The right to claim for damages for infringement is of the character of credit and an object of limitation of action. In case of trademark right infringement, the provision on limitation of action of the General Pr... The right to claim for damages for infringement is of the character of credit and an object of limitation of action. In case of trademark right infringement, the provision on limitation of action of the General Principles of the Civil Law also apply to the trademark proprietor's right to claim for damages for infringement.……展开更多
This paper focuses on the impulsive orbital pursuit–evasion game(OPEG)with limited action sets for the pursuer and evader.Initially,a mathematical model is developed by combining game theory and orbital dynamics,form...This paper focuses on the impulsive orbital pursuit–evasion game(OPEG)with limited action sets for the pursuer and evader.Initially,a mathematical model is developed by combining game theory and orbital dynamics,forming a finite-round impulsive OPEG problem.The problem is then formulated as a bilateral optimization problem,employing a minimum-maximum optimization index based on terminal distance.To tackle this problem,an algorithm based on game tree search is designed,enabling the determination of the optimal pursuit–evasion strategy with limited action sets.Additionally,we explore the influence of the initial pursuing orientation on OPEG.The optimal initial pursuit orientation is analytically derived using relative motion dynamics under uncontrolled conditions.Furthermore,considering factors such as the initial status of the pursuit spacecraft,initial relative distance,transfer time,and maneuverability,the impulsive OPEG problem with limited action sets is numerically solved using game tree search.The findings of this study showcase the efficacy of game tree search in addressing impulsive OPEG problems with limited action sets.The study also demonstrates that the initial pursuing orientation selection at the start of the game plays a crucial role in increasing the success rate of pursuit.The research findings of this study have important implications for future practical engineering applications.展开更多
Objective:To test the basic dosimetry characteristics of a new high-resolution matrix and to perform a preliminary study on the three-dimensional(3D)dose verification of intensity-modulated treatment(IMRT).Methods:The...Objective:To test the basic dosimetry characteristics of a new high-resolution matrix and to perform a preliminary study on the three-dimensional(3D)dose verification of intensity-modulated treatment(IMRT).Methods:The dosimetry characteristics of the new matrix were investigated,including repeatability,dose-rate response,and dose linearity.Twenty cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)and 20 cases with lung cancer were randomly selected for IMRT plans,and the novel matrix was employed for 3D dose verification.The measured results were evaluated using the gamma passing rate(GPR)and dose volume histogram(DVH).The action limit(AL)and tolerance limit(TL)of the target volume and each organ at risk(OAR)were calculated with reference to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine(AAPM)TG218 report.Results:The matrix performed well for all dosimetry characteristic tests,with a deviation of<1%.The average GPRs of the body were(99.32±0.32)%,(98.36±0.59)%,and(96.27±1.20)%for NPC,and(99.17±0.74)%,(98.09±1.33)%,and(95.83±2.22)%for lung cancer at the gamma standards of 3%/3 mm,3%/2 mm,and 2%/2 mm.The average GPRs difference between the head-neck and thorax-abdomen plans were<1%for the same gamma standard.For both the target volumes and OARs,the average GPRs were>90%under the relatively strict standard of 2%/2 mm.The DVH showed that the measurement results of D_(98) and D_(95) for the target volumes were slightly lower and D_(2) were higher than those of treatment planning system(TPS)(P<0.01).In addition,with the same standard,there may be significant differences in the values of AL and TL between different structures for target volumes and OARs,especially small-volume OARs such as the chiasma and optic nerve-L.Conclusions:The new matrix showed good dosimetry characteristics and can be effectively applied to the treatment planning dose verification of the head-neck and lung cancer.Further research is needed to establish how to analyze the GPR and DVH of the target volume and OARs,and to determine more precise dose verification standards combined with the parameters of AL and TL to better guide 3D dose verification in clinic.展开更多
文摘 The right to claim for damages for infringement is of the character of credit and an object of limitation of action. In case of trademark right infringement, the provision on limitation of action of the General Principles of the Civil Law also apply to the trademark proprietor's right to claim for damages for infringement.……
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172288)the National Key Basic Research Program of China:Gravitational Wave Detection Project(Nos.2021YFC2202601 and 2021YFC2202603).
文摘This paper focuses on the impulsive orbital pursuit–evasion game(OPEG)with limited action sets for the pursuer and evader.Initially,a mathematical model is developed by combining game theory and orbital dynamics,forming a finite-round impulsive OPEG problem.The problem is then formulated as a bilateral optimization problem,employing a minimum-maximum optimization index based on terminal distance.To tackle this problem,an algorithm based on game tree search is designed,enabling the determination of the optimal pursuit–evasion strategy with limited action sets.Additionally,we explore the influence of the initial pursuing orientation on OPEG.The optimal initial pursuit orientation is analytically derived using relative motion dynamics under uncontrolled conditions.Furthermore,considering factors such as the initial status of the pursuit spacecraft,initial relative distance,transfer time,and maneuverability,the impulsive OPEG problem with limited action sets is numerically solved using game tree search.The findings of this study showcase the efficacy of game tree search in addressing impulsive OPEG problems with limited action sets.The study also demonstrates that the initial pursuing orientation selection at the start of the game plays a crucial role in increasing the success rate of pursuit.The research findings of this study have important implications for future practical engineering applications.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12005315)Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute Science and Technology Program(M201813).
文摘Objective:To test the basic dosimetry characteristics of a new high-resolution matrix and to perform a preliminary study on the three-dimensional(3D)dose verification of intensity-modulated treatment(IMRT).Methods:The dosimetry characteristics of the new matrix were investigated,including repeatability,dose-rate response,and dose linearity.Twenty cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)and 20 cases with lung cancer were randomly selected for IMRT plans,and the novel matrix was employed for 3D dose verification.The measured results were evaluated using the gamma passing rate(GPR)and dose volume histogram(DVH).The action limit(AL)and tolerance limit(TL)of the target volume and each organ at risk(OAR)were calculated with reference to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine(AAPM)TG218 report.Results:The matrix performed well for all dosimetry characteristic tests,with a deviation of<1%.The average GPRs of the body were(99.32±0.32)%,(98.36±0.59)%,and(96.27±1.20)%for NPC,and(99.17±0.74)%,(98.09±1.33)%,and(95.83±2.22)%for lung cancer at the gamma standards of 3%/3 mm,3%/2 mm,and 2%/2 mm.The average GPRs difference between the head-neck and thorax-abdomen plans were<1%for the same gamma standard.For both the target volumes and OARs,the average GPRs were>90%under the relatively strict standard of 2%/2 mm.The DVH showed that the measurement results of D_(98) and D_(95) for the target volumes were slightly lower and D_(2) were higher than those of treatment planning system(TPS)(P<0.01).In addition,with the same standard,there may be significant differences in the values of AL and TL between different structures for target volumes and OARs,especially small-volume OARs such as the chiasma and optic nerve-L.Conclusions:The new matrix showed good dosimetry characteristics and can be effectively applied to the treatment planning dose verification of the head-neck and lung cancer.Further research is needed to establish how to analyze the GPR and DVH of the target volume and OARs,and to determine more precise dose verification standards combined with the parameters of AL and TL to better guide 3D dose verification in clinic.
