The demand response(DR)market,as a vital complement to the electricity spot market,plays a key role in evoking user-side regulation capability to mitigate system-level supply‒demand imbalances during extreme events.Wh...The demand response(DR)market,as a vital complement to the electricity spot market,plays a key role in evoking user-side regulation capability to mitigate system-level supply‒demand imbalances during extreme events.While the DR market offers the load aggregator(LA)additional profitable opportunities beyond the electricity spot market,it also introduces new trading risks due to the significant uncertainty in users’behaviors.Dispatching energy storage systems(ESSs)is an effective means to enhance the risk management capabilities of LAs;however,coordinating ESS operations with dual-market trading strategies remains an urgent challenge.To this end,this paper proposes a novel systematic risk-aware coordinated trading model for the LA in concurrently participating in the day-ahead electricity spot market and DR market,which incorporates the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS based on market clearing rules to jointly formulate bidding and pricing decisions for the dual market.First,the intrinsic coupling characteristics of the LA participating in the dual market are analyzed,and a joint optimization framework for formulating bidding and pricing strategies that integrates ESS facilities is proposed.Second,an uncertain user response model is developed based on price‒response mechanisms,and actual market settlement rules accounting for under-and over-responses are employed to calculate trading revenues,where possible revenue losses are quantified via conditional value at risk.Third,by imposing these terms and the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS,the risk-aware stochastic coordinated trading model of the LA is built,where the bidding and pricing strategies in the dual model that trade off risk and profit are derived.The simulation results of a case study validate the effectiveness of the proposed trading strategy in controlling trading risk and improving the trading income of the LA.展开更多
There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk...There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.展开更多
Pressure has been introduced into power systems owing to the intermittent and uncertain nature of renewable energy.As a result,energy resource aggregators are emerging in the electricity market to realize sustainable ...Pressure has been introduced into power systems owing to the intermittent and uncertain nature of renewable energy.As a result,energy resource aggregators are emerging in the electricity market to realize sustainable and economic advantages through distributed generation,energy storage,and demand response resources.However,resource aggregators face the challenge of dealing with the uncertainty of renewable energy generation and setting appropriate incentives to exploit substantial energy flexibility in the building sector.In this study,a risk-aware optimal dispatch strategy that integrates probabilistic renewable energy prediction and bi-level building flexibility engagements is proposed.A natural gradient boosting algorithm(NGBoost),which requires no prior knowledge of uncertain variables,was adopted to develop a probabilistic photovoltaic(PV)forecasting model.The lack of suitable flexibility incentives is addressed by a novel interactive flexibility engagement scheme that can take into account building users'willingness and optimize the building flexibility provision.The chance-constrained programming method was applied to manage the supply-demand balance of the resource aggregator and ensure risk-aware decision-making in power dispatch.The case study results show the strong economic and environmental performance of the proposed strategy.The proposed strategy leads to a win-win situation in which profit increases through a load reduction of 13% and a carbon emission reduction of 3% is achieved for different stakeholders,which also shows a trade-off between the economic benefits and the risk of supply shortage.展开更多
The proliferation of electric vehicles(EVs)introduces transformative opportunities and challenges for the stability of distribution networks.Unregulated EV charging will further exacerbate the inherent three-phase imb...The proliferation of electric vehicles(EVs)introduces transformative opportunities and challenges for the stability of distribution networks.Unregulated EV charging will further exacerbate the inherent three-phase imbalance of the power grid,while regulated EV charging will alleviate such imbalance.To systematically address this challenge,this study proposes a two-stage bidding strategy with dispatch potential of electric vehicle aggregators(EVAs).By constructing a coordinated framework that integrates the day-ahead and real-time markets,the proposed two-stage bidding strategy reconfigures distributed EVA clusters into a controllable dynamic energy storage system,with a particular focus on dynamic compensation for deviations between scheduled and real-time operations.A bilevel Stackelberg game resolves three-phase imbalance by achieving Nash equilibrium for inter-phase balance,with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)conditions and mixed-integer secondorder cone programming(MISOCP)ensuring feasible solutions.The proposed coordinated framework is validated with different bidding modes includes independent bidding,full price acceptance,and cooperative bidding modes.The proposed twostage bidding strategy provides an EVA-based coordinated scheduling solution that balances the economic efficiency and phase stability in electricity market.展开更多
Thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)are regarded as having potential to participate in power grid regulation.This paper proposes a scheduling strategy with three-stage optimization for regional aggregators jointly ...Thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)are regarded as having potential to participate in power grid regulation.This paper proposes a scheduling strategy with three-stage optimization for regional aggregators jointly participating in day-ahead scheduling to support demand response.The first stage is on the profit of aggregators and peak load of the grid.The line loss and voltage deviation of regulation are considered to ensure stable operation of the power grid at the second stage,which guarantees the fairness of the regulation and the comfort of users.A single tempera-ture adjustment strategy is used to control TCLs to maximize the response potential in the third stage.Finally,digital simulation based on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network system proves that the proposed three-stage scheduling strategy can keep the voltage deviation within±5%in different situations.In addition,the Gini coefficient of distribu-tion increases by 20%and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied is 48%lower than those without distribution.展开更多
Protein aggregates,mitochondrial import stress and neurodegenerative disorders:A salient hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease,is the abundance of protein aggregates(Goiran et a...Protein aggregates,mitochondrial import stress and neurodegenerative disorders:A salient hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease,is the abundance of protein aggregates(Goiran et al.,2022).This molecular event is believed to lead to activation of stress pathways ultimately resulting in cellular dysfunction(Eldeeb et al.,2022).Accordingly,many lines of research investigations focused on dampening the formation of protein aggregates or augmenting the clearance of protein aggregates as a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the progression of neurodegenerative diseases,albeit with little success(Costa-Mattioli and Walter,2020).Cell stress cues such as the accumulation of protein aggregates lead to the activation of stress response pathways that aid cells in responding to the damage.Despite the notion that the transient activation of these pathways helps cells cope with stressors,persistent activation can induce unwanted apoptosis of cells and reduce overall tissue strength as well as lead to an accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins(Hetz and Papa,2018).Mutations in proteins involved in stress signaling termination can cause conditions like ataxia and early-onset dementia(Conroy et al.,2014).Therefore,it is crucial for stress response signaling to be turned off once conditions have improved.Nevertheless,the mechanisms by which cells silence these signals are still elusive.展开更多
We investigated the effects of fly ash(FA)content on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and its regeneration potential under freeze and thaw(F-T)cycles.The physical properties of second-gener...We investigated the effects of fly ash(FA)content on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and its regeneration potential under freeze and thaw(F-T)cycles.The physical properties of second-generation recycled concrete aggregates(RCA)were used to analyze the regeneration potential of RAC after F-T cycles.Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the interfacial transition zone microstructure of RAC after F-T cycles.Results showed that adding 20%FA to RAC significantly enhanced its mechanical properties and frost resistance.Before the F-T cycles,the compressive strength of RAC with 20%FA reached 48.3 MPa,exceeding research strength target of 40 MPa.A majority of second-generation RCA with FA had been verified to attain class Ⅲ,which enabled their practical application in non-structural projects such as backfill trenches and road pavement.However,the second-generation RCA with 20%FA can achieve class Ⅱ,making it ideal for 40 MPa structural concrete.展开更多
Crushing waste coral concrete into recycled aggregates to create recycled coral aggregate concrete(RCAC)contributes to sustainable construction development on offshore islands and reefs.To investigate the impact of re...Crushing waste coral concrete into recycled aggregates to create recycled coral aggregate concrete(RCAC)contributes to sustainable construction development on offshore islands and reefs.To investigate the impact of recycled coral aggregate on concrete properties,this study performed a comprehensive analysis of the physical properties of recycled coral aggregate and the basic mechanical properties and microstructure of RCAC.The test results indicate that,compared to coral debris,the crushing index of recycled coral aggregate was reduced by 9.4%,while porosity decreased by 33.5%.Furthermore,RCAC retained the early strength characteristics of coral concrete,with compressive strength and flexural strength exhibiting a notable increase as the water-cement ratio decreased.Under identical conditions,the compressive strength and flexural strength of RCAC were 12.7% and 2.5% higher than coral concrete's,respectively,with porosity correspondingly reduced from 3.13% to 5.11%.This enhancement could be attributed to the new mortar filling the recycled coral aggregate.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis revealed three distinct interface transition zones within RCAC,with the‘new mortar-old mortar’interface identified as the weakest.The above findings provided a reference for the sustainable use of coral concrete in constructing offshore islands.展开更多
Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases,such as multiple sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer's disease,and traumatic brain injury.Even for disorders historically unrelated ...Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases,such as multiple sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer's disease,and traumatic brain injury.Even for disorders historically unrelated to neuroinflammation,such as Alzheimer's disease,it is now shown to precede pathological protein aggregations.展开更多
Autophagy is well-known for delivering cargo materials to lysosomes for proteolytic digestion.Recently,autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in unconventional protein secretion(UPS).This perspective introduces unco...Autophagy is well-known for delivering cargo materials to lysosomes for proteolytic digestion.Recently,autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in unconventional protein secretion(UPS).This perspective introduces unconventional secretion pathways,focusing on secretory autophagy and its role in secreting protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders.We also explore additional neuronal functions of secretory autophagy beyond the release of protein aggregates.We propose autophagosomes as transport organelles that deliver cargo material directly from the endoplasmatic reticulum(ER)to the plasma membrane rather than solely to lysosomes.展开更多
In power market environment,the growing importance of demand response(DR)and renewable energy source(RES)attracts more for-profit DR and RES aggregators to compete with each other to maximize their profit.Meanwhile,th...In power market environment,the growing importance of demand response(DR)and renewable energy source(RES)attracts more for-profit DR and RES aggregators to compete with each other to maximize their profit.Meanwhile,the intermittent natures of these alternative sources along with the competition add to the probable financial risk of the aggregators.The objective of the paper is to highlight this financial risk of aggregators in such uncertain environment while estimating DR magnitude and power generated by RES.This work develops DR modeling incorporating the effect of estimating power at different confidence levels and uncertain participation of customers.In this paper,two well-known risk assessment techniques,value at risk and conditional value at risk,are applied to predict the power from RES and DR programs at a particular level of risk in different scenarios generated by Monte Carlo method.To establish the linkage between financial risk taking ability of individuals,the aggregators are classified into risk neutral aggregator,risk averse aggregator and risk taking aggregator.The paper uses data from Indian Energy Exchange to produce realistic results and refers certain policies of Indian Energy Exchange to frame mathematical expressions for benefit function considering uncertainties for each type of three aggregators.Extensive results show the importance of assessing the risks involved with two unpredictable variables and possible impacts on technical and financial attributes of the microgrid energy market.展开更多
Demand response(DR)has received much attention for its ability to balance the changing power supply and demand with flexibility.DR aggregators play an important role in aggregating flexible loads that are too small to...Demand response(DR)has received much attention for its ability to balance the changing power supply and demand with flexibility.DR aggregators play an important role in aggregating flexible loads that are too small to participate in electricity markets.In this work,a DR operation framework is presented to enable local management of customers to participate in electricity market.A novel optimization model is proposed for the DR aggregator with multiple objectives.On one hand,it attempts to obtain the optimal design of different DR contracts as well as the portfolio management so that the DR aggregator can maximize its profit.On the other hand,the customers’welfare should be maximized to incentivize users to enroll in DR programs which ensure the effective and flexible load control.The consumer psychology is introduced to model the consumers’behavior during contract signing.Several simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model.The results illustrate that the proposed model can ensure the profit of the DR aggregator whereas the customers’welfare is considered.展开更多
With the rapid integration of distributed energy resources(DERs),distribution utilities are faced with new and unprecedented issues.New challenges introduced by high penetra-tion of DERs range from poor observability ...With the rapid integration of distributed energy resources(DERs),distribution utilities are faced with new and unprecedented issues.New challenges introduced by high penetra-tion of DERs range from poor observability to overload and reverse power flow problems,under-/over-voltages,maloperation of legacy protection systems,and requirements for new planning procedures.Distribution utility personnel are not adequately trained,and legacy control centers are not properly equipped to cope with these issues.Fortunately,distribution energy resource management systems(DERMSs)are emerging software technologies aimed to provide distribution system operators(DSOs)with a specialized set of tools to enable them to overcome the issues caused by DERs and to maximize the benefits of the presence of high penetration of these novel resources.However,as DERMS technology is still emerging,its definition is vague and can refer to very different levels of software hierarchies,spanning from decentralized virtual power plants to DER aggregators and fully centralized enterprise systems(called utility DERMS).Although they are all frequently simply called DERIMS,these software technologies have different sets of tools and aim to provide different services to different stakeholders.This paper explores how these different software technologies can complement each other,and how they can provide significant benefits to DSOs in enabling them to successfully manage evolving distribution networks with high penetration of DERs when they are integrated together into the control centers of distribution utilities.展开更多
In this paper we present a designated verifier-set signature(DVSS),in which the signer allows to designate many verifiers rather than one verifier,and each designated verifier can verify the validity of signature by h...In this paper we present a designated verifier-set signature(DVSS),in which the signer allows to designate many verifiers rather than one verifier,and each designated verifier can verify the validity of signature by himself.Our research starts from identity-based aggregator(IBA)that compresses a designated set of verifier’s identities to a constant-size random string in cryptographic space.The IBA is constructed by mapping the hash of verifier’s identity into zero or pole of a target curve,and extracting one curve’s point as the result of aggregation according to a specific secret.Considering the different types of target curves,these two IBAs are called as zeros-based aggregator and poles-based aggregator,respectively.Based on them,we propose a practical DVSS scheme constructed from the zero-pole cancellation method which can eliminate the same elements between zeros-based aggregator and poles-based aggregator.Due to this design,our DVSS scheme has some distinct advantages:(1)the signature supporting arbitrary dynamic verifiers extracted from a large number of users;and(2)the signature with short and constant length.We rigorously prove that our DVSS scheme satisfies the security properties:correctness,consistency,unforgeability and exclusivity.This is a preview of subscription content,log in to check access.展开更多
Four new amphiphilic molecules, i.e., the bolaamphiphiles n-trimethylamino n-hexadecanoate (deAgr 16), n-dodecanoate (deAgr 12), n-undecanoate (deAgr 11), and n-octanoate (deAgr 8) were synthesized. Their ability as d...Four new amphiphilic molecules, i.e., the bolaamphiphiles n-trimethylamino n-hexadecanoate (deAgr 16), n-dodecanoate (deAgr 12), n-undecanoate (deAgr 11), and n-octanoate (deAgr 8) were synthesized. Their ability as deaggregators to break up the aggregating systems of hexadecyl β-naphthoate (A16) and dodecyl β-naphthoate (A12) in dioxanewater binary solvent systems was investigated in a number of solvent systems and at different A16 and A12 concentrations. The results reveal that this new type of bolaamphiphilic molecules appears to be one of the most efficient deaggregators reported, which, at very low concentrations, can effectively break up the aggregating systems of highly concentrated A16 and A12. It is also found that bolaamphiphfles with longer aliphatic chains possess greater deaggregating ability. However, when the overall concentrations of A16 and A12 are very low but still above their critical aggregating concentration, these bolaamphiphilic molecules lose their deaggregating power and tend to coaggregate with the aggregated A16 or A12 molecules. The quite efficient deaggregating ability of the long-chain bolaamphiphfles (deAgr 16 and deAgr 12), as compared to the short-chain deAgr 8, has been ascribed to their dynamic switch-on/switch-off behavior involving coiled-up and uncoiled conformations of their long aliphatic chains.展开更多
Heat shock protein family B(small)member 8(HSPB8)is a 22 kDa ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the family of small heat shock proteins.HSPB8 is involved in various cellular mechanisms mainly related to prote...Heat shock protein family B(small)member 8(HSPB8)is a 22 kDa ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the family of small heat shock proteins.HSPB8 is involved in various cellular mechanisms mainly related to proteotoxic stress response and in other processes such as inflammation,cell division,and migration.HSPB8 binds misfolded clients to prevent their aggregation by assisting protein refolding or degradation through chaperone-assisted selective autophagy.In line with this function,the pro-degradative activity of HSPB8 has been found protective in several neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation.In cancer,HSPB8 has a dual role being capable of exerting either a pro-or an anti-tumoral activity depending on the pathways and factors expressed by the model of cancer under investigation.Moreover,HSPB8 exerts a protective function in different diseases by modulating the inflammatory response,which characterizes not only neurodegenerative diseases,but also other chronic or acute conditions affecting the nervous system,such as multiple sclerosis and intracerebellar hemorrhage.Of note,HSPB8 modulation may represent a therapeutic approach in other neurological conditions that develop as a secondary consequence of other diseases.This is the case of cognitive impairment related to diabetes mellitus,in which HSPB8 exerts a protective activity by assuring mitochondrial homeostasis.This review aims to summarize the diverse and multiple functions of HSPB8 in different pathological conditions,focusing on the beneficial effects of its modulation.Drug-based and alternative therapeutic approaches targeting HSPB8 and its regulated pathways will be discussed,emphasizing how new strategies for cell and tissue-specific delivery represent an avenue to advance in disease treatments.展开更多
This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging...This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging at the charging station level,estimating its physical dispatchable capability,determining its economic dispatchable capability under economic incentives,modeling its participation in the grid,and investigating the effects of different scenarios and EV penetration on the aggregated load dispatch and dispatchable capability.The results indicate that using economic dispatchable capability reduces charging prices by 9.7%compared to physical dispatchable capability and 9.3%compared to disorderly charging.Additionally,the peak-to-valley difference is reduced by 64.6%when applying economic dispatchable capability with 20%EV penetration and residential base load,compared to disorderly charging.展开更多
Low porosity is very significant for cementitious composite materials(CCM)under freeze-thaw conditions.To reduce the porosity of CCM,we used wollastonite mineral fibers as a partial replacement for cement and aggregat...Low porosity is very significant for cementitious composite materials(CCM)under freeze-thaw conditions.To reduce the porosity of CCM,we used wollastonite mineral fibers as a partial replacement for cement and aggregate.The five combinations,in which 10%,32%,and 48%Wollastonite were added,were made for scanning using both scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and computed tomography scan technology(CT).Then,the 2D SEM pictures and the 3D pore distribution curves are obtained before and after the freezing and thawing processes,where the micro-pores in the CCM materials are shown.The fractal dimension is used to quantify the topography image in two dimensions,as well as the pore distribution in three dimensions.This method allows for the determination of both surface porosity and volume porosity,both of which show an increase in response to an escalation of freeze-thaw cycles.It is also found that the micro-damage in the concrete is of self-similarity,and in the context of the fractal dimension,the pore evolution can be quantitatively characterized across different sizes,ranging from local to global levels,before and after freezing and thawing.展开更多
In global navigation satellite system denial environment,cross-view geo-localization based on image retrieval presents an exceedingly critical visual localization solution for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)systems.The e...In global navigation satellite system denial environment,cross-view geo-localization based on image retrieval presents an exceedingly critical visual localization solution for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)systems.The essence of cross-view geo-localization resides in matching images containing the same geographical targets from disparate platforms,such as UAV-view and satellite-view images.However,images of the same geographical targets may suffer from occlusions and geometric distortions due to variations in the capturing platform,view,and timing.The existing methods predominantly extract features by segmenting feature maps,which overlook the holistic semantic distribution and structural information of objects,resulting in loss of image information.To address these challenges,dilated neighborhood attention Transformer is employed as the feature extraction backbone,and Multi-feature representations based on Multi-scale Hierarchical Contextual Aggregation(MMHCA)is proposed.In the proposed MMHCA method,the multiscale hierarchical contextual aggregation method is utilized to extract contextual information from local to global across various granularity levels,establishing feature associations of contextual information with global and local information in the image.Subsequently,the multi-feature representations method is utilized to obtain rich discriminative feature information,bolstering the robustness of model in scenarios characterized by positional shifts,varying distances,and scale ambiguities.Comprehensive experiments conducted on the extensively utilized University-1652 and SUES-200 benchmarks indicate that the MMHCA method surpasses the existing techniques.showing outstanding results in UAV localization and navigation.展开更多
Both soil organic carbon (SOC) and iron (Fe) oxide content, among other factors, drive the formation and stability of soil aggregates.However, the mechanism of these drivers in greenhouse soil fertilized with organic ...Both soil organic carbon (SOC) and iron (Fe) oxide content, among other factors, drive the formation and stability of soil aggregates.However, the mechanism of these drivers in greenhouse soil fertilized with organic fertilizer is not well understood.In a 3-year field experiment, we aimed to investigate the factors which drive the stability of soil aggregates in greenhouse soil.To explore the impact of organic fertilizer on soil aggregates, we established four treatments:no fertilization (CK);inorganic fertilizer (CF);organic fertilizer (OF);and combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers(COF).The application of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the stability of aggregates, that is it enhanced the mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter and aggregate content (%) of>0.25 mm aggregate fractions.OF and COF treatments increased the concentration of SOC, especially the aliphatic-C, aromatic-C and polysaccharide-C components of SOC, particularly in>0.25 mm aggregates.Organic fertilizer application significantly increased the content of free Fe(Fed), reactive Fe (Feo), and non-crystalline Fe in both bulk soil and aggregates.Furthermore, non-crystalline Fe showed a positive correlation with SOC content in both bulk soil and aggregates.Both non-crystalline Fe and SOC were significantly positively correlated with>2 mm mean weight diameter.Overall, we believe that the increase of SOC, aromatic-C, and non-crystal ine Fe concentrations in soil after the application of organic fertilizer is the reason for improving soil aggregate stability.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52407126).
文摘The demand response(DR)market,as a vital complement to the electricity spot market,plays a key role in evoking user-side regulation capability to mitigate system-level supply‒demand imbalances during extreme events.While the DR market offers the load aggregator(LA)additional profitable opportunities beyond the electricity spot market,it also introduces new trading risks due to the significant uncertainty in users’behaviors.Dispatching energy storage systems(ESSs)is an effective means to enhance the risk management capabilities of LAs;however,coordinating ESS operations with dual-market trading strategies remains an urgent challenge.To this end,this paper proposes a novel systematic risk-aware coordinated trading model for the LA in concurrently participating in the day-ahead electricity spot market and DR market,which incorporates the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS based on market clearing rules to jointly formulate bidding and pricing decisions for the dual market.First,the intrinsic coupling characteristics of the LA participating in the dual market are analyzed,and a joint optimization framework for formulating bidding and pricing strategies that integrates ESS facilities is proposed.Second,an uncertain user response model is developed based on price‒response mechanisms,and actual market settlement rules accounting for under-and over-responses are employed to calculate trading revenues,where possible revenue losses are quantified via conditional value at risk.Third,by imposing these terms and the capacity allocation mechanism of ESS,the risk-aware stochastic coordinated trading model of the LA is built,where the bidding and pricing strategies in the dual model that trade off risk and profit are derived.The simulation results of a case study validate the effectiveness of the proposed trading strategy in controlling trading risk and improving the trading income of the LA.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant No.72174062)the 2018 Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research,Ministry of Education,China(Grant No.18JZD032).The completion of this articlewas accomplished with the help of many teachers and classmates.We sincerely thank them for their help and guidance.
文摘There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.
基金financially supported by the Collaborative Research Fund(C5018-20GF)of the Research Grant Council(RGC)of Hong Kong Special Administrative Regionthe Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission Grant(KCXST20221021111203007)。
文摘Pressure has been introduced into power systems owing to the intermittent and uncertain nature of renewable energy.As a result,energy resource aggregators are emerging in the electricity market to realize sustainable and economic advantages through distributed generation,energy storage,and demand response resources.However,resource aggregators face the challenge of dealing with the uncertainty of renewable energy generation and setting appropriate incentives to exploit substantial energy flexibility in the building sector.In this study,a risk-aware optimal dispatch strategy that integrates probabilistic renewable energy prediction and bi-level building flexibility engagements is proposed.A natural gradient boosting algorithm(NGBoost),which requires no prior knowledge of uncertain variables,was adopted to develop a probabilistic photovoltaic(PV)forecasting model.The lack of suitable flexibility incentives is addressed by a novel interactive flexibility engagement scheme that can take into account building users'willingness and optimize the building flexibility provision.The chance-constrained programming method was applied to manage the supply-demand balance of the resource aggregator and ensure risk-aware decision-making in power dispatch.The case study results show the strong economic and environmental performance of the proposed strategy.The proposed strategy leads to a win-win situation in which profit increases through a load reduction of 13% and a carbon emission reduction of 3% is achieved for different stakeholders,which also shows a trade-off between the economic benefits and the risk of supply shortage.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.5400-202318246A-1-1-ZN)。
文摘The proliferation of electric vehicles(EVs)introduces transformative opportunities and challenges for the stability of distribution networks.Unregulated EV charging will further exacerbate the inherent three-phase imbalance of the power grid,while regulated EV charging will alleviate such imbalance.To systematically address this challenge,this study proposes a two-stage bidding strategy with dispatch potential of electric vehicle aggregators(EVAs).By constructing a coordinated framework that integrates the day-ahead and real-time markets,the proposed two-stage bidding strategy reconfigures distributed EVA clusters into a controllable dynamic energy storage system,with a particular focus on dynamic compensation for deviations between scheduled and real-time operations.A bilevel Stackelberg game resolves three-phase imbalance by achieving Nash equilibrium for inter-phase balance,with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)conditions and mixed-integer secondorder cone programming(MISOCP)ensuring feasible solutions.The proposed coordinated framework is validated with different bidding modes includes independent bidding,full price acceptance,and cooperative bidding modes.The proposed twostage bidding strategy provides an EVA-based coordinated scheduling solution that balances the economic efficiency and phase stability in electricity market.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52007126 and No.U2166209).
文摘Thermostatically controlled loads(TCLs)are regarded as having potential to participate in power grid regulation.This paper proposes a scheduling strategy with three-stage optimization for regional aggregators jointly participating in day-ahead scheduling to support demand response.The first stage is on the profit of aggregators and peak load of the grid.The line loss and voltage deviation of regulation are considered to ensure stable operation of the power grid at the second stage,which guarantees the fairness of the regulation and the comfort of users.A single tempera-ture adjustment strategy is used to control TCLs to maximize the response potential in the third stage.Finally,digital simulation based on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network system proves that the proposed three-stage scheduling strategy can keep the voltage deviation within±5%in different situations.In addition,the Gini coefficient of distribu-tion increases by 20%and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied is 48%lower than those without distribution.
文摘Protein aggregates,mitochondrial import stress and neurodegenerative disorders:A salient hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease,is the abundance of protein aggregates(Goiran et al.,2022).This molecular event is believed to lead to activation of stress pathways ultimately resulting in cellular dysfunction(Eldeeb et al.,2022).Accordingly,many lines of research investigations focused on dampening the formation of protein aggregates or augmenting the clearance of protein aggregates as a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the progression of neurodegenerative diseases,albeit with little success(Costa-Mattioli and Walter,2020).Cell stress cues such as the accumulation of protein aggregates lead to the activation of stress response pathways that aid cells in responding to the damage.Despite the notion that the transient activation of these pathways helps cells cope with stressors,persistent activation can induce unwanted apoptosis of cells and reduce overall tissue strength as well as lead to an accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins(Hetz and Papa,2018).Mutations in proteins involved in stress signaling termination can cause conditions like ataxia and early-onset dementia(Conroy et al.,2014).Therefore,it is crucial for stress response signaling to be turned off once conditions have improved.Nevertheless,the mechanisms by which cells silence these signals are still elusive.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220626)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52078068)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of NIT(No.KCTD006)Jiangsu Marine Structure Service Performance Improvement Engineering Research CenterKey Laboratory of Jiangsu"Marine Floating Wind Power Technology and Equipment"。
文摘We investigated the effects of fly ash(FA)content on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC)and its regeneration potential under freeze and thaw(F-T)cycles.The physical properties of second-generation recycled concrete aggregates(RCA)were used to analyze the regeneration potential of RAC after F-T cycles.Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the interfacial transition zone microstructure of RAC after F-T cycles.Results showed that adding 20%FA to RAC significantly enhanced its mechanical properties and frost resistance.Before the F-T cycles,the compressive strength of RAC with 20%FA reached 48.3 MPa,exceeding research strength target of 40 MPa.A majority of second-generation RCA with FA had been verified to attain class Ⅲ,which enabled their practical application in non-structural projects such as backfill trenches and road pavement.However,the second-generation RCA with 20%FA can achieve class Ⅱ,making it ideal for 40 MPa structural concrete.
基金Funded by Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(No.2025GXNSFBA069565)Guangxi Science and Technology Program(No.AD25069101)Guangxi Bagui Scholars Fund。
文摘Crushing waste coral concrete into recycled aggregates to create recycled coral aggregate concrete(RCAC)contributes to sustainable construction development on offshore islands and reefs.To investigate the impact of recycled coral aggregate on concrete properties,this study performed a comprehensive analysis of the physical properties of recycled coral aggregate and the basic mechanical properties and microstructure of RCAC.The test results indicate that,compared to coral debris,the crushing index of recycled coral aggregate was reduced by 9.4%,while porosity decreased by 33.5%.Furthermore,RCAC retained the early strength characteristics of coral concrete,with compressive strength and flexural strength exhibiting a notable increase as the water-cement ratio decreased.Under identical conditions,the compressive strength and flexural strength of RCAC were 12.7% and 2.5% higher than coral concrete's,respectively,with porosity correspondingly reduced from 3.13% to 5.11%.This enhancement could be attributed to the new mortar filling the recycled coral aggregate.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis revealed three distinct interface transition zones within RCAC,with the‘new mortar-old mortar’interface identified as the weakest.The above findings provided a reference for the sustainable use of coral concrete in constructing offshore islands.
基金supported by FWO(Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek),grant number G07562NFWO(to BB)。
文摘Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases,such as multiple sclerosis(MS),Alzheimer's disease,and traumatic brain injury.Even for disorders historically unrelated to neuroinflammation,such as Alzheimer's disease,it is now shown to precede pathological protein aggregations.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)grant LU 2347/3-1(to PL).
文摘Autophagy is well-known for delivering cargo materials to lysosomes for proteolytic digestion.Recently,autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in unconventional protein secretion(UPS).This perspective introduces unconventional secretion pathways,focusing on secretory autophagy and its role in secreting protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders.We also explore additional neuronal functions of secretory autophagy beyond the release of protein aggregates.We propose autophagosomes as transport organelles that deliver cargo material directly from the endoplasmatic reticulum(ER)to the plasma membrane rather than solely to lysosomes.
文摘In power market environment,the growing importance of demand response(DR)and renewable energy source(RES)attracts more for-profit DR and RES aggregators to compete with each other to maximize their profit.Meanwhile,the intermittent natures of these alternative sources along with the competition add to the probable financial risk of the aggregators.The objective of the paper is to highlight this financial risk of aggregators in such uncertain environment while estimating DR magnitude and power generated by RES.This work develops DR modeling incorporating the effect of estimating power at different confidence levels and uncertain participation of customers.In this paper,two well-known risk assessment techniques,value at risk and conditional value at risk,are applied to predict the power from RES and DR programs at a particular level of risk in different scenarios generated by Monte Carlo method.To establish the linkage between financial risk taking ability of individuals,the aggregators are classified into risk neutral aggregator,risk averse aggregator and risk taking aggregator.The paper uses data from Indian Energy Exchange to produce realistic results and refers certain policies of Indian Energy Exchange to frame mathematical expressions for benefit function considering uncertainties for each type of three aggregators.Extensive results show the importance of assessing the risks involved with two unpredictable variables and possible impacts on technical and financial attributes of the microgrid energy market.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51777030)in part by CURENT,a U.S.NSF/DOE Engineering Research Center+1 种基金through NSF under Award EEC-1081477the China Scholarship Council(No.201706090150)。
文摘Demand response(DR)has received much attention for its ability to balance the changing power supply and demand with flexibility.DR aggregators play an important role in aggregating flexible loads that are too small to participate in electricity markets.In this work,a DR operation framework is presented to enable local management of customers to participate in electricity market.A novel optimization model is proposed for the DR aggregator with multiple objectives.On one hand,it attempts to obtain the optimal design of different DR contracts as well as the portfolio management so that the DR aggregator can maximize its profit.On the other hand,the customers’welfare should be maximized to incentivize users to enroll in DR programs which ensure the effective and flexible load control.The consumer psychology is introduced to model the consumers’behavior during contract signing.Several simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model.The results illustrate that the proposed model can ensure the profit of the DR aggregator whereas the customers’welfare is considered.
基金the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC36-08GO28308.
文摘With the rapid integration of distributed energy resources(DERs),distribution utilities are faced with new and unprecedented issues.New challenges introduced by high penetra-tion of DERs range from poor observability to overload and reverse power flow problems,under-/over-voltages,maloperation of legacy protection systems,and requirements for new planning procedures.Distribution utility personnel are not adequately trained,and legacy control centers are not properly equipped to cope with these issues.Fortunately,distribution energy resource management systems(DERMSs)are emerging software technologies aimed to provide distribution system operators(DSOs)with a specialized set of tools to enable them to overcome the issues caused by DERs and to maximize the benefits of the presence of high penetration of these novel resources.However,as DERMS technology is still emerging,its definition is vague and can refer to very different levels of software hierarchies,spanning from decentralized virtual power plants to DER aggregators and fully centralized enterprise systems(called utility DERMS).Although they are all frequently simply called DERIMS,these software technologies have different sets of tools and aim to provide different services to different stakeholders.This paper explores how these different software technologies can complement each other,and how they can provide significant benefits to DSOs in enabling them to successfully manage evolving distribution networks with high penetration of DERs when they are integrated together into the control centers of distribution utilities.
基金The work was supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Programs of China(2018YFB1402702 and 2017YFB0802500)the“13th”Five-Year National Cryptographic Development Foundation(MMJJ20180208)+1 种基金NSFC-Genertec Joint Fund For Basic Research(U1636104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61572132,61972032 and U1705264).
文摘In this paper we present a designated verifier-set signature(DVSS),in which the signer allows to designate many verifiers rather than one verifier,and each designated verifier can verify the validity of signature by himself.Our research starts from identity-based aggregator(IBA)that compresses a designated set of verifier’s identities to a constant-size random string in cryptographic space.The IBA is constructed by mapping the hash of verifier’s identity into zero or pole of a target curve,and extracting one curve’s point as the result of aggregation according to a specific secret.Considering the different types of target curves,these two IBAs are called as zeros-based aggregator and poles-based aggregator,respectively.Based on them,we propose a practical DVSS scheme constructed from the zero-pole cancellation method which can eliminate the same elements between zeros-based aggregator and poles-based aggregator.Due to this design,our DVSS scheme has some distinct advantages:(1)the signature supporting arbitrary dynamic verifiers extracted from a large number of users;and(2)the signature with short and constant length.We rigorously prove that our DVSS scheme satisfies the security properties:correctness,consistency,unforgeability and exclusivity.This is a preview of subscription content,log in to check access.
基金NSFC (No .2 9832 0 40 )andStateKeyProjectofFundamentalResearch (No .G2 0 0 0 0 7810 1)
文摘Four new amphiphilic molecules, i.e., the bolaamphiphiles n-trimethylamino n-hexadecanoate (deAgr 16), n-dodecanoate (deAgr 12), n-undecanoate (deAgr 11), and n-octanoate (deAgr 8) were synthesized. Their ability as deaggregators to break up the aggregating systems of hexadecyl β-naphthoate (A16) and dodecyl β-naphthoate (A12) in dioxanewater binary solvent systems was investigated in a number of solvent systems and at different A16 and A12 concentrations. The results reveal that this new type of bolaamphiphilic molecules appears to be one of the most efficient deaggregators reported, which, at very low concentrations, can effectively break up the aggregating systems of highly concentrated A16 and A12. It is also found that bolaamphiphfles with longer aliphatic chains possess greater deaggregating ability. However, when the overall concentrations of A16 and A12 are very low but still above their critical aggregating concentration, these bolaamphiphilic molecules lose their deaggregating power and tend to coaggregate with the aggregated A16 or A12 molecules. The quite efficient deaggregating ability of the long-chain bolaamphiphfles (deAgr 16 and deAgr 12), as compared to the short-chain deAgr 8, has been ascribed to their dynamic switch-on/switch-off behavior involving coiled-up and uncoiled conformations of their long aliphatic chains.
基金supported by:Fondazione Telethon-Italy(No.GGP19128 to AP)Fondazione Cariplo-Italy(No.2021-1544 to RC)+14 种基金Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la Sclerosi Laterale Amiotrofica(AriSLA)-Italy(No.MLOpathy to APTarget-RAN to AP)Association Française contre les Myopathies-France(AFM Telethon No.23236 to AP)Kennedy’s Disease Association-USA(2018 grant to RC2020 grant to MG)Ministero dell’Universitàe della Ricerca(MIUR)-Italy(PRIN-Progetti di ricerca di interesse nazionale(No.2017F2A2C5 to APNo.2022EFLFL8 to APNo.2020PBS5MJ to VCNo.2022KSJZF5 to VC)PRIN-Progetti di ricerca di interesse nazionale-bando 2022,PNRR finanziato dall’Unione europea-Next Generation EU,componente M4C2,investimento 1.1(No.P2022B5J32 to RC and No.P20225R4Y5 to VC)CN3:RNA-Codice Proposta:CN_00000041Tematica Sviluppo di terapia genica e farmaci con tecnologia a RNA(Centro Nazionale di Ricerca-CN3 National Center for Gene Therapy and Drugs based on RNA Technology to AP)Progetto Dipartimenti di Eccellenza(to DiSFeB)Ministero della Salute,Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco(AIFA)-Italy(Co_ALS to AP)Universitàdegli Studi di Milano(piano di sviluppo della ricerca(PSR)UNIMI-linea B(to RC and BT).
文摘Heat shock protein family B(small)member 8(HSPB8)is a 22 kDa ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the family of small heat shock proteins.HSPB8 is involved in various cellular mechanisms mainly related to proteotoxic stress response and in other processes such as inflammation,cell division,and migration.HSPB8 binds misfolded clients to prevent their aggregation by assisting protein refolding or degradation through chaperone-assisted selective autophagy.In line with this function,the pro-degradative activity of HSPB8 has been found protective in several neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation.In cancer,HSPB8 has a dual role being capable of exerting either a pro-or an anti-tumoral activity depending on the pathways and factors expressed by the model of cancer under investigation.Moreover,HSPB8 exerts a protective function in different diseases by modulating the inflammatory response,which characterizes not only neurodegenerative diseases,but also other chronic or acute conditions affecting the nervous system,such as multiple sclerosis and intracerebellar hemorrhage.Of note,HSPB8 modulation may represent a therapeutic approach in other neurological conditions that develop as a secondary consequence of other diseases.This is the case of cognitive impairment related to diabetes mellitus,in which HSPB8 exerts a protective activity by assuring mitochondrial homeostasis.This review aims to summarize the diverse and multiple functions of HSPB8 in different pathological conditions,focusing on the beneficial effects of its modulation.Drug-based and alternative therapeutic approaches targeting HSPB8 and its regulated pathways will be discussed,emphasizing how new strategies for cell and tissue-specific delivery represent an avenue to advance in disease treatments.
基金State Grid Henan Power Company Science and Technology Project‘Key Technology and Demonstration Application of Multi-Domain Electric Vehicle Aggregated Charging Load Dispatch’(5217L0240003).
文摘This paper introduces a method for modeling the entire aggregated electric vehicle(EV)charging process and analyzing its dispatchable capabilities.The methodology involves developing a model for aggregated EV charging at the charging station level,estimating its physical dispatchable capability,determining its economic dispatchable capability under economic incentives,modeling its participation in the grid,and investigating the effects of different scenarios and EV penetration on the aggregated load dispatch and dispatchable capability.The results indicate that using economic dispatchable capability reduces charging prices by 9.7%compared to physical dispatchable capability and 9.3%compared to disorderly charging.Additionally,the peak-to-valley difference is reduced by 64.6%when applying economic dispatchable capability with 20%EV penetration and residential base load,compared to disorderly charging.
文摘Low porosity is very significant for cementitious composite materials(CCM)under freeze-thaw conditions.To reduce the porosity of CCM,we used wollastonite mineral fibers as a partial replacement for cement and aggregate.The five combinations,in which 10%,32%,and 48%Wollastonite were added,were made for scanning using both scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and computed tomography scan technology(CT).Then,the 2D SEM pictures and the 3D pore distribution curves are obtained before and after the freezing and thawing processes,where the micro-pores in the CCM materials are shown.The fractal dimension is used to quantify the topography image in two dimensions,as well as the pore distribution in three dimensions.This method allows for the determination of both surface porosity and volume porosity,both of which show an increase in response to an escalation of freeze-thaw cycles.It is also found that the micro-damage in the concrete is of self-similarity,and in the context of the fractal dimension,the pore evolution can be quantitatively characterized across different sizes,ranging from local to global levels,before and after freezing and thawing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12072027,62103052,61603346 and 62103379)the Henan Key Laboratory of General Aviation Technology,China(No.ZHKF-230201)+3 种基金the Funding for the Open Research Project of the Rotor Aerodynamics Key Laboratory,China(No.RAL20200101)the Key Research and Development Program of Henan Province,China(Nos.241111222000 and 241111222900)the Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province,China(No.232102220067)the Scholarship Funding from the China Scholarship Council(No.202206030079).
文摘In global navigation satellite system denial environment,cross-view geo-localization based on image retrieval presents an exceedingly critical visual localization solution for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)systems.The essence of cross-view geo-localization resides in matching images containing the same geographical targets from disparate platforms,such as UAV-view and satellite-view images.However,images of the same geographical targets may suffer from occlusions and geometric distortions due to variations in the capturing platform,view,and timing.The existing methods predominantly extract features by segmenting feature maps,which overlook the holistic semantic distribution and structural information of objects,resulting in loss of image information.To address these challenges,dilated neighborhood attention Transformer is employed as the feature extraction backbone,and Multi-feature representations based on Multi-scale Hierarchical Contextual Aggregation(MMHCA)is proposed.In the proposed MMHCA method,the multiscale hierarchical contextual aggregation method is utilized to extract contextual information from local to global across various granularity levels,establishing feature associations of contextual information with global and local information in the image.Subsequently,the multi-feature representations method is utilized to obtain rich discriminative feature information,bolstering the robustness of model in scenarios characterized by positional shifts,varying distances,and scale ambiguities.Comprehensive experiments conducted on the extensively utilized University-1652 and SUES-200 benchmarks indicate that the MMHCA method surpasses the existing techniques.showing outstanding results in UAV localization and navigation.
基金supported by the Shenyang Municipal Science and Technology Project,China(23-409-2-03)the Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology Project,China(Z20230183)the Liaoning Provincial Applied Basic Research Program,China(2022JH2/101300173).
文摘Both soil organic carbon (SOC) and iron (Fe) oxide content, among other factors, drive the formation and stability of soil aggregates.However, the mechanism of these drivers in greenhouse soil fertilized with organic fertilizer is not well understood.In a 3-year field experiment, we aimed to investigate the factors which drive the stability of soil aggregates in greenhouse soil.To explore the impact of organic fertilizer on soil aggregates, we established four treatments:no fertilization (CK);inorganic fertilizer (CF);organic fertilizer (OF);and combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers(COF).The application of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the stability of aggregates, that is it enhanced the mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter and aggregate content (%) of>0.25 mm aggregate fractions.OF and COF treatments increased the concentration of SOC, especially the aliphatic-C, aromatic-C and polysaccharide-C components of SOC, particularly in>0.25 mm aggregates.Organic fertilizer application significantly increased the content of free Fe(Fed), reactive Fe (Feo), and non-crystalline Fe in both bulk soil and aggregates.Furthermore, non-crystalline Fe showed a positive correlation with SOC content in both bulk soil and aggregates.Both non-crystalline Fe and SOC were significantly positively correlated with>2 mm mean weight diameter.Overall, we believe that the increase of SOC, aromatic-C, and non-crystal ine Fe concentrations in soil after the application of organic fertilizer is the reason for improving soil aggregate stability.
