The standard view among philosophers is that an arguer’s hypocrisy(understood as failure to practice what one preaches)has no bearing on either the merits of his or her argument or the acceptability of the argument’...The standard view among philosophers is that an arguer’s hypocrisy(understood as failure to practice what one preaches)has no bearing on either the merits of his or her argument or the acceptability of the argument’s conclusion.I challenge this view.Using the case of Peter Singer,who has famously argued for a moral obligation to relieve famine,but who does not,by his own admission,live in accordance with the standard he espouses,I explain why(and how)an arguer’s hypocrisy matters.If I am correct,then the standard view of the relation between arguer and argument must be revised.展开更多
In the context of the era of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,clarifying the emission patterns of non-CO_(2)Greenhouse Gas(GHG)from agricultural sources is of practical significance to China’s implementation of g...In the context of the era of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,clarifying the emission patterns of non-CO_(2)Greenhouse Gas(GHG)from agricultural sources is of practical significance to China’s implementation of greenhouse gas emission reduction policies.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)coefficient method was used to calculate non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources in 122 counties in Hunan Province,China,from 2010 to 2020,and the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of emission intensity were analyzed.The Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology(STRIPAT)model forecasted the prospective evolution of non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources at the county level under various scenarios from 2030 to 2050.The results demonstrated a general decline in non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources within the study area,with 75.41%of counties exhibiting a reduction in emissions.Geographically,emissions were higher in the Dongting Lake area and central Hengyang.The emission intensity per unit of agricultural added value and the intensity per unit of agricultural land area showed an overall downward trend.Spatially,the emission intensity per unit of farmland area in a few counties(cities,districts)in southern Hunan was still relatively high.By forecasting the non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources,the majority of counties(cities and districts)demonstrated a gradual decline in emissions,suggesting that agricultural production had the potential to reduce emissions in the future,while also facing certain pressure to reduce emissions.It is recommended that Hunan Province formulate agricultural carbon emission reduction policies that take regional development differences into account.This would provide a reference for future agricultural carbon emission reduction research in the whole country.展开更多
In recent years,researchers have devoted considerable attention to identifying the causes of urban environmental pollution.To determine whether migrant populations significantly affect urban environments,we examined t...In recent years,researchers have devoted considerable attention to identifying the causes of urban environmental pollution.To determine whether migrant populations significantly affect urban environments,we examined the relationship between urban environmental pollutant emissions and migrant populations at the prefectural level using data obtained for 90 Chinese cities evidencing net in-migration.By dividing the permanent populations of these cities into natives and migrants in relation to the population structure,we constructed an improved Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence and Technology model(STIRPAT)that included not only environmental pollutant emission variables but also variables on the cities’attributes.We subsequently conducted detailed analyses of the results of the models to assess the impacts of natives and migrants on environmental pollutant emissions.The main findings of our study were as follows:1)Migrant populations have significant impacts on environmental emissions both in terms of their size and concentration.Specifically,migrant populations have negative impacts on Air Quality Index(AQI)as well as PM2.5 emissions and positive impacts on emissions of NO2 and CO2.2)The impacts of migrant populations on urban environmental pollutant emissions were 8 to 30 times weaker than that of local populations.3)Urban environmental pollutant emissions in different cities differ significantly according to variations in the industrial structures,public transportation facilities,and population densities.展开更多
Population growth and development patterns have a significant impact on the environmental performance.The issue of concern is whether population growth or the consumption/production patterns are responsible for enviro...Population growth and development patterns have a significant impact on the environmental performance.The issue of concern is whether population growth or the consumption/production patterns are responsible for environmental deterioration.This paper is an attempt to capture the impact of technological development,affluence,and population on environmental performance index,while previous stuthes had captured the impact of these three factors on environment only through CO_2emissions.The analysis reveals that technological development and population size have a negative impact on environmental performance,whereas measures to improve affluence have a positive impact.Technological development has increased the production of energy efficient products but at the same time consumption of these products has increased manifold leading to environmental deterioration.Demographic attributes need specific attention to improve environmental performance.This paper concludes on some policy reflections on slowing the population growth as well as persuades individuals and economies to relook to their consumption and production patterns and channelize their efforts to protect the environment.展开更多
Increased economic development and industrialization put strain on environment,hence causing pollution and destroying ecosystem.Generally,many different factors affect the environment.These factors include GHG emissio...Increased economic development and industrialization put strain on environment,hence causing pollution and destroying ecosystem.Generally,many different factors affect the environment.These factors include GHG emissions,deforestation,and others.These are all related to human activities on Earth.Other factors that affect environment include population,consumption patterns,and changing life styles of people due to increased income.This study involves the comparison analysis of Pakistan and China on the basis of environmental impact caused by some major driving factors.China is the second largest CO_(2)emitter in the world with a population of 1.37 billion in 2016 and the second largest economy in the world.Pakistan is ranked as 40th on the basis of nominal GDP.Both the countries observed noticeable growth in economic development for over 55 years,i.e.1960-2016.This study identifies how population,affluence,consumption,and emissions as the major factors affect environmental pollution and use ImPACT equation,or I=PACT,to calculate the environmental impact and to determine which factors affect the environment the most.The study suggests that the people of both China and Pakistan have experienced increased income for the past 50 years and this increase has led to the changes in their lifestyles,from suitable clothing and quality food to comfortable living and increased energy consumption,thus affecting environment.展开更多
In the context of rapid urbanization and industrialization,achieving a coordinated relationship between urban construction land expansion(UCLE)and economic growth is essential for sustainable development,especially in...In the context of rapid urbanization and industrialization,achieving a coordinated relationship between urban construction land expansion(UCLE)and economic growth is essential for sustainable development,especially in developing countries.This study examined the spatiotemporal relationship between UCLE and economic growth in the Yellow River Basin(YRB),China from 2000 to 2020.An extended IPAT(Impact=Population×Affluence×Technology)decoupling framework and the geographical detector model were employed at a 5-km grid scale.Results show that urban construction land(UCL)expanded slowly before 2005,accelerated between 2005 and 2015,and declined thereafter.Since 2015,UCLE in most parts of the YRB has gradually decoupled from economic growth.The geographical detector analysis revealed that economic growth,along with its interactions with natural,locational,and socioeconomic factors,significantly influenced UCLE.Notably,location factors have gained importance since 2015,reducing the role of economic growth as the primary driver of UCLE in the YRB’s lower reaches.Nonetheless,economic growth continues to significantly influence the upper and middle reaches.These findings highlight the need for more precise and differentiated strategies for land utilization and economic growth,tailored to finer spatial scales,to better integrate human-land systems and promote high-quality regional development.展开更多
Environmental infrastructure investment(EII)is an important environmental policy instrument on responding to greenhouse gas(GHG)emission and air pollution.This paper employs an improved stochastic impact by regression...Environmental infrastructure investment(EII)is an important environmental policy instrument on responding to greenhouse gas(GHG)emission and air pollution.This paper employs an improved stochastic impact by regression on population,affluence and technology(STRIPAT)model by using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities for the period of 2003–2015 to investigate the effect of EII on CO2 emissions,SO2 emissions,and PM2.5 pollution.The results indicate that EII has a positive and significant effect on mitigating CO2 emission.However,the effect of EII on SO2 emission fluctuated although it still contributes to the reduction of PM2.5 pollution through technology innovations.Energy intensity has the largest impact on GHG emissions and air pollution,followed by GDP per capita and industrial structure.In addition,the effect of EII on environmental issues varies in different regions.Such findings suggest that policies on EII should be region-specific so that more appropriate mitigation policies can be raised by considering the local realities.展开更多
Atmospheric transport of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),the leading environmental risk factor for public health,is estimated to exert substantial transboundary effects at present.During the past several decades,hum...Atmospheric transport of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),the leading environmental risk factor for public health,is estimated to exert substantial transboundary effects at present.During the past several decades,human-produced pollutant emissions have undergone drastic and regionally distinctive changes,yet it remains unclear about the resulting global transboundary health impacts.Here we show that between 1950 and 2014,global anthropogenic PM_(2.5)has led to 185.7 million premature deaths cumulatively,including about 14%from transboundary pollution.Among four country groups at different affluence levels,on a basis of per capita contribution to transboundary mortality,a richer region tends to exert severer cumulative health externality,with the poorest bearing the worst net externality after contrasting import and export of pollution mortality.The temporal changes in transboundary mortality and cross-regional inequality are substantial.Effort to reduce PM_(2.5)-related transboundary mortality should seek international collaborative strategies that account for historical responsibility and inequality.展开更多
文摘The standard view among philosophers is that an arguer’s hypocrisy(understood as failure to practice what one preaches)has no bearing on either the merits of his or her argument or the acceptability of the argument’s conclusion.I challenge this view.Using the case of Peter Singer,who has famously argued for a moral obligation to relieve famine,but who does not,by his own admission,live in accordance with the standard he espouses,I explain why(and how)an arguer’s hypocrisy matters.If I am correct,then the standard view of the relation between arguer and argument must be revised.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42471241,41971219,41571168)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2020JJ4372)。
文摘In the context of the era of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,clarifying the emission patterns of non-CO_(2)Greenhouse Gas(GHG)from agricultural sources is of practical significance to China’s implementation of greenhouse gas emission reduction policies.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)coefficient method was used to calculate non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources in 122 counties in Hunan Province,China,from 2010 to 2020,and the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of emission intensity were analyzed.The Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology(STRIPAT)model forecasted the prospective evolution of non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources at the county level under various scenarios from 2030 to 2050.The results demonstrated a general decline in non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources within the study area,with 75.41%of counties exhibiting a reduction in emissions.Geographically,emissions were higher in the Dongting Lake area and central Hengyang.The emission intensity per unit of agricultural added value and the intensity per unit of agricultural land area showed an overall downward trend.Spatially,the emission intensity per unit of farmland area in a few counties(cities,districts)in southern Hunan was still relatively high.By forecasting the non-CO_(2)GHG emissions from agricultural sources,the majority of counties(cities and districts)demonstrated a gradual decline in emissions,suggesting that agricultural production had the potential to reduce emissions in the future,while also facing certain pressure to reduce emissions.It is recommended that Hunan Province formulate agricultural carbon emission reduction policies that take regional development differences into account.This would provide a reference for future agricultural carbon emission reduction research in the whole country.
基金Under the auspices of Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(No.2017-003)
文摘In recent years,researchers have devoted considerable attention to identifying the causes of urban environmental pollution.To determine whether migrant populations significantly affect urban environments,we examined the relationship between urban environmental pollutant emissions and migrant populations at the prefectural level using data obtained for 90 Chinese cities evidencing net in-migration.By dividing the permanent populations of these cities into natives and migrants in relation to the population structure,we constructed an improved Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence and Technology model(STIRPAT)that included not only environmental pollutant emission variables but also variables on the cities’attributes.We subsequently conducted detailed analyses of the results of the models to assess the impacts of natives and migrants on environmental pollutant emissions.The main findings of our study were as follows:1)Migrant populations have significant impacts on environmental emissions both in terms of their size and concentration.Specifically,migrant populations have negative impacts on Air Quality Index(AQI)as well as PM2.5 emissions and positive impacts on emissions of NO2 and CO2.2)The impacts of migrant populations on urban environmental pollutant emissions were 8 to 30 times weaker than that of local populations.3)Urban environmental pollutant emissions in different cities differ significantly according to variations in the industrial structures,public transportation facilities,and population densities.
文摘Population growth and development patterns have a significant impact on the environmental performance.The issue of concern is whether population growth or the consumption/production patterns are responsible for environmental deterioration.This paper is an attempt to capture the impact of technological development,affluence,and population on environmental performance index,while previous stuthes had captured the impact of these three factors on environment only through CO_2emissions.The analysis reveals that technological development and population size have a negative impact on environmental performance,whereas measures to improve affluence have a positive impact.Technological development has increased the production of energy efficient products but at the same time consumption of these products has increased manifold leading to environmental deterioration.Demographic attributes need specific attention to improve environmental performance.This paper concludes on some policy reflections on slowing the population growth as well as persuades individuals and economies to relook to their consumption and production patterns and channelize their efforts to protect the environment.
文摘Increased economic development and industrialization put strain on environment,hence causing pollution and destroying ecosystem.Generally,many different factors affect the environment.These factors include GHG emissions,deforestation,and others.These are all related to human activities on Earth.Other factors that affect environment include population,consumption patterns,and changing life styles of people due to increased income.This study involves the comparison analysis of Pakistan and China on the basis of environmental impact caused by some major driving factors.China is the second largest CO_(2)emitter in the world with a population of 1.37 billion in 2016 and the second largest economy in the world.Pakistan is ranked as 40th on the basis of nominal GDP.Both the countries observed noticeable growth in economic development for over 55 years,i.e.1960-2016.This study identifies how population,affluence,consumption,and emissions as the major factors affect environmental pollution and use ImPACT equation,or I=PACT,to calculate the environmental impact and to determine which factors affect the environment the most.The study suggests that the people of both China and Pakistan have experienced increased income for the past 50 years and this increase has led to the changes in their lifestyles,from suitable clothing and quality food to comfortable living and increased energy consumption,thus affecting environment.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42293271,42471222)。
文摘In the context of rapid urbanization and industrialization,achieving a coordinated relationship between urban construction land expansion(UCLE)and economic growth is essential for sustainable development,especially in developing countries.This study examined the spatiotemporal relationship between UCLE and economic growth in the Yellow River Basin(YRB),China from 2000 to 2020.An extended IPAT(Impact=Population×Affluence×Technology)decoupling framework and the geographical detector model were employed at a 5-km grid scale.Results show that urban construction land(UCL)expanded slowly before 2005,accelerated between 2005 and 2015,and declined thereafter.Since 2015,UCLE in most parts of the YRB has gradually decoupled from economic growth.The geographical detector analysis revealed that economic growth,along with its interactions with natural,locational,and socioeconomic factors,significantly influenced UCLE.Notably,location factors have gained importance since 2015,reducing the role of economic growth as the primary driver of UCLE in the YRB’s lower reaches.Nonetheless,economic growth continues to significantly influence the upper and middle reaches.These findings highlight the need for more precise and differentiated strategies for land utilization and economic growth,tailored to finer spatial scales,to better integrate human-land systems and promote high-quality regional development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71810107001,71690241)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2017MG019)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral fund(No.18Z102060077)China Youth Foundation Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education(No.18YJC630148)Shandong Social Science Planning Project(No.15CGLG19)a Special Fund for Big Data of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU-2019UGBD-03).
文摘Environmental infrastructure investment(EII)is an important environmental policy instrument on responding to greenhouse gas(GHG)emission and air pollution.This paper employs an improved stochastic impact by regression on population,affluence and technology(STRIPAT)model by using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces and municipalities for the period of 2003–2015 to investigate the effect of EII on CO2 emissions,SO2 emissions,and PM2.5 pollution.The results indicate that EII has a positive and significant effect on mitigating CO2 emission.However,the effect of EII on SO2 emission fluctuated although it still contributes to the reduction of PM2.5 pollution through technology innovations.Energy intensity has the largest impact on GHG emissions and air pollution,followed by GDP per capita and industrial structure.In addition,the effect of EII on environmental issues varies in different regions.Such findings suggest that policies on EII should be region-specific so that more appropriate mitigation policies can be raised by considering the local realities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42075175 and 41775115)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0604)。
文摘Atmospheric transport of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),the leading environmental risk factor for public health,is estimated to exert substantial transboundary effects at present.During the past several decades,human-produced pollutant emissions have undergone drastic and regionally distinctive changes,yet it remains unclear about the resulting global transboundary health impacts.Here we show that between 1950 and 2014,global anthropogenic PM_(2.5)has led to 185.7 million premature deaths cumulatively,including about 14%from transboundary pollution.Among four country groups at different affluence levels,on a basis of per capita contribution to transboundary mortality,a richer region tends to exert severer cumulative health externality,with the poorest bearing the worst net externality after contrasting import and export of pollution mortality.The temporal changes in transboundary mortality and cross-regional inequality are substantial.Effort to reduce PM_(2.5)-related transboundary mortality should seek international collaborative strategies that account for historical responsibility and inequality.
