Active tectonics in an area includes ongoing or recent geologic events.This paper investigates the tectonic influence on the subsidence,uplift and tilt of western Saurashtra through morphotectonic analysis of ten wate...Active tectonics in an area includes ongoing or recent geologic events.This paper investigates the tectonic influence on the subsidence,uplift and tilt of western Saurashtra through morphotectonic analysis of ten watersheds along with characteristics of relief and drainage orientation.Watersheds 7-9 to the north(N)are tectonically active,which can be linked with the North Kathiawar Fault System(NKFS)and followed by watersheds 6,10,1,4 and 5.Stream-length gradient index and sinuosity index indicate the effect of tectonic events along the master streams in watersheds 6-9.Higher R^(2)values of the linear curve fit for watershed 7 indicate its master stream is much more tectonically active than the others.The R^(2)curve fitting model and earthquake magnitude/depth analysis confirm the region to be active.The reactivation of the NKFS most likely led to the vertical movement of western Saurashtra.展开更多
The present study area,Dadra and Nagar Haveli,contains several lineaments and traces of active faults.The various aspect of the geomo rphic analysis,i.e.,stream length(SL) gradient,hypsometric integral(HI),basin shape...The present study area,Dadra and Nagar Haveli,contains several lineaments and traces of active faults.The various aspect of the geomo rphic analysis,i.e.,stream length(SL) gradient,hypsometric integral(HI),basin shape(BS),valley floor(VF),have been applied to evaluate the relative index of active tectonics(RIAT) of the Damanganga watershed.The high and low zones of tectonic activity have been identified based on the geomorphic analysis of the watershed.After evaluation of all indices,three classes,class IIhigh(1.3 ≤RIAT <1.5),class Ⅲ-moderate(1.5 ≤RIAT <1.8),and class Ⅳ-low(1.8 ≤RIAT),have been obtained to outline the degree/gradation of comparative tectonic activities in the study area.The appraised outcome of the RIAT dispersal is also well reinforced by the geomorphic evidence in the field.The collective outcomes of geomorphic evidence,such as stream deflection and analysis of lineament,deflection of streams,and geomorphic indices,conceal that the Damanganga watershed is affected by tectonic activity.展开更多
Recent studies on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggest that the Late Quaternary strike-slip rate is approximately uniform along the entire length of the fault zone, about 15±2 mm/a. This approximately un...Recent studies on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggest that the Late Quaternary strike-slip rate is approximately uniform along the entire length of the fault zone, about 15±2 mm/a. This approximately uniform strike slip rate strongly supports the clockwise rotation model of the southeastern Tibetan crust. By approximating the geometry of the arc-shaped Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system as a portion of a small circle on a spherical Earth, the 15±2 mm/a strike slip rate corresponds to clockwise rotation of the Southeastern Tibetan Block at the （5.2±0.7）×10^-7 deg/a angular velocity around the pole （21°N, 88°E） relative to the Northeast Tibetan Block. The approximately uniform strike slip rate along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system also implies that the Longmeushan thrust zone is not active, or at least its activity has been very weak since the Late Quaternary. Moreover, the total offset along the Xiaushuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggests that the lateral extrusion of the Southeastern Tibetan Block relative to Northeastern Tibetan Block is about 160 km and 200-240 km relative to the Tarim-North China block. This amount of lateral extrusion of the Tibetan crust should have accommodated about 13-24% convergence between India and Eurasia based on mass balance calculations. Assuming that the slip rate of 15±2 mm/a is constant throughout the entire history of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, 11±1.5 Ma is needed for the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system to attain the 160 km of total offset. This implies that left-slip faulting on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system might start at 11±1.5 Ma.展开更多
Fractal geometry is increasingly becoming a useful tool for modeling and quantifying the complex patterns of natural phenomena. The Earth's topography is one of these phenomena that have fractal characteristics. T...Fractal geometry is increasingly becoming a useful tool for modeling and quantifying the complex patterns of natural phenomena. The Earth's topography is one of these phenomena that have fractal characteristics. This paper investigates the relative sensitivity of topography to active tectonics using ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model. The covering divider method was used for direct extraction of surface fractal dimension(D surf) to estimate the roughness-surface of topography with aid of geographic information system(GIS)techniques. This evaluation let us highlight the role of the geomorphic and tectonic processes on the spatial variability of fractal properties of natural landforms.Geomorphic zones can be delineated using fractal dimension mapping in which variability of surface fractal dimension reflects the roughness of the landform surface and is a measure of topography texture. Obtained results showed this method can be a quick and easy way to assess the distribution of land surface deformation in different tectonic settings. The loose alluvial deposits and irregularities derived by tectonic activity have high fractal dimensions whereas the competent formations and higher wavelength folded surfaces have lower fractal dimensions.According to the obtained results, the Kazerun Fault Zone has a crucial role in the separation of the Zagros Mountain Ranges into the different lithological,geomorphological and structural zones.展开更多
Landscapes in tectonically active Hindu Kush （NW Pakistan and NE Alghanistanl result from a complex integration of the effects of vertical and horizontal crustal block motions as well as erosion and deposition proces...Landscapes in tectonically active Hindu Kush （NW Pakistan and NE Alghanistanl result from a complex integration of the effects of vertical and horizontal crustal block motions as well as erosion and deposition processes. Active tectonics in this region have greatly influenced the drainage system and geomorphic expressions. The study area is a junction of three important mt^unlain ranges （Hindu Kush-Karakorunl-Himalayas） and is thus an ideal natural laboratory to investigate the relative tectonic activity resulting from the India-Eurasia collision. We evaluate active tectonics using DEM derived drainage network and geomorphic indices hypsometric integral （Hl）. stream-length gradient （SL）, fractal dimension （FD）, basin asymmetry factor （AF）, basin shape index （B,）, valley floor width to wllley height ratio （Vf） and motmtain front sinuosity （Star）. The results obtained from these indices were combined to yield an index of relative active tectonics （IRAT） using GIS. The average of the seven measured geomorphic indices was used to ewfluate the distri- bution of relative tectonic activity in the study area. We defined tour classes to define the degree of rela- tive tectonic activity： class 1 very high （1.0 ≤ IRAT 〈 1.3）; class 2 high （1.3 ≥ IRAT 〈 1.5）： class 3--moderate （1.5 〉 IRAT 〈 1.8）; and class 4--low （1.8 〉 IRAT）. In view of the results, we conclude that this combined approach allows the identification of the highly deformed areas related to active tectonics. Landsat imagery and field observations also evidence the presence of active tectonics based on the deflected streams, deformed landforms, active mountain fronts and triangular facets. The indicative values of IRAT are consistent with the areas of known relative uplift rates, landforms and geology.展开更多
The Subansiri,a major tributary of the Brahmaputra with its catchment area(35763 km^2)spreading almost entirely in the Eastern Himalayas across almost all the major and local tectonic features in the area witnesses la...The Subansiri,a major tributary of the Brahmaputra with its catchment area(35763 km^2)spreading almost entirely in the Eastern Himalayas across almost all the major and local tectonic features in the area witnesses large numbers of seismic events.Active tectonic indices like relief and slope,drainage pattern,longitudinal profile,valley profile,hypsometry,valley asymmetry factors and transverse topographic symmetry index,stream length gradient,valley floor-height ratio extracted from SRTM 3 arcsecond data prove that the evolving basin morphology has substantial contribution from the Himalayan tectonics.Seismic data are incorporated in the study to establish the potentially active tectonic elements in the catchment area.The study shows that the western part of the Subansiri River Basin is profoundly tilted towards north in the upper catchment and towards east in the lower and middle part of the catchment.The predominant tectonic movements in the western part of the basin caused the tilting of the basin towards north in the upstream and towards east in the middle and lower parts.展开更多
This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas.By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries,the paper sums u...This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas.By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries,the paper sums up the process and development of quantitative investigation of active tectonics since the 1980s.The focus is on the main efforts and progress made in China on certain aspects of research,such as basic surveys and applied investigation of active tectonics,the study of theories related to regional active tectonics and their kinematics and geodynamics,surveys on coupling relations between deep and shallow structures,active fault surveys and prospecting and seismic hazard assessment in urban areas,as well as the efforts made using Quaternary geochronology.Furthermore,the paper looks back on Chinese quantitative investigation of active tectonics in China and sums up cognitions derived from studies on the determination of several basic and measurable parameters of active tectonics.These parameters include the length of fault and fault segmentation,coseismic slip and cumulative slip,fault slip rate,the sequence of paleoearthquake events and the time elapsed since the most recent event.At the same time,efforts and progress made in China on assessing the long-term seismic potential for active faults and evaluating the risk from potential active fault movement have been reviewed by summarizing research on developing theories,models,methods and the application of time-dependent seismic potential to probabilistic assessment,magnitude estimation for potential earthquakes on active faults,and the forecast of potential risk caused by active fault movement.Finally,in consideration of the realities and problems in the research of active tectonics in China,the authors put forward several suggestions for issues worthy of more attention for further investigation in the future.展开更多
The eastern part of Java Island is transversed by major faults such as Cepu,Blumbang,Surabaya,and Waru Segment,part of the Kendeng Fault,Wonsorejo Fault,Pasuruan Fault,and Probolinggo Fault.Due to the major fault,we u...The eastern part of Java Island is transversed by major faults such as Cepu,Blumbang,Surabaya,and Waru Segment,part of the Kendeng Fault,Wonsorejo Fault,Pasuruan Fault,and Probolinggo Fault.Due to the major fault,we used decomposition of identified fault from the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)observation data to identify the potential of local deformation.We analyzed surface deformation due to the effect of major fault using scaling law and elastic half-space method.We investigated the possibility of unidentified fault using strain rates based on velocity vector data before and after correcting the effect of a major fault.We found that strain calculation for principal strain value in the eastern part of Java Island is less than one microstrain/year and the dominant one with a compression pattern due to the Sunda subduction zone.The maximum shear strain rate value goes from 0.002 to 0.094 microstrain/year,and the dilatation rate value ranges from-0.141 to 0.038 microstrain/year,which correlates with the reverse of the Kendeng Fault.A higher compression pattern outside the major fault in a differential maximum shear strain rate might indicate a local fault.展开更多
The Nepalese Himalaya is well known for ongoing collisional tectonics,witnessed by major historical and recent earthquakes.The Siwalik Hills in Midwestern Nepalese Himalaya are bounded by eastwest trending Main Fronta...The Nepalese Himalaya is well known for ongoing collisional tectonics,witnessed by major historical and recent earthquakes.The Siwalik Hills in Midwestern Nepalese Himalaya are bounded by eastwest trending Main Frontal Thrust(MFT)to the south and the Main Boundary Thrust(MBT)to the north.The area is dissected by numerous southwest to south-flowing bedrock rivers.This study investigates geomorphic metrics of these rivers to unravel landscape evolution and active tectonics of the Siwalik Hills.Digital Elevation Model(DEM)analysis was conducted to extract structural lineaments and longitudinal river profile and their metrics(knickpoints,Normalized Steepness Index(ksn),concavity index,and chi integral)using steam powerlaw approaches.Most of the lineaments trend eastwest like MFT.River profiles exhibit convex to double-concave shapes with upstream-propagating tectonic knickpoints that separate upstream and downstream reaches,indicating different phases of river incision.The spatial distribution of ksn shows high values along with low concavity values at the eastern part of the study area,reflecting disequilibrium conditions that are likely responding to a high uplift rate.Chi integral distribution shows a variation in drainage divide migration between the eastern and western parts of the study area.This study suggests that the rivers in the Siwalik Hills are undergoing active incision likely related to the ongoing uplift and active deformation associated with the Himalayan tectonics.The above findings can bring fresh perspectives to comprehend the neotectonic deformation and lateral variability along the Siwalik Hills landscapes within the Himalaya.展开更多
Based on ArcGIS and MapInfo software, we digitized the active tectonics map (1:4,000,000) of China, which was compiled and revised by academician Deng Qidong, and built the spatial database of active tectonics of Chin...Based on ArcGIS and MapInfo software, we digitized the active tectonics map (1:4,000,000) of China, which was compiled and revised by academician Deng Qidong, and built the spatial database of active tectonics of China. The database integrates rich active tectonic data, such as a catalogue of earthquakes with magnitude above 6.0, active faults, Quaternary basins, active folds and their associated attribute parameters, and implements scientific and effective management to this data. At the same time, the spatial database joins the spatial map data and the associated attribute data together, which implements the data query between spatial properties and attribute parameters and also makes it possible to perform spatial analysis with different data layers. These provide much convenience for earthquake study and allows engineering construction institutions to use this data in practical applications.展开更多
The Gharasu river basin in the High Zagros,Iran,was selected as the study area and 6 geomorphic indices were calculated.Each result was divided in 3 classes.The main folds and faults,especially longitudinal thrusts,ha...The Gharasu river basin in the High Zagros,Iran,was selected as the study area and 6 geomorphic indices were calculated.Each result was divided in 3 classes.The main folds and faults,especially longitudinal thrusts,have important role in differential uplift in the structural area.展开更多
The Gulf of Mannar has been producing natural gas in the Sri Lankan portion.This indicates that a detail geoscientific study is to be undertaken from the Indian section of the gulf,which can have a far-reaching implic...The Gulf of Mannar has been producing natural gas in the Sri Lankan portion.This indicates that a detail geoscientific study is to be undertaken from the Indian section of the gulf,which can have a far-reaching implication in the Indian petroleum geoscience.In this work,morphometric and gravity studies were made from the gulf/basin near the onshore area,and bathymetric studies from the offshore portion of the Mannar basin within the Indian sector.Five watersheds were delineated based on study of eight geomorphic parameters on remote sensing images form the onshore area.Out of these watersheds 4 and5 are found to be presently tectonically most active.Well-bore stability issue is to be considered while drilling these portions in future.We further prepared a regional contour map for the offshore study area,analysed the free air gravity data from the onshore area,and deduced the First Vertical Derivative(FVD)and Tilt Derivative Ratio(TDR).Bathymetric height gradually increases along the north-south trend from the coast region of the study area towards the central region,while the gravity magnitudes display a very sharp gradient(around 150 mGal).The gravity anomaly shows positive values at continental shelf(0-160 mGal),which includes parts of watersheds 1 and 3 and attains negative magnitude(up to-20mGal)towards the basin area.Negative gravity anomaly in the offshore area may indicate presence of hydrocarbon but more studies are needed for confirmation.Apparently,almost a negative correlation(except watershed 1)between surface elevation and free air gravity magnitudes has been found.展开更多
This research investigates dynamic earth processes within the South Setifian allochthonous ensemble,providing insights into landscape evolution and seismotectonic activity within the Tellian mountain chain.Focusing on...This research investigates dynamic earth processes within the South Setifian allochthonous ensemble,providing insights into landscape evolution and seismotectonic activity within the Tellian mountain chain.Focusing on the Jebel Gustar and Kef Lahmar area,which includes 14 sub-basins,this research uses a DEM-based technique to assess Holocene activities,lineament characteristics,and stream systems.Five geomorphic indices are used to assess relative active tectonics:the stream lengthgradient index(SL),drainage basin asymmetry(AF),valley-floor width to valley height ratio(VF),drainage basin shape(BS),and mountain front sinuosity(SMF).A weighted overlay of these five indices produces the Index of Relative Active Tectonics(IRAT)map.The findings reveal significant neotectonic activity in the study area,supported by profound basement faulting.This research highlights the morpho-structural processes and neotectonics activity in the Jebel Gustar,providing a framework for investigating the evolution of this structure.Additionally,it enhances comprehension of the interactions between the alpine range's internal zones in Eastern Algeria and the Atlasic domain.This study proposes a systematic approach to evaluate the tectonic and geomorphological dynamics of the South Setif region.展开更多
Tectonic activities significantly impact deep reservoir properties via sedimentary and diagenetic processes,and this is particularly true for lacustrine rift basins.The tectonic-sedimentary-diageneticreservoir system ...Tectonic activities significantly impact deep reservoir properties via sedimentary and diagenetic processes,and this is particularly true for lacustrine rift basins.The tectonic-sedimentary-diageneticreservoir system is crucial in deep reservoir exploration.This study examined the first member and upper submember of the second member of the Dongying Formation in the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin(East China),documenting the petrologic features and physical properties of reservoirs in different tectonic sub-units through integrated analysis of log and rock data,along with core observation.A mechanism for deep reservoir formation in lacustrine rift basins was developed to elucidate the sedimentary and diagenetic processes in complex tectonic settings.The results show that tectonic activities result in the occurrence of provenances in multiple directions and the existence of reservoirs at varying burial depths,as well as the significant diversity in sedimentary and diagenetic processes.The grain sizes of the sandstones,influenced by transport pathways rather than the topography of the sedimentary area,exhibit spatial complexity due to tectonic frameworks,which determine the initial pore content of reservoirs.However,the burial depth,influenced by subsequent tectonic subsidence,significantly impacts pore evolution during diagenesis.Based on the significant differences of reservoirs in slope zone,low uplift and depression zone,we establish different tectonic-diagenetic models in deep complex tectonic units of lacustrine rift basins.展开更多
Exploring the evidence for unidentified earthquake-causing faults in the orogenic zones,and primarily the interior parts(Shah,2013),has been an ongoing quest for centuries(Willis,1923;Baker et al.,1988;Yeats et al.,19...Exploring the evidence for unidentified earthquake-causing faults in the orogenic zones,and primarily the interior parts(Shah,2013),has been an ongoing quest for centuries(Willis,1923;Baker et al.,1988;Yeats et al.,1992;Wesnousky et al.,1999;Malik et al.,2010;Coudurier-Curveur et al.,2020;Shah et al.,2020).These faults are potentially dangerous due to their unknown risk and deformation budget,two of the most important aspects of mapping and understanding the vulnerability and hazards associated with active faults.展开更多
Understanding the active tectonic processes in the Nandakini Watershed is imperative for evaluating geological hazards and seismic risks,as well as for informing land-use planning and natural resource management strat...Understanding the active tectonic processes in the Nandakini Watershed is imperative for evaluating geological hazards and seismic risks,as well as for informing land-use planning and natural resource management strategies in the region.Tectonic geomorphology serves as a vital tool for characterizing recent tectonic movements.This research employs GIS techniques to elucidate tectonic activity and its influence on drainage patterns in the Nandakini Watershed,utilizing morphometric parameters derived from SRTM DEM data.Morphometric indices are employed to assess the tectonic movement within drainage basins,capturing both areal and linear factors such as drainage density,texture,circulatory and bifurcation ratios,and stream length ratios.The linear and areal morphometric indices are categorized into three classes representing varying degrees of active tectonic activity.These classifications are then utilized to compute the relative active tectonic index(IRAT).In addition,geomorphic parameters include hypsometric integral,stream length-gradient index,normalized steepness index,chi gradient index,and swath profiles.The majority of the studied region is in an extremely high to moderately active tectonic zone.Large-scale faults and thrusts within the basins are closely correlated with these zones that have been identified.The integrated methodology of GIS-based morphometric analysis and geomorphic study enables the identification of deformed landforms associated with ongoing tectonic activity.Furthermore,these results offer valuable insights for informing watershed management strategies and promoting sustainable land use planning initiatives.展开更多
Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectoni...Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectonic rates are low-to-moderate and there are few Quaternary dates. Quaternary activity along the seismically active but poorly understood Sabzpushan fault zone （SFZ） has been investigated. The SFZ consists of two dextral strike-slip faults, the Zafarabad and Kafari faults. Geomorphic indices including mountain front sinuosity, valley asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, valley floor width to valley height ratio and stream length gradient index were used to assess the effects of active reverse faults which control the topographic relief and Quaternary activity. Geomorphometric and field evidence reveal that the Quaternary activity and topographic relief of the study area are controlled by two reverse faults, the North and South Sabzpushan reverse faults, which have formed a pop-up structure in the contractional step-over area between the Zafarabad and Kafari dextral strikeslip faults as a consequence of oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian and Iranian plates accommodated by the North and South Sabzpushan thrust faults.展开更多
The Yaounde Group(YG),representing the southern edge of the North Equatorial PanAfrican Belt,consists of quartzites,schists,micaschists,amphibolites,gneisses and migmatites.Tectonism has formed a landscape characteriz...The Yaounde Group(YG),representing the southern edge of the North Equatorial PanAfrican Belt,consists of quartzites,schists,micaschists,amphibolites,gneisses and migmatites.Tectonism has formed a landscape characterized by the development of linear and folded valleys and ridges,fault scarps,V-shaped valleys,incised rivers and knickpoints.These landforms constitute important markers of the regional tectonic activity,which have been computed from spatial sources such as SRTM,DEM,hydrographical networks and geomorphic indices such as AF,T,Smf,Vf,Bs,Hi,U,SI and Li.The results highlighted a mature relief consisting of asymmetric basins generated by tilting and uplift phenomena.The relative index of active tectonics(RIAT)has been estimated from an average of eight geomorphic indices evaluated on 24 subbasins,in the study area.Four classes have been defined:class 1(1.38),very high active(1.0≤RIAT<1.5);class 2(1.50-1.88),high active(1.5≤RIAT<2.0);and class 3(2.00-2.13)moderate active(2.0≤RIAT<2.5).These three classes,respectively covering 10.20%(458 km2),80.10%(3595 km2)and 9.69%(435 km2)of the study area,have shown a highly active tectonic zone,and imply the existence of a neotectonic event in the YG.This tectonic unit(YG)was also affected by the dextral NW-SE strike-slip faulting,which cross-cut the Sanaga Shear Zone(SSZ)at Ebebda and the foliation oriented NW-SE.The tilting and uplift of rocks related to Moho ascending are responsible for crustal thinning in the Cameroon basement,more important to the Adamawa Plateau from the Cretaceous age and the reactivation of existing tectonic accidents.The presence of hills,fault scarps,reverse faults,knickpoints,V and U shaped valleys and rounded mountains testify to the interaction between tectonic uplift,lithology,climate,weathering and erosion.展开更多
The intermontane basins are some of the critical regions to investigate the formation,growth,and development of basins during the collisional orogenesis,and in the NW Himalaya several such basins are observed to have ...The intermontane basins are some of the critical regions to investigate the formation,growth,and development of basins during the collisional orogenesis,and in the NW Himalaya several such basins are observed to have formed during the latest phase of the ongoing collision between India and Eurasia(Burbank and Johnson,1982).展开更多
Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt （Katawaz Basin） has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision o...Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt （Katawaz Basin） has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision of the northwestern continental margin of the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block. During the Early Miocene, subaerial sedimentation started after the final closure of the Katawaz Remnant Ocean. Based on detailed field data, twelve facies were recognized in Neogene successions exposed in the Pishin Belt. These facies were further organized into four facies associations i.e. channels, crevasse splay, natural levee and floodplain facies associations. Facies associations and variations provided ample evidence to recognize a number of fluvial architectural components in the succession e.g., low-sinuosity sandy braided river, mixed-load meandering, high-sinuosity meandering channels, single-story sandstone and/or conglomerate channels, lateral accretion surfaces （point bars） and alluvial fans. Neogene sedimentation in the Pishin Belt was mainly controlled by active tectonism and thrusting in response to the oblique collision of the Indian Plate with the Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate along the Chaman-Nushki Fault. Post Miocene deformation of these formations successively caused them to contribute as an additional source terrain for the younger formations.展开更多
基金Research Development Fund(IIT Bombay)supported SM。
文摘Active tectonics in an area includes ongoing or recent geologic events.This paper investigates the tectonic influence on the subsidence,uplift and tilt of western Saurashtra through morphotectonic analysis of ten watersheds along with characteristics of relief and drainage orientation.Watersheds 7-9 to the north(N)are tectonically active,which can be linked with the North Kathiawar Fault System(NKFS)and followed by watersheds 6,10,1,4 and 5.Stream-length gradient index and sinuosity index indicate the effect of tectonic events along the master streams in watersheds 6-9.Higher R^(2)values of the linear curve fit for watershed 7 indicate its master stream is much more tectonically active than the others.The R^(2)curve fitting model and earthquake magnitude/depth analysis confirm the region to be active.The reactivation of the NKFS most likely led to the vertical movement of western Saurashtra.
基金DG ISR and DST (GoG) for providing required supportDMC Dadra and Nagar Haveli (DNH/1255) for providing financial support。
文摘The present study area,Dadra and Nagar Haveli,contains several lineaments and traces of active faults.The various aspect of the geomo rphic analysis,i.e.,stream length(SL) gradient,hypsometric integral(HI),basin shape(BS),valley floor(VF),have been applied to evaluate the relative index of active tectonics(RIAT) of the Damanganga watershed.The high and low zones of tectonic activity have been identified based on the geomorphic analysis of the watershed.After evaluation of all indices,three classes,class IIhigh(1.3 ≤RIAT <1.5),class Ⅲ-moderate(1.5 ≤RIAT <1.8),and class Ⅳ-low(1.8 ≤RIAT),have been obtained to outline the degree/gradation of comparative tectonic activities in the study area.The appraised outcome of the RIAT dispersal is also well reinforced by the geomorphic evidence in the field.The collective outcomes of geomorphic evidence,such as stream deflection and analysis of lineament,deflection of streams,and geomorphic indices,conceal that the Damanganga watershed is affected by tectonic activity.
基金supported mainly by the National Key Basic Research Program(No.2004CB418401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.40472109)+1 种基金partly from the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation of China(grant No.105066)the SASAKAWA Scientific Grant from the Japan Science Society.
文摘Recent studies on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggest that the Late Quaternary strike-slip rate is approximately uniform along the entire length of the fault zone, about 15±2 mm/a. This approximately uniform strike slip rate strongly supports the clockwise rotation model of the southeastern Tibetan crust. By approximating the geometry of the arc-shaped Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system as a portion of a small circle on a spherical Earth, the 15±2 mm/a strike slip rate corresponds to clockwise rotation of the Southeastern Tibetan Block at the （5.2±0.7）×10^-7 deg/a angular velocity around the pole （21°N, 88°E） relative to the Northeast Tibetan Block. The approximately uniform strike slip rate along the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system also implies that the Longmeushan thrust zone is not active, or at least its activity has been very weak since the Late Quaternary. Moreover, the total offset along the Xiaushuihe-Xiaojiang fault system suggests that the lateral extrusion of the Southeastern Tibetan Block relative to Northeastern Tibetan Block is about 160 km and 200-240 km relative to the Tarim-North China block. This amount of lateral extrusion of the Tibetan crust should have accommodated about 13-24% convergence between India and Eurasia based on mass balance calculations. Assuming that the slip rate of 15±2 mm/a is constant throughout the entire history of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system, 11±1.5 Ma is needed for the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system to attain the 160 km of total offset. This implies that left-slip faulting on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault system might start at 11±1.5 Ma.
基金the Research Council of Shiraz University which has supported the project
文摘Fractal geometry is increasingly becoming a useful tool for modeling and quantifying the complex patterns of natural phenomena. The Earth's topography is one of these phenomena that have fractal characteristics. This paper investigates the relative sensitivity of topography to active tectonics using ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model. The covering divider method was used for direct extraction of surface fractal dimension(D surf) to estimate the roughness-surface of topography with aid of geographic information system(GIS)techniques. This evaluation let us highlight the role of the geomorphic and tectonic processes on the spatial variability of fractal properties of natural landforms.Geomorphic zones can be delineated using fractal dimension mapping in which variability of surface fractal dimension reflects the roughness of the landform surface and is a measure of topography texture. Obtained results showed this method can be a quick and easy way to assess the distribution of land surface deformation in different tectonic settings. The loose alluvial deposits and irregularities derived by tectonic activity have high fractal dimensions whereas the competent formations and higher wavelength folded surfaces have lower fractal dimensions.According to the obtained results, the Kazerun Fault Zone has a crucial role in the separation of the Zagros Mountain Ranges into the different lithological,geomorphological and structural zones.
基金Financial support to Syed Amer Mahmood from University of the Punjab,Lahore Government of Pakistan Remote Sensing GroupTU Freiberg,Germanypartial support from German Academic Exchange Association(DAAD)International Association of Mathematical Geosciences(IAMG)
文摘Landscapes in tectonically active Hindu Kush （NW Pakistan and NE Alghanistanl result from a complex integration of the effects of vertical and horizontal crustal block motions as well as erosion and deposition processes. Active tectonics in this region have greatly influenced the drainage system and geomorphic expressions. The study area is a junction of three important mt^unlain ranges （Hindu Kush-Karakorunl-Himalayas） and is thus an ideal natural laboratory to investigate the relative tectonic activity resulting from the India-Eurasia collision. We evaluate active tectonics using DEM derived drainage network and geomorphic indices hypsometric integral （Hl）. stream-length gradient （SL）, fractal dimension （FD）, basin asymmetry factor （AF）, basin shape index （B,）, valley floor width to wllley height ratio （Vf） and motmtain front sinuosity （Star）. The results obtained from these indices were combined to yield an index of relative active tectonics （IRAT） using GIS. The average of the seven measured geomorphic indices was used to ewfluate the distri- bution of relative tectonic activity in the study area. We defined tour classes to define the degree of rela- tive tectonic activity： class 1 very high （1.0 ≤ IRAT 〈 1.3）; class 2 high （1.3 ≥ IRAT 〈 1.5）： class 3--moderate （1.5 〉 IRAT 〈 1.8）; and class 4--low （1.8 〉 IRAT）. In view of the results, we conclude that this combined approach allows the identification of the highly deformed areas related to active tectonics. Landsat imagery and field observations also evidence the presence of active tectonics based on the deflected streams, deformed landforms, active mountain fronts and triangular facets. The indicative values of IRAT are consistent with the areas of known relative uplift rates, landforms and geology.
基金DST,Govt.of India for the FIST(20162021)project funding to the Department of Geological Sciences to develop the laboratories。
文摘The Subansiri,a major tributary of the Brahmaputra with its catchment area(35763 km^2)spreading almost entirely in the Eastern Himalayas across almost all the major and local tectonic features in the area witnesses large numbers of seismic events.Active tectonic indices like relief and slope,drainage pattern,longitudinal profile,valley profile,hypsometry,valley asymmetry factors and transverse topographic symmetry index,stream length gradient,valley floor-height ratio extracted from SRTM 3 arcsecond data prove that the evolving basin morphology has substantial contribution from the Himalayan tectonics.Seismic data are incorporated in the study to establish the potentially active tectonic elements in the catchment area.The study shows that the western part of the Subansiri River Basin is profoundly tilted towards north in the upper catchment and towards east in the lower and middle part of the catchment.The predominant tectonic movements in the western part of the basin caused the tilting of the basin towards north in the upstream and towards east in the middle and lower parts.
基金funded by the"Experimental Exploration of Active Faults in Urban Areas(20041138)"project of the National Development and Reform Commission of China
文摘This paper reviews the history and progress of research on active tectonics in China and overseas.By giving a brief introduction on the history of active tectonic research in China and other countries,the paper sums up the process and development of quantitative investigation of active tectonics since the 1980s.The focus is on the main efforts and progress made in China on certain aspects of research,such as basic surveys and applied investigation of active tectonics,the study of theories related to regional active tectonics and their kinematics and geodynamics,surveys on coupling relations between deep and shallow structures,active fault surveys and prospecting and seismic hazard assessment in urban areas,as well as the efforts made using Quaternary geochronology.Furthermore,the paper looks back on Chinese quantitative investigation of active tectonics in China and sums up cognitions derived from studies on the determination of several basic and measurable parameters of active tectonics.These parameters include the length of fault and fault segmentation,coseismic slip and cumulative slip,fault slip rate,the sequence of paleoearthquake events and the time elapsed since the most recent event.At the same time,efforts and progress made in China on assessing the long-term seismic potential for active faults and evaluating the risk from potential active fault movement have been reviewed by summarizing research on developing theories,models,methods and the application of time-dependent seismic potential to probabilistic assessment,magnitude estimation for potential earthquakes on active faults,and the forecast of potential risk caused by active fault movement.Finally,in consideration of the realities and problems in the research of active tectonics in China,the authors put forward several suggestions for issues worthy of more attention for further investigation in the future.
基金partially supported by UGM’s Fund in the scheme of the RTA Project
文摘The eastern part of Java Island is transversed by major faults such as Cepu,Blumbang,Surabaya,and Waru Segment,part of the Kendeng Fault,Wonsorejo Fault,Pasuruan Fault,and Probolinggo Fault.Due to the major fault,we used decomposition of identified fault from the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)observation data to identify the potential of local deformation.We analyzed surface deformation due to the effect of major fault using scaling law and elastic half-space method.We investigated the possibility of unidentified fault using strain rates based on velocity vector data before and after correcting the effect of a major fault.We found that strain calculation for principal strain value in the eastern part of Java Island is less than one microstrain/year and the dominant one with a compression pattern due to the Sunda subduction zone.The maximum shear strain rate value goes from 0.002 to 0.094 microstrain/year,and the dilatation rate value ranges from-0.141 to 0.038 microstrain/year,which correlates with the reverse of the Kendeng Fault.A higher compression pattern outside the major fault in a differential maximum shear strain rate might indicate a local fault.
基金supported by the Western Kentucky University(WKU)RCAP-I(#148055)grant to Ganithe donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund(#PRF 54500-UNI8)to Gani for partial support of this research。
文摘The Nepalese Himalaya is well known for ongoing collisional tectonics,witnessed by major historical and recent earthquakes.The Siwalik Hills in Midwestern Nepalese Himalaya are bounded by eastwest trending Main Frontal Thrust(MFT)to the south and the Main Boundary Thrust(MBT)to the north.The area is dissected by numerous southwest to south-flowing bedrock rivers.This study investigates geomorphic metrics of these rivers to unravel landscape evolution and active tectonics of the Siwalik Hills.Digital Elevation Model(DEM)analysis was conducted to extract structural lineaments and longitudinal river profile and their metrics(knickpoints,Normalized Steepness Index(ksn),concavity index,and chi integral)using steam powerlaw approaches.Most of the lineaments trend eastwest like MFT.River profiles exhibit convex to double-concave shapes with upstream-propagating tectonic knickpoints that separate upstream and downstream reaches,indicating different phases of river incision.The spatial distribution of ksn shows high values along with low concavity values at the eastern part of the study area,reflecting disequilibrium conditions that are likely responding to a high uplift rate.Chi integral distribution shows a variation in drainage divide migration between the eastern and western parts of the study area.This study suggests that the rivers in the Siwalik Hills are undergoing active incision likely related to the ongoing uplift and active deformation associated with the Himalayan tectonics.The above findings can bring fresh perspectives to comprehend the neotectonic deformation and lateral variability along the Siwalik Hills landscapes within the Himalaya.
文摘Based on ArcGIS and MapInfo software, we digitized the active tectonics map (1:4,000,000) of China, which was compiled and revised by academician Deng Qidong, and built the spatial database of active tectonics of China. The database integrates rich active tectonic data, such as a catalogue of earthquakes with magnitude above 6.0, active faults, Quaternary basins, active folds and their associated attribute parameters, and implements scientific and effective management to this data. At the same time, the spatial database joins the spatial map data and the associated attribute data together, which implements the data query between spatial properties and attribute parameters and also makes it possible to perform spatial analysis with different data layers. These provide much convenience for earthquake study and allows engineering construction institutions to use this data in practical applications.
基金funded by department of Geology,Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran,Iran.Also,Special thanks to the Vice-President for research in Science and Research Branch,Tehran.
文摘The Gharasu river basin in the High Zagros,Iran,was selected as the study area and 6 geomorphic indices were calculated.Each result was divided in 3 classes.The main folds and faults,especially longitudinal thrusts,have important role in differential uplift in the structural area.
文摘The Gulf of Mannar has been producing natural gas in the Sri Lankan portion.This indicates that a detail geoscientific study is to be undertaken from the Indian section of the gulf,which can have a far-reaching implication in the Indian petroleum geoscience.In this work,morphometric and gravity studies were made from the gulf/basin near the onshore area,and bathymetric studies from the offshore portion of the Mannar basin within the Indian sector.Five watersheds were delineated based on study of eight geomorphic parameters on remote sensing images form the onshore area.Out of these watersheds 4 and5 are found to be presently tectonically most active.Well-bore stability issue is to be considered while drilling these portions in future.We further prepared a regional contour map for the offshore study area,analysed the free air gravity data from the onshore area,and deduced the First Vertical Derivative(FVD)and Tilt Derivative Ratio(TDR).Bathymetric height gradually increases along the north-south trend from the coast region of the study area towards the central region,while the gravity magnitudes display a very sharp gradient(around 150 mGal).The gravity anomaly shows positive values at continental shelf(0-160 mGal),which includes parts of watersheds 1 and 3 and attains negative magnitude(up to-20mGal)towards the basin area.Negative gravity anomaly in the offshore area may indicate presence of hydrocarbon but more studies are needed for confirmation.Apparently,almost a negative correlation(except watershed 1)between surface elevation and free air gravity magnitudes has been found.
文摘This research investigates dynamic earth processes within the South Setifian allochthonous ensemble,providing insights into landscape evolution and seismotectonic activity within the Tellian mountain chain.Focusing on the Jebel Gustar and Kef Lahmar area,which includes 14 sub-basins,this research uses a DEM-based technique to assess Holocene activities,lineament characteristics,and stream systems.Five geomorphic indices are used to assess relative active tectonics:the stream lengthgradient index(SL),drainage basin asymmetry(AF),valley-floor width to valley height ratio(VF),drainage basin shape(BS),and mountain front sinuosity(SMF).A weighted overlay of these five indices produces the Index of Relative Active Tectonics(IRAT)map.The findings reveal significant neotectonic activity in the study area,supported by profound basement faulting.This research highlights the morpho-structural processes and neotectonics activity in the Jebel Gustar,providing a framework for investigating the evolution of this structure.Additionally,it enhances comprehension of the interactions between the alpine range's internal zones in Eastern Algeria and the Atlasic domain.This study proposes a systematic approach to evaluate the tectonic and geomorphological dynamics of the South Setif region.
基金funded by the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.MGE2020KG10)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences,Ministry of Natural Resources(Grant No.KLSG 2208)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2024JC-YBMS-227,2023-JC-QN-0287)the Postgraduate Innovation and Practice Ability Development Fund of Xi'an Shiyou University(No.YCS23113046)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41802128,42076219)。
文摘Tectonic activities significantly impact deep reservoir properties via sedimentary and diagenetic processes,and this is particularly true for lacustrine rift basins.The tectonic-sedimentary-diageneticreservoir system is crucial in deep reservoir exploration.This study examined the first member and upper submember of the second member of the Dongying Formation in the Bodong Low Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin(East China),documenting the petrologic features and physical properties of reservoirs in different tectonic sub-units through integrated analysis of log and rock data,along with core observation.A mechanism for deep reservoir formation in lacustrine rift basins was developed to elucidate the sedimentary and diagenetic processes in complex tectonic settings.The results show that tectonic activities result in the occurrence of provenances in multiple directions and the existence of reservoirs at varying burial depths,as well as the significant diversity in sedimentary and diagenetic processes.The grain sizes of the sandstones,influenced by transport pathways rather than the topography of the sedimentary area,exhibit spatial complexity due to tectonic frameworks,which determine the initial pore content of reservoirs.However,the burial depth,influenced by subsequent tectonic subsidence,significantly impacts pore evolution during diagenesis.Based on the significant differences of reservoirs in slope zone,low uplift and depression zone,we establish different tectonic-diagenetic models in deep complex tectonic units of lacustrine rift basins.
文摘Exploring the evidence for unidentified earthquake-causing faults in the orogenic zones,and primarily the interior parts(Shah,2013),has been an ongoing quest for centuries(Willis,1923;Baker et al.,1988;Yeats et al.,1992;Wesnousky et al.,1999;Malik et al.,2010;Coudurier-Curveur et al.,2020;Shah et al.,2020).These faults are potentially dangerous due to their unknown risk and deformation budget,two of the most important aspects of mapping and understanding the vulnerability and hazards associated with active faults.
文摘Understanding the active tectonic processes in the Nandakini Watershed is imperative for evaluating geological hazards and seismic risks,as well as for informing land-use planning and natural resource management strategies in the region.Tectonic geomorphology serves as a vital tool for characterizing recent tectonic movements.This research employs GIS techniques to elucidate tectonic activity and its influence on drainage patterns in the Nandakini Watershed,utilizing morphometric parameters derived from SRTM DEM data.Morphometric indices are employed to assess the tectonic movement within drainage basins,capturing both areal and linear factors such as drainage density,texture,circulatory and bifurcation ratios,and stream length ratios.The linear and areal morphometric indices are categorized into three classes representing varying degrees of active tectonic activity.These classifications are then utilized to compute the relative active tectonic index(IRAT).In addition,geomorphic parameters include hypsometric integral,stream length-gradient index,normalized steepness index,chi gradient index,and swath profiles.The majority of the studied region is in an extremely high to moderately active tectonic zone.Large-scale faults and thrusts within the basins are closely correlated with these zones that have been identified.The integrated methodology of GIS-based morphometric analysis and geomorphic study enables the identification of deformed landforms associated with ongoing tectonic activity.Furthermore,these results offer valuable insights for informing watershed management strategies and promoting sustainable land use planning initiatives.
基金The Research Council of Shiraz University and Center of Excellence for Environmental Geology provided support for the project
文摘Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectonic rates are low-to-moderate and there are few Quaternary dates. Quaternary activity along the seismically active but poorly understood Sabzpushan fault zone （SFZ） has been investigated. The SFZ consists of two dextral strike-slip faults, the Zafarabad and Kafari faults. Geomorphic indices including mountain front sinuosity, valley asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, valley floor width to valley height ratio and stream length gradient index were used to assess the effects of active reverse faults which control the topographic relief and Quaternary activity. Geomorphometric and field evidence reveal that the Quaternary activity and topographic relief of the study area are controlled by two reverse faults, the North and South Sabzpushan reverse faults, which have formed a pop-up structure in the contractional step-over area between the Zafarabad and Kafari dextral strikeslip faults as a consequence of oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian and Iranian plates accommodated by the North and South Sabzpushan thrust faults.
文摘The Yaounde Group(YG),representing the southern edge of the North Equatorial PanAfrican Belt,consists of quartzites,schists,micaschists,amphibolites,gneisses and migmatites.Tectonism has formed a landscape characterized by the development of linear and folded valleys and ridges,fault scarps,V-shaped valleys,incised rivers and knickpoints.These landforms constitute important markers of the regional tectonic activity,which have been computed from spatial sources such as SRTM,DEM,hydrographical networks and geomorphic indices such as AF,T,Smf,Vf,Bs,Hi,U,SI and Li.The results highlighted a mature relief consisting of asymmetric basins generated by tilting and uplift phenomena.The relative index of active tectonics(RIAT)has been estimated from an average of eight geomorphic indices evaluated on 24 subbasins,in the study area.Four classes have been defined:class 1(1.38),very high active(1.0≤RIAT<1.5);class 2(1.50-1.88),high active(1.5≤RIAT<2.0);and class 3(2.00-2.13)moderate active(2.0≤RIAT<2.5).These three classes,respectively covering 10.20%(458 km2),80.10%(3595 km2)and 9.69%(435 km2)of the study area,have shown a highly active tectonic zone,and imply the existence of a neotectonic event in the YG.This tectonic unit(YG)was also affected by the dextral NW-SE strike-slip faulting,which cross-cut the Sanaga Shear Zone(SSZ)at Ebebda and the foliation oriented NW-SE.The tilting and uplift of rocks related to Moho ascending are responsible for crustal thinning in the Cameroon basement,more important to the Adamawa Plateau from the Cretaceous age and the reactivation of existing tectonic accidents.The presence of hills,fault scarps,reverse faults,knickpoints,V and U shaped valleys and rounded mountains testify to the interaction between tectonic uplift,lithology,climate,weathering and erosion.
文摘The intermontane basins are some of the critical regions to investigate the formation,growth,and development of basins during the collisional orogenesis,and in the NW Himalaya several such basins are observed to have formed during the latest phase of the ongoing collision between India and Eurasia(Burbank and Johnson,1982).
文摘Detailed facies analysis of the Neogene successions of the Pishin Belt （Katawaz Basin） has enabled documentation of successive depositional systems and paleogeographic settings of the basin formed by the collision of the northwestern continental margin of the Indian Plate and the Afghan Block. During the Early Miocene, subaerial sedimentation started after the final closure of the Katawaz Remnant Ocean. Based on detailed field data, twelve facies were recognized in Neogene successions exposed in the Pishin Belt. These facies were further organized into four facies associations i.e. channels, crevasse splay, natural levee and floodplain facies associations. Facies associations and variations provided ample evidence to recognize a number of fluvial architectural components in the succession e.g., low-sinuosity sandy braided river, mixed-load meandering, high-sinuosity meandering channels, single-story sandstone and/or conglomerate channels, lateral accretion surfaces （point bars） and alluvial fans. Neogene sedimentation in the Pishin Belt was mainly controlled by active tectonism and thrusting in response to the oblique collision of the Indian Plate with the Afghan Block of the Eurasian Plate along the Chaman-Nushki Fault. Post Miocene deformation of these formations successively caused them to contribute as an additional source terrain for the younger formations.
