Objective:To systematically review the current implementation status of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority and analyze the barriers encountered during its implementation in China,providing countermeasu...Objective:To systematically review the current implementation status of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority and analyze the barriers encountered during its implementation in China,providing countermeasures and references for promoting the standardized implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority.Methods:A secondary analysis of literature was conducted to systematically search for domestic and international literature related to nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority.Meta-analysis was performed on eligible literature to evaluate the implementation effects.Simultaneously,semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with healthcare workers,patients,and policymakers.Content analysis was used to organize the interview data and extract core issues and barriers.Results:A total of 46 international articles were included in the Meta-analysis,which revealed that the implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority significantly improved patients’health management outcomes,enhanced healthcare service efficiency,and increased patient satisfaction.Conclusion:The implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority has demonstrated significant positive effects.However,China faces multiple barriers in its advancement,necessitating efforts in optimizing policy systems,constructing collaborative models,strengthening professional skills training,and improving social awareness to guide the scientific and rational implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority.展开更多
To solve the challenges of connecting and coordinating multiple platforms in the automotive industry and to enhance collaboration among different participants,this research focuses on addressing the complex supply rel...To solve the challenges of connecting and coordinating multiple platforms in the automotive industry and to enhance collaboration among different participants,this research focuses on addressing the complex supply relationships in the automotive market,improving data sharing and interactions across various platforms,and achieving more detailed integration of data and operations.We propose a trust evaluation permission delegation method based on the automotive industry chain.The proposed method combines smart contracts with trust evaluation mechanisms,dynamically calculating the trust value of users based on the historical behavior of the delegated entity,network environment,and other factors to avoid malicious node attacks during the permission delegation process.We also introduce strict control over the cross-domain permission granting and revocation mechanisms to manage the delegation path,prevent information leakage caused by malicious node interception,and effectively protect data integrity and privacy.Experimental analysis shows that this method meets the realtime requirements of collaborative interaction in the automotive industry chain and provides a feasible solution to permission delegation issues in the automotive industry chain,offering dynamic flexibility in authorization and scalability compared to most existing solutions.展开更多
This essay critically re-examines pedagogical authority in the context of artificial intelligence(AI)and hybrid learning.As AI technologies disrupt the traditional teacher-centered model,and hybrid modalities challeng...This essay critically re-examines pedagogical authority in the context of artificial intelligence(AI)and hybrid learning.As AI technologies disrupt the traditional teacher-centered model,and hybrid modalities challenge spatial hierarchies,authority in education is increasingly dispersed and relational.The paper deconstructs historical structures of authority rooted in positional hierarchy and physical space,arguing instead for a model based on ethical mediation,dialogic engagement,and technological literacy.Educators must transform from content deliverers to facilitators of critical inquiry,guiding students through algorithmic complexity and fostering inclusive,participatory learning environments.By embracing relational authority and transparent practices,higher education can reclaim its democratic and transformative potential in the post-AI era.展开更多
BACKGROUND Global tumor incidence rises and therapies advance,driving oncology nursing specialization.Granting nurses prescriptive authority optimizes care but polarizes nurses'attitudes due to factors like risk a...BACKGROUND Global tumor incidence rises and therapies advance,driving oncology nursing specialization.Granting nurses prescriptive authority optimizes care but polarizes nurses'attitudes due to factors like risk and competence,hindering policy implementation.AIM To investigate the current status of the attitudes of oncology specialist nurses toward having prescribing authority,specifically concerning symptom management and supportive care in oncology practice,and we conducted a path analysis of their influencing factors.METHODS As participants in the survey,oncology specialist nurses working in hospitals of different grades in Jiangsu Province were selected from March 2025 to May 2025 using a stratified sampling method.The questionnaires were administered using the general information questionnaire,the beliefs and attitudes about nurses'prescriptive authority scale,the nurses'professional identity scale,and the selfefficacy scale.Pearson’s method was used to analyze the correlation between beliefs and attitudes about the prescriptive authority,professional identity,and self-efficacy of nurses.Multiple linear regression was performed to analyze the factors influencing the beliefs and attitudes of nurses’prescriptive authority.The Amos plug-in was used to construct structural equation models to analyze the influencing pathways.RESULTS A total of 329 questionnaires were distributed,and 328 valid questionnaires were returned(effective recovery rate:99.70%).The total score of the 328 oncology nurses on the beliefs and attitudes about nurses'prescriptive authority scale was 101.88±15.13,indicating a moderately high level.Univariate analysis revealed that gender and hospital grade were associated with this score(P<0.05).The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that self-efficacy was positively correlated with the scores of the beliefs and attitudes about nurses’prescriptive authority scale and the nurses’professional identity scale(r=0.4999,P<0.0001 and r=0.7048,P<0.05,respectively),whereas occupational identity was positively correlated only with the former(r=0.6209,P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis revealed occupational identity and self-efficacy as the factors influencing the scores of the beliefs and attitudes about nurses’prescriptive authority scale(P<0.05).The results of the path analysis revealed that selfefficacy significantly positively affected nurses’occupational identity and their beliefs and attitudes about having prescriptive authority;occupational identity played a mediating role between the two,with a mediating effect accounting for 54.46% of the total effect,and the structural equation model was well-fitted.CONCLUSION Oncology nurses have more positive attitudes toward prescriptive authority.In addition,self-efficacy positively and indirectly affects nurses’attitudes toward prescriptive authority through the mediating effect of occupational identity.This can be used as a basis for clinical practice to take targeted measures to improve nurses’self-efficacy and occupational identity,thus creating favorable conditions for effectively implementing the policy of prescriptive authority.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the current beliefs and attitudes of nurses in Yunnan Province toward prescriptive authority, analyze the influencing factors, and provide evidence for future research and policy formulation ...Objective: To investigate the current beliefs and attitudes of nurses in Yunnan Province toward prescriptive authority, analyze the influencing factors, and provide evidence for future research and policy formulation to support the establishment of nurses’ prescriptive authority in China. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 937 nurses in Yunnan Province using the Beliefs and Attitudes Scale on Nurses’ Prescriptive Authority. The scale assessed four dimensions: perceived need, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the overall score and each dimension. Results: The total score of the Beliefs and Attitudes Scale was 89.17 ± 17.69, indicating a moderate level of awareness and positive attitude among nurses. The highest-scoring dimension was perceived benefits (34.94 ± 8.04), while the lowest was perceived barriers (15.23 ± 3.5). Age was identified as a significant factor influencing the overall score and self-efficacy dimension (P < 0.05). Years of practice influenced the perceived benefits dimension (P = 0.051), while gender, age, and professional title were key factors affecting the perceived barriers dimension (P < 0.05). Male nurses and senior nurses demonstrated more caution toward potential risks associated with prescriptive authority. Conclusion: Nurses in Yunnan Province exhibit moderate levels of belief in and attitudes toward prescriptive authority, with age being the most significant influencing factor. Tailored training programs, policy promotion, and practical guidance are recommended to enhance nurses’ understanding and support for prescriptive authority, thereby improving nursing practices and addressing regional healthcare challenges.展开更多
In the ever-evolving landscape of global governance,the dynamics of democracy and authoritarianism continue to shape political transitions,yet our conceptual frameworks often lag these transformations.This paper criti...In the ever-evolving landscape of global governance,the dynamics of democracy and authoritarianism continue to shape political transitions,yet our conceptual frameworks often lag these transformations.This paper critically examines the prevailing approaches to authoritarianism in sub-Saharan Africa,challenging the conventional view that defines authoritarian states merely as negations of democracy.Through a comparative analysis of four widely recognized democracy indices,the study reveals methodological biases that overlook the nuanced roles of political authority in transitional states.By exploring the intersection of normative and positive analyses,the paper rethinks the teleological assumptions underlying the classification of authoritarian regimes.It proposes an alternative perspective on the relationship between democracy and legitimacy,arguing that this relationship is pivotal in understanding social change in contexts where political alternation is absent.The study aims to provide a more comprehensive framework for assessing political development,one that prioritizes the values and norms critical to structural transformation in Africa.This paper contributes to the debate on power dynamics in autocratic regimes,highlighting how legitimacy acts as a catalyst for democratization.Ultimately,the research seeks to refine our understanding of the mechanisms through which political power operates in sub-Saharan Africa,offering new pathways for evaluating and fostering political change.We hope to contribute to a better assessment of how best to measure the effects and impact of power,while also considering the values and norms that should prevail in assessing structural transformation in Africa and the conditions that should be considered in selecting countries that are considered“politically like-minded”.展开更多
Cyber-physical systems(CPSs)are increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their integral connection between cyberspace and the physical world,which is augmented by Internet connectivity.This vulnerability necess...Cyber-physical systems(CPSs)are increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their integral connection between cyberspace and the physical world,which is augmented by Internet connectivity.This vulnerability necessitates a heightened focus on developing resilient control mechanisms for CPSs.However,current observer-based active compensation resilient controllers exhibit poor performance against stealthy deception attacks(SDAs)due to the difficulty in accurately reconstructing system states because of the stealthy nature of these attacks.Moreover,some non-active compensation approaches are insufficient when there is a complete loss of actuator control authority.To address these issues,we introduce a novel learning-based passive resilient controller(LPRC).Our approach,unlike observer-based state reconstruction,shows enhanced effectiveness in countering SDAs.We developed a safety state set,represented by an ellipsoid,to ensure CPS stability under SDA conditions,maintaining system trajectories within this set.Additionally,by employing deep reinforcement learning(DRL),the LPRC acquires the capacity to adapt and diverse evolving attack strategies.To empirically substantiate our methodology,various attack methods were compared with current passive and active compensation resilient control methods to evaluate their performance.展开更多
Drug products are specific goods with safety and effectiveness in medical health case.All of researchers(authors),reviewers,and editors must abide by medical ethical obligation,and also must deter to the ethical oblig...Drug products are specific goods with safety and effectiveness in medical health case.All of researchers(authors),reviewers,and editors must abide by medical ethical obligation,and also must deter to the ethical obligation for publication.These guidelines are offered as ethical behavior standards.We now present a set of ethical guidelines for persons engaged in the publication of drug research,specifically,for editors,authors,and reviewers.We believe that the guidelines offered are understood and subscribed to by the pharmaceutical research scientists.They may be helpful to those who are related to the editors,authors,and reviewers of journal publication.展开更多
International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials is dedicated to the publication and the dissemination of original research articles (and occasional invited reviews) in the fields of Minerals,Metallurgy and ...International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials is dedicated to the publication and the dissemination of original research articles (and occasional invited reviews) in the fields of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials.It is covered by EI Compendex,SCI Expanded,Chemical Abstract,etc.Manuscript preparation The following components are required for a complete manuscript:Title,Author(s),Author affiliation(s),Abstract,Keywords,Main text,Acknowledgements and References.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of ...Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of practice of their prescriptive authority in certain circumstances.The results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of policies on prescriptive authority for midwives.Methods:Based on a literature search and semistructured interviews,a modified Delphi method was first used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultation on eligibility criteria and training content for prescriptive authority for midwives.This stage included nursing experts(20)and medical experts(16)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.Subsequently,consultation on the scope of practice of prescriptive authority for midwives was conducted with nursing experts(18)and medical experts(14)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.The suggestions from the experts were analyzed using statistical methods to confirm the eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority,training content,circumstances,scope of practice for prescriptive authority,and the prescription forms.Results:Among the consulted experts,70.59%(the highest acceptance rate)considered an undergraduate degree to be the minimum educational requirement for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority,85.29%(the highest acceptance rate)considered the supervisor nurse to be the minimum technical position experience necessary for midwives to be eligible for having prescriptive authority,and 50%(the highest acceptance rate)considered 5 years to be the minimum number of years of experience in the specialty for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority.The applicants should at least be practicing at Grade C hospitals,which was the consensus among 91.18%of the consulted experts.Among the consulted experts,100%,100%,97.06%,94.12%,and 94.12%agreed that the applicants should have knowledge in pharmacology,laws and ethics,nursing,diagnostics,and midwifery,respectively.The consulted experts confirmed 22 related course topics and identified 6 specific circumstances in which the midwives could partially practice prescriptive authority,including uterine atony,excessive uterine contraction,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of fetal membranes,normal labor,and neonatal asphyxia.Under these 6 circumstances,the consulted experts commonly agreed that there were 20 medication prescriptions and 13 auxiliary examination prescriptions that could be prescribed by midwives.Of these prescriptions,51.5%were independent prescriptions,30.3%were protocol prescriptions,and the remaining 18.2%were both independent and protocol prescriptions.Conclusions:Midwives who have an undergraduate degree,supervisor nurse position,and 5 years of practice in Grade C hospitals are considered eligible to apply for prescriptive authority.Partial prescriptive authority could be granted after regulated training in fundamental theories and practices,which could improve the independence and professionalism of midwifery.展开更多
This paper theoretically analyzes a deficiency of the existing scheme, and proposes a distributed multi-hop certification authority scheme for mobile Ad Hoc networks. In our design, we distribute the certification aut...This paper theoretically analyzes a deficiency of the existing scheme, and proposes a distributed multi-hop certification authority scheme for mobile Ad Hoc networks. In our design, we distribute the certification authority functions through a threshold secret sharing mechanism, in which each node holds a secret share and multiple nodes jointly provide complete services. Certification authority is not limited in a local neighborhood but can be completed within multi-hop location. In addition, we replace broadcast by multicast to improve system performance and reduce communication overhead. This paper resolves some technical problems of ubiquitous certification authority services, and presents a wieldy multi-hop certification authority algorithm. Simulation results confirm the availability and effectiveness of our design.展开更多
The study investigates the trends in temperature in the Upper and Lower Niger Basin Development Authority Areas using standardized Anomaly Index, Gaussian Low Pass and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. From the dat...The study investigates the trends in temperature in the Upper and Lower Niger Basin Development Authority Areas using standardized Anomaly Index, Gaussian Low Pass and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. From the data collected and analyzed, the mean annual temperature and mean annual maximum temperature demonstrated pronounced temporal increasing trend in the period 1951-2010 while the mean annual minimum temperature showed no trend. The rate of increase in mean annual temperature, mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures was 0.45°C, 0.40°C and 0.20°C respectively. The mean annual maximum temperature warmed faster than the mean annual minimum leading to increase in diurnal range of temperature. The annual temperature anomaly in the study area tracks the observed anomalies for the Northern Hemisphere in the 20th century. The decadal temperature increase is very small particularly as from 1980.展开更多
When developing and integrating a new environmental legal system under the Environmental Code,the joint regulation of ecology and environment,natural resources and an energy beyond the sphere of mere environmental con...When developing and integrating a new environmental legal system under the Environmental Code,the joint regulation of ecology and environment,natural resources and an energy beyond the sphere of mere environmental concerns can be achieved;the semantic expression of environmental regulation can be expounded.Additionally,through the codification of environmental law,a revolutionary path for the structure of authority can be found.Environmental codification dictates a method for clarification of the boundaries and relations of environmental management authority.Under the theory of Holistic Governance and in the codification process,the reform of environmental regulation authority should be concluded from both vertical and horizontal dimensions,through organizing,integrating,separating,classifying and finally,by establishing a synergy between the central and local governments and their departments.This can break down structural barriers to communication and cooperation of the ecological regulation and resource management authority and help establish uniformity of environmental regulation.展开更多
An accountable authority attribute-based encryption （A-ABE） scheme is presented in this paper. The notion of accountable authority identity-based encryption （A-IBE） was first introduced by Goyal at Crypto＇07. It ...An accountable authority attribute-based encryption （A-ABE） scheme is presented in this paper. The notion of accountable authority identity-based encryption （A-IBE） was first introduced by Goyal at Crypto＇07. It is a novel approach to mitigate the （inherent） key escrow problem in identity-based cryptosystems. In this work, the concept of accountable authority to attribute-based encryption （ABE） setting is generalized for the first time, and then a construction is given. The scheme non-trivially integrates an A-IBE scheme proposed by Libert et al. with an ABE scheme. In our construction, a user will be identified by a pair （ id, o~）, where id denotes the user＇ s identity and ω denotes the set of attributes associated to the user. In addition, our construction is shown to be secure under some reasonable assumptions.展开更多
The cloud storage service cannot be completely trusted because of the separation of data management and ownership, leading to the difficulty of data privacy protection. In order to protect the privacy of data on untru...The cloud storage service cannot be completely trusted because of the separation of data management and ownership, leading to the difficulty of data privacy protection. In order to protect the privacy of data on untrusted servers of cloud storage, a novel multi-authority access control scheme without a trustworthy central authority has been proposed based on CP-ABE for cloud storage systems, called non-centered multi-authority proxy re-encryption based on the cipher-text policy attribute-based encryption(NC-MACPABE). NC-MACPABE optimizes the weighted access structure(WAS) allowing different levels of operation on the same file in cloud storage system. The concept of identity dyeing is introduced to improve the users' information privacy further. The re-encryption algorithm is improved in the scheme so that the data owner can revoke user's access right in a more flexible way. The scheme is proved to be secure. And the experimental results also show that removing the central authority can resolve the existing performance bottleneck in the multi-authority architecture with a central authority, which significantly improves user experience when a large number of users apply for accesses to the cloud storage system at the same time.展开更多
The Thorn Birds is a saga novel written by Colleen McCullough.Its story is about the deep love between Meggie and Father Ralph.This paper mainly analyzes Meggie's sensitive but persistent characteristics according...The Thorn Birds is a saga novel written by Colleen McCullough.Its story is about the deep love between Meggie and Father Ralph.This paper mainly analyzes Meggie's sensitive but persistent characteristics according to her behaviors,which reflects her resistance to man authority.展开更多
Due to China’s social and cultural factors and the organizational factors of family business,the organizational identification of the employee members is replaced by leadership identification in Chinese family busine...Due to China’s social and cultural factors and the organizational factors of family business,the organizational identification of the employee members is replaced by leadership identification in Chinese family business.The leadership identification supports and enhances the leader’s authority and also maintains the stability and effectiveness of leadership.However,with respect to the sustained growth of family business,this type of identification and authority which are based on individual persons has its weakness and limits.When choosing the successor,both the smooth transition of succession and the transformation of identification and authority in family business should be considered.展开更多
System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwest...System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.展开更多
Using 70 years of daily rainfall records in eight stations, an analysis of variability and trends of daily heavy rainfall events over Niger River Basin Development Authority Area was carried out by using Standardized ...Using 70 years of daily rainfall records in eight stations, an analysis of variability and trends of daily heavy rainfall events over Niger River Basin Development Authority Area was carried out by using Standardized Anomaly Index and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. Significant temporal variability on interannual and decadal time-scales was observed in the frequency of heavy rainfall events and annual heavy rainfall amount. Both the annual heavy rainfall amount and frequency of heavy rainfall events demonstrated no pronounced temporal decreasing or increasing trend. However, more recent data records from 1981 onwards revealed an increasing trend. Thus, evidence of a temporal change is apparent in heavy rainfall events in the last three decades in sympathy with global warming.展开更多
基金Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(Project No.:2024J2130)。
文摘Objective:To systematically review the current implementation status of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority and analyze the barriers encountered during its implementation in China,providing countermeasures and references for promoting the standardized implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority.Methods:A secondary analysis of literature was conducted to systematically search for domestic and international literature related to nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority.Meta-analysis was performed on eligible literature to evaluate the implementation effects.Simultaneously,semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with healthcare workers,patients,and policymakers.Content analysis was used to organize the interview data and extract core issues and barriers.Results:A total of 46 international articles were included in the Meta-analysis,which revealed that the implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority significantly improved patients’health management outcomes,enhanced healthcare service efficiency,and increased patient satisfaction.Conclusion:The implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority has demonstrated significant positive effects.However,China faces multiple barriers in its advancement,necessitating efforts in optimizing policy systems,constructing collaborative models,strengthening professional skills training,and improving social awareness to guide the scientific and rational implementation of nurses’non-pharmacological prescription authority.
基金funded by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,Grant Nos.2024NSFSC0515,2024ZHCG0182 and MZGC20230013.
文摘To solve the challenges of connecting and coordinating multiple platforms in the automotive industry and to enhance collaboration among different participants,this research focuses on addressing the complex supply relationships in the automotive market,improving data sharing and interactions across various platforms,and achieving more detailed integration of data and operations.We propose a trust evaluation permission delegation method based on the automotive industry chain.The proposed method combines smart contracts with trust evaluation mechanisms,dynamically calculating the trust value of users based on the historical behavior of the delegated entity,network environment,and other factors to avoid malicious node attacks during the permission delegation process.We also introduce strict control over the cross-domain permission granting and revocation mechanisms to manage the delegation path,prevent information leakage caused by malicious node interception,and effectively protect data integrity and privacy.Experimental analysis shows that this method meets the realtime requirements of collaborative interaction in the automotive industry chain and provides a feasible solution to permission delegation issues in the automotive industry chain,offering dynamic flexibility in authorization and scalability compared to most existing solutions.
文摘This essay critically re-examines pedagogical authority in the context of artificial intelligence(AI)and hybrid learning.As AI technologies disrupt the traditional teacher-centered model,and hybrid modalities challenge spatial hierarchies,authority in education is increasingly dispersed and relational.The paper deconstructs historical structures of authority rooted in positional hierarchy and physical space,arguing instead for a model based on ethical mediation,dialogic engagement,and technological literacy.Educators must transform from content deliverers to facilitators of critical inquiry,guiding students through algorithmic complexity and fostering inclusive,participatory learning environments.By embracing relational authority and transparent practices,higher education can reclaim its democratic and transformative potential in the post-AI era.
文摘BACKGROUND Global tumor incidence rises and therapies advance,driving oncology nursing specialization.Granting nurses prescriptive authority optimizes care but polarizes nurses'attitudes due to factors like risk and competence,hindering policy implementation.AIM To investigate the current status of the attitudes of oncology specialist nurses toward having prescribing authority,specifically concerning symptom management and supportive care in oncology practice,and we conducted a path analysis of their influencing factors.METHODS As participants in the survey,oncology specialist nurses working in hospitals of different grades in Jiangsu Province were selected from March 2025 to May 2025 using a stratified sampling method.The questionnaires were administered using the general information questionnaire,the beliefs and attitudes about nurses'prescriptive authority scale,the nurses'professional identity scale,and the selfefficacy scale.Pearson’s method was used to analyze the correlation between beliefs and attitudes about the prescriptive authority,professional identity,and self-efficacy of nurses.Multiple linear regression was performed to analyze the factors influencing the beliefs and attitudes of nurses’prescriptive authority.The Amos plug-in was used to construct structural equation models to analyze the influencing pathways.RESULTS A total of 329 questionnaires were distributed,and 328 valid questionnaires were returned(effective recovery rate:99.70%).The total score of the 328 oncology nurses on the beliefs and attitudes about nurses'prescriptive authority scale was 101.88±15.13,indicating a moderately high level.Univariate analysis revealed that gender and hospital grade were associated with this score(P<0.05).The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that self-efficacy was positively correlated with the scores of the beliefs and attitudes about nurses’prescriptive authority scale and the nurses’professional identity scale(r=0.4999,P<0.0001 and r=0.7048,P<0.05,respectively),whereas occupational identity was positively correlated only with the former(r=0.6209,P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis revealed occupational identity and self-efficacy as the factors influencing the scores of the beliefs and attitudes about nurses’prescriptive authority scale(P<0.05).The results of the path analysis revealed that selfefficacy significantly positively affected nurses’occupational identity and their beliefs and attitudes about having prescriptive authority;occupational identity played a mediating role between the two,with a mediating effect accounting for 54.46% of the total effect,and the structural equation model was well-fitted.CONCLUSION Oncology nurses have more positive attitudes toward prescriptive authority.In addition,self-efficacy positively and indirectly affects nurses’attitudes toward prescriptive authority through the mediating effect of occupational identity.This can be used as a basis for clinical practice to take targeted measures to improve nurses’self-efficacy and occupational identity,thus creating favorable conditions for effectively implementing the policy of prescriptive authority.
文摘Objective: To investigate the current beliefs and attitudes of nurses in Yunnan Province toward prescriptive authority, analyze the influencing factors, and provide evidence for future research and policy formulation to support the establishment of nurses’ prescriptive authority in China. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 937 nurses in Yunnan Province using the Beliefs and Attitudes Scale on Nurses’ Prescriptive Authority. The scale assessed four dimensions: perceived need, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing the overall score and each dimension. Results: The total score of the Beliefs and Attitudes Scale was 89.17 ± 17.69, indicating a moderate level of awareness and positive attitude among nurses. The highest-scoring dimension was perceived benefits (34.94 ± 8.04), while the lowest was perceived barriers (15.23 ± 3.5). Age was identified as a significant factor influencing the overall score and self-efficacy dimension (P < 0.05). Years of practice influenced the perceived benefits dimension (P = 0.051), while gender, age, and professional title were key factors affecting the perceived barriers dimension (P < 0.05). Male nurses and senior nurses demonstrated more caution toward potential risks associated with prescriptive authority. Conclusion: Nurses in Yunnan Province exhibit moderate levels of belief in and attitudes toward prescriptive authority, with age being the most significant influencing factor. Tailored training programs, policy promotion, and practical guidance are recommended to enhance nurses’ understanding and support for prescriptive authority, thereby improving nursing practices and addressing regional healthcare challenges.
文摘In the ever-evolving landscape of global governance,the dynamics of democracy and authoritarianism continue to shape political transitions,yet our conceptual frameworks often lag these transformations.This paper critically examines the prevailing approaches to authoritarianism in sub-Saharan Africa,challenging the conventional view that defines authoritarian states merely as negations of democracy.Through a comparative analysis of four widely recognized democracy indices,the study reveals methodological biases that overlook the nuanced roles of political authority in transitional states.By exploring the intersection of normative and positive analyses,the paper rethinks the teleological assumptions underlying the classification of authoritarian regimes.It proposes an alternative perspective on the relationship between democracy and legitimacy,arguing that this relationship is pivotal in understanding social change in contexts where political alternation is absent.The study aims to provide a more comprehensive framework for assessing political development,one that prioritizes the values and norms critical to structural transformation in Africa.This paper contributes to the debate on power dynamics in autocratic regimes,highlighting how legitimacy acts as a catalyst for democratization.Ultimately,the research seeks to refine our understanding of the mechanisms through which political power operates in sub-Saharan Africa,offering new pathways for evaluating and fostering political change.We hope to contribute to a better assessment of how best to measure the effects and impact of power,while also considering the values and norms that should prevail in assessing structural transformation in Africa and the conditions that should be considered in selecting countries that are considered“politically like-minded”.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52332011).
文摘Cyber-physical systems(CPSs)are increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their integral connection between cyberspace and the physical world,which is augmented by Internet connectivity.This vulnerability necessitates a heightened focus on developing resilient control mechanisms for CPSs.However,current observer-based active compensation resilient controllers exhibit poor performance against stealthy deception attacks(SDAs)due to the difficulty in accurately reconstructing system states because of the stealthy nature of these attacks.Moreover,some non-active compensation approaches are insufficient when there is a complete loss of actuator control authority.To address these issues,we introduce a novel learning-based passive resilient controller(LPRC).Our approach,unlike observer-based state reconstruction,shows enhanced effectiveness in countering SDAs.We developed a safety state set,represented by an ellipsoid,to ensure CPS stability under SDA conditions,maintaining system trajectories within this set.Additionally,by employing deep reinforcement learning(DRL),the LPRC acquires the capacity to adapt and diverse evolving attack strategies.To empirically substantiate our methodology,various attack methods were compared with current passive and active compensation resilient control methods to evaluate their performance.
文摘Drug products are specific goods with safety and effectiveness in medical health case.All of researchers(authors),reviewers,and editors must abide by medical ethical obligation,and also must deter to the ethical obligation for publication.These guidelines are offered as ethical behavior standards.We now present a set of ethical guidelines for persons engaged in the publication of drug research,specifically,for editors,authors,and reviewers.We believe that the guidelines offered are understood and subscribed to by the pharmaceutical research scientists.They may be helpful to those who are related to the editors,authors,and reviewers of journal publication.
文摘International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials is dedicated to the publication and the dissemination of original research articles (and occasional invited reviews) in the fields of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials.It is covered by EI Compendex,SCI Expanded,Chemical Abstract,etc.Manuscript preparation The following components are required for a complete manuscript:Title,Author(s),Author affiliation(s),Abstract,Keywords,Main text,Acknowledgements and References.
基金project was supported by the Shanxi Province Soft Science Research Program in China(No.2017041041-1)
文摘Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of practice of their prescriptive authority in certain circumstances.The results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of policies on prescriptive authority for midwives.Methods:Based on a literature search and semistructured interviews,a modified Delphi method was first used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultation on eligibility criteria and training content for prescriptive authority for midwives.This stage included nursing experts(20)and medical experts(16)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.Subsequently,consultation on the scope of practice of prescriptive authority for midwives was conducted with nursing experts(18)and medical experts(14)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.The suggestions from the experts were analyzed using statistical methods to confirm the eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority,training content,circumstances,scope of practice for prescriptive authority,and the prescription forms.Results:Among the consulted experts,70.59%(the highest acceptance rate)considered an undergraduate degree to be the minimum educational requirement for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority,85.29%(the highest acceptance rate)considered the supervisor nurse to be the minimum technical position experience necessary for midwives to be eligible for having prescriptive authority,and 50%(the highest acceptance rate)considered 5 years to be the minimum number of years of experience in the specialty for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority.The applicants should at least be practicing at Grade C hospitals,which was the consensus among 91.18%of the consulted experts.Among the consulted experts,100%,100%,97.06%,94.12%,and 94.12%agreed that the applicants should have knowledge in pharmacology,laws and ethics,nursing,diagnostics,and midwifery,respectively.The consulted experts confirmed 22 related course topics and identified 6 specific circumstances in which the midwives could partially practice prescriptive authority,including uterine atony,excessive uterine contraction,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of fetal membranes,normal labor,and neonatal asphyxia.Under these 6 circumstances,the consulted experts commonly agreed that there were 20 medication prescriptions and 13 auxiliary examination prescriptions that could be prescribed by midwives.Of these prescriptions,51.5%were independent prescriptions,30.3%were protocol prescriptions,and the remaining 18.2%were both independent and protocol prescriptions.Conclusions:Midwives who have an undergraduate degree,supervisor nurse position,and 5 years of practice in Grade C hospitals are considered eligible to apply for prescriptive authority.Partial prescriptive authority could be granted after regulated training in fundamental theories and practices,which could improve the independence and professionalism of midwifery.
文摘This paper theoretically analyzes a deficiency of the existing scheme, and proposes a distributed multi-hop certification authority scheme for mobile Ad Hoc networks. In our design, we distribute the certification authority functions through a threshold secret sharing mechanism, in which each node holds a secret share and multiple nodes jointly provide complete services. Certification authority is not limited in a local neighborhood but can be completed within multi-hop location. In addition, we replace broadcast by multicast to improve system performance and reduce communication overhead. This paper resolves some technical problems of ubiquitous certification authority services, and presents a wieldy multi-hop certification authority algorithm. Simulation results confirm the availability and effectiveness of our design.
文摘The study investigates the trends in temperature in the Upper and Lower Niger Basin Development Authority Areas using standardized Anomaly Index, Gaussian Low Pass and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. From the data collected and analyzed, the mean annual temperature and mean annual maximum temperature demonstrated pronounced temporal increasing trend in the period 1951-2010 while the mean annual minimum temperature showed no trend. The rate of increase in mean annual temperature, mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures was 0.45°C, 0.40°C and 0.20°C respectively. The mean annual maximum temperature warmed faster than the mean annual minimum leading to increase in diurnal range of temperature. The annual temperature anomaly in the study area tracks the observed anomalies for the Northern Hemisphere in the 20th century. The decadal temperature increase is very small particularly as from 1980.
文摘When developing and integrating a new environmental legal system under the Environmental Code,the joint regulation of ecology and environment,natural resources and an energy beyond the sphere of mere environmental concerns can be achieved;the semantic expression of environmental regulation can be expounded.Additionally,through the codification of environmental law,a revolutionary path for the structure of authority can be found.Environmental codification dictates a method for clarification of the boundaries and relations of environmental management authority.Under the theory of Holistic Governance and in the codification process,the reform of environmental regulation authority should be concluded from both vertical and horizontal dimensions,through organizing,integrating,separating,classifying and finally,by establishing a synergy between the central and local governments and their departments.This can break down structural barriers to communication and cooperation of the ecological regulation and resource management authority and help establish uniformity of environmental regulation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60970111,60903189,60903020)the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2009AA012418)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2007CB311201)the Foundation of NLMC(No.9140C1103020803)
文摘An accountable authority attribute-based encryption （A-ABE） scheme is presented in this paper. The notion of accountable authority identity-based encryption （A-IBE） was first introduced by Goyal at Crypto＇07. It is a novel approach to mitigate the （inherent） key escrow problem in identity-based cryptosystems. In this work, the concept of accountable authority to attribute-based encryption （ABE） setting is generalized for the first time, and then a construction is given. The scheme non-trivially integrates an A-IBE scheme proposed by Libert et al. with an ABE scheme. In our construction, a user will be identified by a pair （ id, o~）, where id denotes the user＇ s identity and ω denotes the set of attributes associated to the user. In addition, our construction is shown to be secure under some reasonable assumptions.
基金Projects(61472192,61202004)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(14KJB520014)supported by the Natural Science Fund of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘The cloud storage service cannot be completely trusted because of the separation of data management and ownership, leading to the difficulty of data privacy protection. In order to protect the privacy of data on untrusted servers of cloud storage, a novel multi-authority access control scheme without a trustworthy central authority has been proposed based on CP-ABE for cloud storage systems, called non-centered multi-authority proxy re-encryption based on the cipher-text policy attribute-based encryption(NC-MACPABE). NC-MACPABE optimizes the weighted access structure(WAS) allowing different levels of operation on the same file in cloud storage system. The concept of identity dyeing is introduced to improve the users' information privacy further. The re-encryption algorithm is improved in the scheme so that the data owner can revoke user's access right in a more flexible way. The scheme is proved to be secure. And the experimental results also show that removing the central authority can resolve the existing performance bottleneck in the multi-authority architecture with a central authority, which significantly improves user experience when a large number of users apply for accesses to the cloud storage system at the same time.
文摘The Thorn Birds is a saga novel written by Colleen McCullough.Its story is about the deep love between Meggie and Father Ralph.This paper mainly analyzes Meggie's sensitive but persistent characteristics according to her behaviors,which reflects her resistance to man authority.
文摘Due to China’s social and cultural factors and the organizational factors of family business,the organizational identification of the employee members is replaced by leadership identification in Chinese family business.The leadership identification supports and enhances the leader’s authority and also maintains the stability and effectiveness of leadership.However,with respect to the sustained growth of family business,this type of identification and authority which are based on individual persons has its weakness and limits.When choosing the successor,both the smooth transition of succession and the transformation of identification and authority in family business should be considered.
基金Supported by the Social Sciences Planning Project Launched by Ministry of Education of China in 2011-Study on the Informal Institutional Implementation and the Coordinated Development between Economy and Society in the Northwest Minority Areas(11YJA710005)China Scholarship Council([2012]5030)+1 种基金Professor Andrew J.Nathan,Weatherhead East Asian Insti-tute of Columbia UniversityJames D.Seymour,Adjunct Associate Professor at Chinese University of Hong Kong
文摘System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.
文摘Using 70 years of daily rainfall records in eight stations, an analysis of variability and trends of daily heavy rainfall events over Niger River Basin Development Authority Area was carried out by using Standardized Anomaly Index and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. Significant temporal variability on interannual and decadal time-scales was observed in the frequency of heavy rainfall events and annual heavy rainfall amount. Both the annual heavy rainfall amount and frequency of heavy rainfall events demonstrated no pronounced temporal decreasing or increasing trend. However, more recent data records from 1981 onwards revealed an increasing trend. Thus, evidence of a temporal change is apparent in heavy rainfall events in the last three decades in sympathy with global warming.
