the distance of collision avoidance is less than 5 m,path planning time for obstacle avoidance is averagely less than 50 ms,and brake deceleration is controlled under 6 m/s2.These technical indexes support that the driving states set and characteristic events set for the HFSM model as well as its TOPSIS-GRA algorithm may bring about cerebrum-like decision-making effectiveness for ICV autonomous driving under 5G-V2X intelligent road infrastructure.展开更多
Background:Jay Haley’s contributions to bioethics introduced a systemic and interventionist perspective on clinical responsibility,autonomy,and ethical governance.His directive therapeutic methods redefined clinical ...Background:Jay Haley’s contributions to bioethics introduced a systemic and interventionist perspective on clinical responsibility,autonomy,and ethical governance.His directive therapeutic methods redefined clinical practice as a domain of ethical action,emphasizing relational accountability and structured decision-making at the core of medical and psychotherapeutic ethics.Haley challenged dominant models of patient autonomy and informed consent by highlighting the clinician’s active role in guiding ethical outcomes within complex relational systems.He positioned therapeutic influence within broader debates on medical authority and ethical boundaries.By integrating medical hypnosis and family systems therapy,Haley’s work bridges clinical practice and bioethical principles,reshaping the ethics principles of psychotherapy.Methods:This medical history study employs a historiographical approach,analyzing over one hundred primary and secondary sources including Haley’s published works,archival audiovisual materials,and contemporaneous policy documents.Systematic source classification,triangulation with independent evaluations,and explicit disclosure of author positionality ensure methodological rigor.Interpretive source analysis and intellectual history frameworks enable a thorough reconstruction of Haley’s bioethical contributions within broader historical and philosophical contexts,with particular attention to the philosophical assumptions underlying his strategic interventions.Results:New findings identifies six interrelated domains in Haley’s ethical approach that emphasize core bioethical principles:autonomy,beneficence,nonmaleficence,justice,and accountability.Haley’s methods demonstrate brief,goal-directed,and ethically accountable interventions aligned with principlism,virtue ethics,and communitarian ethics.Key findings include critiques of psychoanalytic neutrality,the use of metaphor and hypnosis to support informed client engagement without coercion,and integration of systemic factors into ethical decision-making.These insights extend knowledge by showing how Haley’s work advanced ethical standards influencing contemporary clinical governance frameworks such as the AAMFT Code of Ethics.Conclusion:By cataloguing Haley’s corpus and mapping his bioethical emphases across domains,this study extends existing knowledge,positioning Haley as a foundational bioethical theorist in systemic therapy.His work reframes therapy as a relational and ethically governed intervention,offering enduring insights for clinical governance,professional ethics,and therapeutic practice.These findings enrich the historiography of medical ethics by positioning Haley as a foundational bioethical theorist whose work continues to inform therapeutic practice and ethical deliberation.展开更多
Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their lives,such as unmanned vehicles,service robots,voice assistants,and intelligent medical care.If the artificial agents cannot align with social values...Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their lives,such as unmanned vehicles,service robots,voice assistants,and intelligent medical care.If the artificial agents cannot align with social values or make ethical decisions,they may not meet the expectations of humans.Traditionally,an ethical decision-making framework is constructed by rule-based or statistical approaches.In this paper,we propose an ethical decision-making framework based on incremental ILP(Inductive Logic Programming),which can overcome the brittleness of rule-based approaches and little interpretability of statistical approaches.As the current incremental ILP makes it difficult to solve conflicts,we propose a novel ethical decision-making framework considering conflicts in this paper,which adopts our proposed incremental ILP system.The framework consists of two processes:the learning process and the deduction process.The first process records bottom clauses with their score functions and learns rules guided by the entailment and the score function.The second process obtains an ethical decision based on the rules.In an ethical scenario about chatbots for teenagers’mental health,we verify that our framework can learn ethical rules and make ethical decisions.Besides,we extract incremental ILP from the framework and compare it with the state-of-the-art ILP systems based on ASP(Answer Set Programming)focusing on conflict resolution.The results of comparisons show that our proposed system can generate better-quality rules than most other systems.展开更多
Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for pat...Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.展开更多
Data mining techniques offer great opportunities for developing ethics lines whose main aim is to ensure improvements and compliance with the values, conduct and commitments making up the code of ethics. The aim of th...Data mining techniques offer great opportunities for developing ethics lines whose main aim is to ensure improvements and compliance with the values, conduct and commitments making up the code of ethics. The aim of this study is to suggest a process for exploiting the data generated by the data generated and collected from an ethics line by extracting rules of association and applying the Apriori algorithm. This makes it possible to identify anomalies and behaviour patterns requiring action to review, correct, promote or expand them, as appropriate.展开更多
In the developmental dilemma of artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted judicial decision-making,the technical architecture of AI determines its inherent lack of transparency and interpretability,which is challenging to ...In the developmental dilemma of artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted judicial decision-making,the technical architecture of AI determines its inherent lack of transparency and interpretability,which is challenging to fundamentally improve.This can be considered a true challenge in the realm of AI-assisted judicial decision-making.By examining the court’s acceptance,integration,and trade-offs of AI technology embedded in the judicial field,the exploration of potential conflicts,interactions,and even mutual shaping between the two will not only reshape their conceptual connotations and intellectual boundaries but also strengthen the cognition and re-interpretation of the basic principles and core values of the judicial trial system.展开更多
Aiming at the intervention decision-making problem in manned/unmanned aerial vehicle（MAV/UAV） cooperative engagement, this paper carries out a research on allocation strategy of emergency discretion based on human f...Aiming at the intervention decision-making problem in manned/unmanned aerial vehicle（MAV/UAV） cooperative engagement, this paper carries out a research on allocation strategy of emergency discretion based on human factors engineering（HFE）.Firstly, based on the brief review of research status of HFE, it gives structural description to emergency in the process of cooperative engagement and analyzes intervention of commanders. After that,constraint conditions of intervention decision-making of commanders based on HFE（IDMCBHFE） are given, and the mathematical model, which takes the overall efficiency value of handling emergencies as the objective function, is established. Then, through combining K-best and variable neighborhood search（VNS） algorithm, a K-best optimization variable neighborhood search mixed algorithm（KBOVNSMA） is designed to solve the model. Finally,through three groups of simulation experiments, effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified.展开更多
Spherical fuzzy soft expert set(SFSES)theory blends the perks of spherical fuzzy sets and group decision-making into a unified approach.It allows solutions to highly complicated uncertainties and ambiguities under the...Spherical fuzzy soft expert set(SFSES)theory blends the perks of spherical fuzzy sets and group decision-making into a unified approach.It allows solutions to highly complicated uncertainties and ambiguities under the unbiased supervision and group decision-making of multiple experts.However,SFSES theory has some deficiencies such as the inability to interpret and portray the bipolarity of decision-parameters.This work highlights and overcomes these limitations by introducing the novel spherical fuzzy bipolar soft expert sets(SFBSESs)as a powerful hybridization of spherical fuzzy set theory with bipolar soft expert sets(BSESs).Followed by the development of certain set-theoretic operations and properties of the proposed model,important problems,including the selection of non-powered dam(NPD)sites for hydropower conversion are discussed and solved under the proposed approach.These problems mainly focus on the need for an efficient tool capable of considering the bipolarity of parameters,complicated ambiguities,and multiple opinions.Supporting the new approach by a detailed comparative analysis,it is concluded that the proposed model is more comprehensive and reliable for multi-attribute group decisionmaking(MAGDM)than the previous tools,particularly considering the bipolarity of parameters under SFSES environment.展开更多
According to the size of the projector function to evaluate the merits of the program, Projection Pursuit method is applied to real estate investment decision-making by using the real coding based on Accelerating Gene...According to the size of the projector function to evaluate the merits of the program, Projection Pursuit method is applied to real estate investment decision-making by using the real coding based on Accelerating Genetic Algorithm (RAGA) to optimize the Projection Pursuit Classification (PPC) process and a wide range of indicators value was projected linearly. The results are reasonable and verified with an example. At the same time, the subjective of the target weight can be avoided. It provides decision-makers with comprehensive information on all the indicators of new ideas and new展开更多
Preoperative assessment of the liver volume and function of the remnant liver is a mandatory prerequisite before performing major hepatectomy. The aim of this work is to develop and test a software application for eva...Preoperative assessment of the liver volume and function of the remnant liver is a mandatory prerequisite before performing major hepatectomy. The aim of this work is to develop and test a software application for evaluation of the residual function of the liver prior to the intervention of the surgeons. For this purpose, a complete software platform consisting of three basic modules: liver volume segmentation, visualization, and virtual cutting, was developed and tested. Liver volume segmentation is based on a patient examination with non-contrast abdominal Computed Tomography (CT). The basis of the segmentation is a multiple seeded region growing algorithm adapted for use with CT images without contrast-enhancement. Virtual tumor resection is performed interactively by outlining the liver region on the CT images. The software application then processes the results to produce a three-dimensional (3D) image of the “resected” region. Finally, 3D rendering module provides possibility for easy and fast interpretation of the segmentation results. The visual outputs are accompanied with quantitative measures that further provide estimation of the residual liver function and based on them the surgeons could make a better decision. The developed system was tested and verified with twenty abdominal CT patient sets consisting of different numbers of tomographic images. Volumes, obtained by manual tracing of two surgeon experts, showed a mean relative difference of 4.5%. The application was used in a study that demonstrates the need and the added value of such a tool in practice and in education.展开更多
The technological breakthroughs in generative artificial intelligence,represented by ChatGPT,have brought about significant social changes as well as new problems and challenges.Generative artificial intelligence has ...The technological breakthroughs in generative artificial intelligence,represented by ChatGPT,have brought about significant social changes as well as new problems and challenges.Generative artificial intelligence has inherent flaws such as language imbalance,algorithmic black box,and algorithmic bias,and at the same time,it has external risks such as algorithmic comfort zone,data pollution,algorithmic infringement,and inaccurate output.These problems lead to the difficulty in legislation for the governance of generative artificial intelligence.Taking the data contamination incident in Google Translate as an example,this article proposes that in the process of constructing machine translation ethics,the responsibility mechanism of generative artificial intelligence should be constructed around three elements:data processing,algorithmic optimisation,and ethical alignment.展开更多
Formation and scheduling are the most important decisions in the virtual modular manufacturing system;however,the global performance optimization of the system may be sacrificed via the superposition of two independen...Formation and scheduling are the most important decisions in the virtual modular manufacturing system;however,the global performance optimization of the system may be sacrificed via the superposition of two independent decision-making results.The joint decision of formation and scheduling is very important for system design.Complex and discrete manufacturing enterprises such as shipbuilding and aerospace often comprise multiple tasks,processes,and parallel machines,resulting in complex routes.The queuing time of parts in front of machines may account for 90%of the production cycle time.This study established a weighted allocation model of a formation-scheduling joint decision problem considering queuing time in system.To solve this nondeterministic polynomial(NP)problem,an adaptive differential evolution-simulated annealing(ADE-SA)algorithm is proposed.Compared with the standard differential evolution(DE)algorithm,the adaptive mutation factor overcomes the disadvantage that the scale of DE’s differential vector is difficult to control.The selection strategy of the SA algorithm compensates for the deficiency that DE’s greedy strategy may fall into a local optimal solution.The comparison results of four algorithms of a series of random examples demonstrate that the overall performance of ADE-SA is superior to the genetic algorithm,and average iteration,maximum completion time,and move time are 24%,11%,and 7%lower than the average of other three algorithms,respectively.The method can generate the joint decision-making scheme with better overall performance,and effectively identify production bottlenecks through quantitative analysis of queuing time.展开更多
This paper examines the impact of algorithmic recommendations and data-driven marketing on consumer engagement and business performance.By leveraging large volumes of user data,businesses can deliver personalized cont...This paper examines the impact of algorithmic recommendations and data-driven marketing on consumer engagement and business performance.By leveraging large volumes of user data,businesses can deliver personalized content that enhances user experiences and increases conversion rates.However,the growing reliance on these technologies introduces significant risks,including privacy violations,algorithmic bias,and ethical concerns.This paper explores these challenges and provides recommendations for businesses to mitigate associated risks while optimizing marketing strategies.It highlights the importance of transparency,fairness,and user control in ensuring responsible and effective data-driven marketing.展开更多
Wind energy has emerged as a potential replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.To harness maximum wind energy,a crucial decision in the development of an efficient wind farm is the optimal layout design.This ...Wind energy has emerged as a potential replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.To harness maximum wind energy,a crucial decision in the development of an efficient wind farm is the optimal layout design.This layout defines the specific locations of the turbines within the wind farm.The process of finding the optimal locations of turbines,in the presence of various technical and technological constraints,makes the wind farm layout design problem a complex optimization problem.This problem has traditionally been solved with nature-inspired algorithms with promising results.The performance and convergence of nature-inspired algorithms depend on several parameters,among which the algorithm termination criterion plays a crucial role.Timely convergence is an important aspect of efficient algorithm design because an inefficient algorithm results in wasted computational resources,unwarranted electricity consumption,and hardware stress.This study provides an in-depth analysis of several termination criteria while using the genetic algorithm as a test bench,with its application to the wind farm layout design problem while considering various wind scenarios.The performance of six termination criteria is empirically evaluated with respect to the quality of solutions produced and the execution time involved.Due to the conflicting nature of these two attributes,fuzzy logic-based multi-attribute decision-making is employed in the decision process.Results for the fuzzy decision approach indicate that among the various criteria tested,the criterion Phi achieves an improvement in the range of 2.44%to 32.93%for wind scenario 1.For scenario 2,Best-worst termination criterion performed well compared to the other criteria evaluated,with an improvement in the range of 1.2%to 9.64%.For scenario 3,Hitting bound was the best performer with an improvement of 1.16%to 20.93%.展开更多
文摘With the rapid advancement of medical artificial intelligence(AI)technology,particularly the widespread adoption of AI diagnostic systems,ethical challenges in medical decision-making have garnered increasing attention.This paper analyzes the limitations of algorithmic ethics in medical decision-making and explores accountability mechanisms,aiming to provide theoretical support for ethically informed medical practices.The study highlights how the opacity of AI algorithms complicates the definition of decision-making responsibility,undermines doctor-patient trust,and affects informed consent.By thoroughly investigating issues such as the algorithmic“black box”problem and data privacy protection,we develop accountability assessment models to address ethical concerns related to medical resource allocation.Furthermore,this research examines the effective implementation of AI diagnostic systems through case studies of both successful and unsuccessful applications,extracting lessons on accountability mechanisms and response strategies.Finally,we emphasize that establishing a transparent accountability framework is crucial for enhancing the ethical standards of medical AI systems and protecting patients’rights and interests.
文摘Combining the heuristic algorithm （HA） developed based on the specific knowledge of the cooperative multiple target attack （CMTA） tactics and the particle swarm optimization （PSO）, a heuristic particle swarm optimization （HPSO） algorithm is proposed to solve the decision-making （DM） problem. HA facilitates to search the local optimum in the neighborhood of a solution, while the PSO algorithm tends to explore the search space for possible solutions. Combining the advantages of HA and PSO, HPSO algorithms can find out the global optimum quickly and efficiently. It obtains the DM solution by seeking for the optimal assignment of missiles of friendly fighter aircrafts （FAs） to hostile FAs. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the general PSO algorithm and two GA based algorithms in searching for the best solution to the DM problem.
基金funded by Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (No.cstc2021jsyj-yzysbAX0008)Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (No.P2021JG13)2021 Humanities and Social Sciences Program of Chongqing Education Commission (No.21SKGH227).
文摘This paper is to explore the problems of intelligent connected vehicles(ICVs)autonomous driving decision-making under a 5G-V2X structured road environment.Through literature review and interviews with autonomous driving practitioners,this paper firstly puts forward a logical framework for designing a cerebrum-like autonomous driving system.Secondly,situated on this framework,it builds a hierarchical finite state machine(HFSM)model as well as a TOPSIS-GRA algorithm for making ICV autonomous driving decisions by employing a data fusion approach between the entropy weight method(EWM)and analytic hierarchy process method(AHP)and by employing a model fusion approach between the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)and grey relational analysis(GRA).The HFSM model is composed of two layers:the global FSM model and the local FSM model.The decision of the former acts as partial input information of the latter and the result of the latter is sent forward to the local pathplanning module,meanwhile pulsating feedback to the former as real-time refresh data.To identify different traffic scenarios in a cerebrum-like way,the global FSM model is designed as 7 driving behavior states and 17 driving characteristic events,and the local FSM model is designed as 16 states and 8 characteristic events.In respect to designing a cerebrum-like algorithm for state transition,this paper firstly fuses AHP weight and EWM weight at their output layer to generate a synthetic weight coefficient for each characteristic event;then,it further fuses TOPSIS method and GRA method at the model building layer to obtain the implementable order of state transition.To verify the feasibility,reliability,and safety of theHFSMmodel aswell as its TOPSISGRA state transition algorithm,this paper elaborates on a series of simulative experiments conducted on the PreScan8.50 platform.The results display that the accuracy of obstacle detection gets 98%,lane line prediction is beyond 70 m,the speed of collision avoidance is higher than 45 km/h,the distance of collision avoidance is less than 5 m,path planning time for obstacle avoidance is averagely less than 50 ms,and brake deceleration is controlled under 6 m/s2.These technical indexes support that the driving states set and characteristic events set for the HFSM model as well as its TOPSIS-GRA algorithm may bring about cerebrum-like decision-making effectiveness for ICV autonomous driving under 5G-V2X intelligent road infrastructure.
文摘Background:Jay Haley’s contributions to bioethics introduced a systemic and interventionist perspective on clinical responsibility,autonomy,and ethical governance.His directive therapeutic methods redefined clinical practice as a domain of ethical action,emphasizing relational accountability and structured decision-making at the core of medical and psychotherapeutic ethics.Haley challenged dominant models of patient autonomy and informed consent by highlighting the clinician’s active role in guiding ethical outcomes within complex relational systems.He positioned therapeutic influence within broader debates on medical authority and ethical boundaries.By integrating medical hypnosis and family systems therapy,Haley’s work bridges clinical practice and bioethical principles,reshaping the ethics principles of psychotherapy.Methods:This medical history study employs a historiographical approach,analyzing over one hundred primary and secondary sources including Haley’s published works,archival audiovisual materials,and contemporaneous policy documents.Systematic source classification,triangulation with independent evaluations,and explicit disclosure of author positionality ensure methodological rigor.Interpretive source analysis and intellectual history frameworks enable a thorough reconstruction of Haley’s bioethical contributions within broader historical and philosophical contexts,with particular attention to the philosophical assumptions underlying his strategic interventions.Results:New findings identifies six interrelated domains in Haley’s ethical approach that emphasize core bioethical principles:autonomy,beneficence,nonmaleficence,justice,and accountability.Haley’s methods demonstrate brief,goal-directed,and ethically accountable interventions aligned with principlism,virtue ethics,and communitarian ethics.Key findings include critiques of psychoanalytic neutrality,the use of metaphor and hypnosis to support informed client engagement without coercion,and integration of systemic factors into ethical decision-making.These insights extend knowledge by showing how Haley’s work advanced ethical standards influencing contemporary clinical governance frameworks such as the AAMFT Code of Ethics.Conclusion:By cataloguing Haley’s corpus and mapping his bioethical emphases across domains,this study extends existing knowledge,positioning Haley as a foundational bioethical theorist in systemic therapy.His work reframes therapy as a relational and ethically governed intervention,offering enduring insights for clinical governance,professional ethics,and therapeutic practice.These findings enrich the historiography of medical ethics by positioning Haley as a foundational bioethical theorist whose work continues to inform therapeutic practice and ethical deliberation.
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Nos.U22A2099,61966009,62006057the Graduate Innovation Program No.YCSW2022286.
文摘Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their lives,such as unmanned vehicles,service robots,voice assistants,and intelligent medical care.If the artificial agents cannot align with social values or make ethical decisions,they may not meet the expectations of humans.Traditionally,an ethical decision-making framework is constructed by rule-based or statistical approaches.In this paper,we propose an ethical decision-making framework based on incremental ILP(Inductive Logic Programming),which can overcome the brittleness of rule-based approaches and little interpretability of statistical approaches.As the current incremental ILP makes it difficult to solve conflicts,we propose a novel ethical decision-making framework considering conflicts in this paper,which adopts our proposed incremental ILP system.The framework consists of two processes:the learning process and the deduction process.The first process records bottom clauses with their score functions and learns rules guided by the entailment and the score function.The second process obtains an ethical decision based on the rules.In an ethical scenario about chatbots for teenagers’mental health,we verify that our framework can learn ethical rules and make ethical decisions.Besides,we extract incremental ILP from the framework and compare it with the state-of-the-art ILP systems based on ASP(Answer Set Programming)focusing on conflict resolution.The results of comparisons show that our proposed system can generate better-quality rules than most other systems.
文摘Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate and promote the skill of critical emancipatory reflection through reflecting on a nursing practice-based ethical issue about nurses' paternalistic decision-making for patients. Meanwhile, critical awareness will be developed and the underlying issues of paternalism in nursing decision-making will be analyzed. Then, by applying the procedure, improvement in nursing decision-making practice will be expected.Methods: Taylor's model of emancipatory reflection with four steps, including construction, deconstruction, confrontation, and reconstruction, is utilized to guide the author's reflection.Results: Guided by the socialization theory, the author's personal and professional socialization is seen to be associated with the formation of the value of paternalism. The theory of reflexivity is applied to unearth the related issues, including deeper personal value,work environment, as well as historical and cultural contexts. Moreover, the power derived from policy, work relationship, and nursing administration, which could induce paternalism in the author's nursing decision-making practice, was critically debated using the hegemony theory. Finally, new insights into paternalism will be achieved, which enable change in terms of how to facilitate patients' autonomous decision-making.Conclusions: The process of refection makes it clear that respecting patients' right and performing patient-centered caring are the bases to change the paternalism existing in the nursing decision-making practice currently. The reconstruction step assists the author in terms of how to value the patients' autonomy and balance patients' safety and choice, rather than being overprotective; carry out risk assessment, and search for strong evidence to counterbalance the positive and negative aspects of risk-taking; communicate with patients appropriately in a manner that they can comprehend; spend more time to explore patients' preference and choice; make every effort to elevate the patients' decision-making capacity; implement patient-centered care and shared decision-making in nursing practice; consult with other colleagues and obtain the required support when limitations or challenges exist; try to justify and avoid hidden paternalism behind policy or guidelines; deal with the power in hand well and fairly; and also positively face the powers that constrain the author.
文摘Data mining techniques offer great opportunities for developing ethics lines whose main aim is to ensure improvements and compliance with the values, conduct and commitments making up the code of ethics. The aim of this study is to suggest a process for exploiting the data generated by the data generated and collected from an ethics line by extracting rules of association and applying the Apriori algorithm. This makes it possible to identify anomalies and behaviour patterns requiring action to review, correct, promote or expand them, as appropriate.
文摘In the developmental dilemma of artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted judicial decision-making,the technical architecture of AI determines its inherent lack of transparency and interpretability,which is challenging to fundamentally improve.This can be considered a true challenge in the realm of AI-assisted judicial decision-making.By examining the court’s acceptance,integration,and trade-offs of AI technology embedded in the judicial field,the exploration of potential conflicts,interactions,and even mutual shaping between the two will not only reshape their conceptual connotations and intellectual boundaries but also strengthen the cognition and re-interpretation of the basic principles and core values of the judicial trial system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61573017)the Doctoral Foundation of Air Force Engineering University(KGD08101604)
文摘Aiming at the intervention decision-making problem in manned/unmanned aerial vehicle（MAV/UAV） cooperative engagement, this paper carries out a research on allocation strategy of emergency discretion based on human factors engineering（HFE）.Firstly, based on the brief review of research status of HFE, it gives structural description to emergency in the process of cooperative engagement and analyzes intervention of commanders. After that,constraint conditions of intervention decision-making of commanders based on HFE（IDMCBHFE） are given, and the mathematical model, which takes the overall efficiency value of handling emergencies as the objective function, is established. Then, through combining K-best and variable neighborhood search（VNS） algorithm, a K-best optimization variable neighborhood search mixed algorithm（KBOVNSMA） is designed to solve the model. Finally,through three groups of simulation experiments, effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified.
基金Funding Statement:The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the LargeGroup Research Project underGrant Number(R.G.P.2/181/44).
文摘Spherical fuzzy soft expert set(SFSES)theory blends the perks of spherical fuzzy sets and group decision-making into a unified approach.It allows solutions to highly complicated uncertainties and ambiguities under the unbiased supervision and group decision-making of multiple experts.However,SFSES theory has some deficiencies such as the inability to interpret and portray the bipolarity of decision-parameters.This work highlights and overcomes these limitations by introducing the novel spherical fuzzy bipolar soft expert sets(SFBSESs)as a powerful hybridization of spherical fuzzy set theory with bipolar soft expert sets(BSESs).Followed by the development of certain set-theoretic operations and properties of the proposed model,important problems,including the selection of non-powered dam(NPD)sites for hydropower conversion are discussed and solved under the proposed approach.These problems mainly focus on the need for an efficient tool capable of considering the bipolarity of parameters,complicated ambiguities,and multiple opinions.Supporting the new approach by a detailed comparative analysis,it is concluded that the proposed model is more comprehensive and reliable for multi-attribute group decisionmaking(MAGDM)than the previous tools,particularly considering the bipolarity of parameters under SFSES environment.
文摘According to the size of the projector function to evaluate the merits of the program, Projection Pursuit method is applied to real estate investment decision-making by using the real coding based on Accelerating Genetic Algorithm (RAGA) to optimize the Projection Pursuit Classification (PPC) process and a wide range of indicators value was projected linearly. The results are reasonable and verified with an example. At the same time, the subjective of the target weight can be avoided. It provides decision-makers with comprehensive information on all the indicators of new ideas and new
文摘Preoperative assessment of the liver volume and function of the remnant liver is a mandatory prerequisite before performing major hepatectomy. The aim of this work is to develop and test a software application for evaluation of the residual function of the liver prior to the intervention of the surgeons. For this purpose, a complete software platform consisting of three basic modules: liver volume segmentation, visualization, and virtual cutting, was developed and tested. Liver volume segmentation is based on a patient examination with non-contrast abdominal Computed Tomography (CT). The basis of the segmentation is a multiple seeded region growing algorithm adapted for use with CT images without contrast-enhancement. Virtual tumor resection is performed interactively by outlining the liver region on the CT images. The software application then processes the results to produce a three-dimensional (3D) image of the “resected” region. Finally, 3D rendering module provides possibility for easy and fast interpretation of the segmentation results. The visual outputs are accompanied with quantitative measures that further provide estimation of the residual liver function and based on them the surgeons could make a better decision. The developed system was tested and verified with twenty abdominal CT patient sets consisting of different numbers of tomographic images. Volumes, obtained by manual tracing of two surgeon experts, showed a mean relative difference of 4.5%. The application was used in a study that demonstrates the need and the added value of such a tool in practice and in education.
基金supported by Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Security Intelligence Technologies(Grant No.2022B1212010005)XJTLU Research Development Funding(Grant No.RDF-22-01-053).
文摘The technological breakthroughs in generative artificial intelligence,represented by ChatGPT,have brought about significant social changes as well as new problems and challenges.Generative artificial intelligence has inherent flaws such as language imbalance,algorithmic black box,and algorithmic bias,and at the same time,it has external risks such as algorithmic comfort zone,data pollution,algorithmic infringement,and inaccurate output.These problems lead to the difficulty in legislation for the governance of generative artificial intelligence.Taking the data contamination incident in Google Translate as an example,this article proposes that in the process of constructing machine translation ethics,the responsibility mechanism of generative artificial intelligence should be constructed around three elements:data processing,algorithmic optimisation,and ethical alignment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:71972090).
文摘Formation and scheduling are the most important decisions in the virtual modular manufacturing system;however,the global performance optimization of the system may be sacrificed via the superposition of two independent decision-making results.The joint decision of formation and scheduling is very important for system design.Complex and discrete manufacturing enterprises such as shipbuilding and aerospace often comprise multiple tasks,processes,and parallel machines,resulting in complex routes.The queuing time of parts in front of machines may account for 90%of the production cycle time.This study established a weighted allocation model of a formation-scheduling joint decision problem considering queuing time in system.To solve this nondeterministic polynomial(NP)problem,an adaptive differential evolution-simulated annealing(ADE-SA)algorithm is proposed.Compared with the standard differential evolution(DE)algorithm,the adaptive mutation factor overcomes the disadvantage that the scale of DE’s differential vector is difficult to control.The selection strategy of the SA algorithm compensates for the deficiency that DE’s greedy strategy may fall into a local optimal solution.The comparison results of four algorithms of a series of random examples demonstrate that the overall performance of ADE-SA is superior to the genetic algorithm,and average iteration,maximum completion time,and move time are 24%,11%,and 7%lower than the average of other three algorithms,respectively.The method can generate the joint decision-making scheme with better overall performance,and effectively identify production bottlenecks through quantitative analysis of queuing time.
文摘This paper examines the impact of algorithmic recommendations and data-driven marketing on consumer engagement and business performance.By leveraging large volumes of user data,businesses can deliver personalized content that enhances user experiences and increases conversion rates.However,the growing reliance on these technologies introduces significant risks,including privacy violations,algorithmic bias,and ethical concerns.This paper explores these challenges and provides recommendations for businesses to mitigate associated risks while optimizing marketing strategies.It highlights the importance of transparency,fairness,and user control in ensuring responsible and effective data-driven marketing.
基金funded by King Fahd University of Petroleum&Minerals,Saudi Arabia under IRC-SES grant#INRE 2217.
文摘Wind energy has emerged as a potential replacement for fossil fuel-based energy sources.To harness maximum wind energy,a crucial decision in the development of an efficient wind farm is the optimal layout design.This layout defines the specific locations of the turbines within the wind farm.The process of finding the optimal locations of turbines,in the presence of various technical and technological constraints,makes the wind farm layout design problem a complex optimization problem.This problem has traditionally been solved with nature-inspired algorithms with promising results.The performance and convergence of nature-inspired algorithms depend on several parameters,among which the algorithm termination criterion plays a crucial role.Timely convergence is an important aspect of efficient algorithm design because an inefficient algorithm results in wasted computational resources,unwarranted electricity consumption,and hardware stress.This study provides an in-depth analysis of several termination criteria while using the genetic algorithm as a test bench,with its application to the wind farm layout design problem while considering various wind scenarios.The performance of six termination criteria is empirically evaluated with respect to the quality of solutions produced and the execution time involved.Due to the conflicting nature of these two attributes,fuzzy logic-based multi-attribute decision-making is employed in the decision process.Results for the fuzzy decision approach indicate that among the various criteria tested,the criterion Phi achieves an improvement in the range of 2.44%to 32.93%for wind scenario 1.For scenario 2,Best-worst termination criterion performed well compared to the other criteria evaluated,with an improvement in the range of 1.2%to 9.64%.For scenario 3,Hitting bound was the best performer with an improvement of 1.16%to 20.93%.
