Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environm...Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human,cannot be considered out of the environment.According to this approach in archaeology,environmental factors have an important role in assessing settlements in each period.In addition to the recognition of the degree of environmental impact,this approach makes the degree of adaptation of the habitats with the dominant environmental conditions possible.As geospatial tools become more powerful,GIS archaeology has evolved as well,making it possible to visualize ancient settlements and analyze changes in the use of space over time.By incorporating historic map data,physical details of an area’s landscape and known information about past inhabitants,archaeologists can accurately predict the positions of sites with cultural,historical relevance.In this research Iron Age III(800-550 B.C)sites in the west and northwest of Isfahan were studied via GIS.The area studied is one of the most important but unknown areas of archaeological research due to its location in the center of the Iranian plateau and a link between the north-west and the south-west of the country.The environmental characteristics of the studied area have attracted the attention of humans since ancient times.Therefore,it was considered necessary to conduct archaeological excavations.To achieve this goal,the area was first studied archaeologically.As a result of this survey,approximately 50 ancient sites were identified which included the statistical population used for analysis.The effect of environmental variables including altitude,slope(percentage and direction),climate,geological structure,distances and proximity to water resources,land use and proximity to communication paths on the distribution of settlements in the study area was investigated.Through analytical-descriptive method,the factors affecting the formation and distribution of the establishment patterns of the period in question were examind.After analyzing the information and maps,the results indicated that among all the factors,three environmental factors were the most important in the formation of ancient settlements of the Iron Age III era in the west and northwest of Isfahan:factors relating to water resources,proximity to communication paths,and slope percentage and direction.展开更多
Background:Population growth and intensified human activities in conjunction with climate variability continue to affect the hydrologic cycle,aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna.In this regard,understanding intera...Background:Population growth and intensified human activities in conjunction with climate variability continue to affect the hydrologic cycle,aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna.In this regard,understanding interactions among ecosystem functions,impacts of anthropogenic interventions and those of climate variability is vital for projecting future ecosystem responses to human activities and climate forcing.The objectives of this study are to determine the ecological flow state via eco-flow index based on discharge hydrograph,to model the ecological diversity through the Shannon diversity index,and to assess the degree of hydrologic alteration using indicators of hydrologic alteration and range of variability approach in six hydrometric stations along the Zayandeh-Rud River in central Iran.The river drains into Gavkhuni Marsh.Also,the streamflow-induced potential changes for Capoeta damascina(a cyprinid fish species of the genus Capoeta),Petroleuciscus esfahani(a small cyprinid fish)and Aphanius isfahanensis(a Cyprinodontid fish)are evaluated.The outcome is expected to assist managers with understanding the effects of anthropogenic activities and climate variability on Gavkhuni aquatic ecosystems so that management options that enhance species resilience and adaptability are outlined.Results:Human activities,a primary factor influencing the natural flow regime,caused a significant increase in the minimum flow,July to March streamflow,low pulse number,and the number of reversals in most studied stations.On the contrary,some other hydrologic indices declined in value.Reservoir impoundment,the most prominent factor among human interventions,resulted in an overall alteration degree of 74.8%in streamflow.Climate variability impacted the natural flow regime in the range of low degree hydrologic alteration(27.3%).In addition,the biodiversity of the study basin,as modeled by the Shannon diversity index,had strong relevance to the annual eco-surplus and was more sensitive to summer floods and autumn hydrological droughts than other factors.Conclusions:This study corroborates the effectiveness of scenario-based hydrological modeling framework in evaluating the impacts of climate variability and human activities imposed on natural flow metrics.Additionally,the recently introduced eco-flow metrics based on discharge hydrographs and the Shannon diversity index based on indicators of hydrological alteration may be adopted in basins lacking ecological data.These two indices can effectively identify the most prominent factors in hydrological alteration and biodiversity change through a river network and may provide scientific decision-making support for water resource management in the study area.展开更多
文摘Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human,cannot be considered out of the environment.According to this approach in archaeology,environmental factors have an important role in assessing settlements in each period.In addition to the recognition of the degree of environmental impact,this approach makes the degree of adaptation of the habitats with the dominant environmental conditions possible.As geospatial tools become more powerful,GIS archaeology has evolved as well,making it possible to visualize ancient settlements and analyze changes in the use of space over time.By incorporating historic map data,physical details of an area’s landscape and known information about past inhabitants,archaeologists can accurately predict the positions of sites with cultural,historical relevance.In this research Iron Age III(800-550 B.C)sites in the west and northwest of Isfahan were studied via GIS.The area studied is one of the most important but unknown areas of archaeological research due to its location in the center of the Iranian plateau and a link between the north-west and the south-west of the country.The environmental characteristics of the studied area have attracted the attention of humans since ancient times.Therefore,it was considered necessary to conduct archaeological excavations.To achieve this goal,the area was first studied archaeologically.As a result of this survey,approximately 50 ancient sites were identified which included the statistical population used for analysis.The effect of environmental variables including altitude,slope(percentage and direction),climate,geological structure,distances and proximity to water resources,land use and proximity to communication paths on the distribution of settlements in the study area was investigated.Through analytical-descriptive method,the factors affecting the formation and distribution of the establishment patterns of the period in question were examind.After analyzing the information and maps,the results indicated that among all the factors,three environmental factors were the most important in the formation of ancient settlements of the Iron Age III era in the west and northwest of Isfahan:factors relating to water resources,proximity to communication paths,and slope percentage and direction.
文摘Background:Population growth and intensified human activities in conjunction with climate variability continue to affect the hydrologic cycle,aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna.In this regard,understanding interactions among ecosystem functions,impacts of anthropogenic interventions and those of climate variability is vital for projecting future ecosystem responses to human activities and climate forcing.The objectives of this study are to determine the ecological flow state via eco-flow index based on discharge hydrograph,to model the ecological diversity through the Shannon diversity index,and to assess the degree of hydrologic alteration using indicators of hydrologic alteration and range of variability approach in six hydrometric stations along the Zayandeh-Rud River in central Iran.The river drains into Gavkhuni Marsh.Also,the streamflow-induced potential changes for Capoeta damascina(a cyprinid fish species of the genus Capoeta),Petroleuciscus esfahani(a small cyprinid fish)and Aphanius isfahanensis(a Cyprinodontid fish)are evaluated.The outcome is expected to assist managers with understanding the effects of anthropogenic activities and climate variability on Gavkhuni aquatic ecosystems so that management options that enhance species resilience and adaptability are outlined.Results:Human activities,a primary factor influencing the natural flow regime,caused a significant increase in the minimum flow,July to March streamflow,low pulse number,and the number of reversals in most studied stations.On the contrary,some other hydrologic indices declined in value.Reservoir impoundment,the most prominent factor among human interventions,resulted in an overall alteration degree of 74.8%in streamflow.Climate variability impacted the natural flow regime in the range of low degree hydrologic alteration(27.3%).In addition,the biodiversity of the study basin,as modeled by the Shannon diversity index,had strong relevance to the annual eco-surplus and was more sensitive to summer floods and autumn hydrological droughts than other factors.Conclusions:This study corroborates the effectiveness of scenario-based hydrological modeling framework in evaluating the impacts of climate variability and human activities imposed on natural flow metrics.Additionally,the recently introduced eco-flow metrics based on discharge hydrographs and the Shannon diversity index based on indicators of hydrological alteration may be adopted in basins lacking ecological data.These two indices can effectively identify the most prominent factors in hydrological alteration and biodiversity change through a river network and may provide scientific decision-making support for water resource management in the study area.
