Intestinal spirochetes are detected in a wide range of mammalian and avian host species.and cause enteric disease,especially in swine and poultry.Although avian intestinal spirocheosis(AIS)is considered a growing and ...Intestinal spirochetes are detected in a wide range of mammalian and avian host species.and cause enteric disease,especially in swine and poultry.Although avian intestinal spirocheosis(AIS)is considered a growing and underestimated problem in poultry production systems,its occurrence and economic burden cannot be neglected.The causative agent of AIS is Brachyspira spp.,particularly Brachyspira pilosicoli(B.pilosicoli),B.intermedia,and B.alvinipulli.They are Gram-negative spiral motile,oxygen-tolerant,and fastidious slow-growing anaerobes of the order Spirochaetes.The bacterium colonizes the lower gastrointestinal tract of most domestic and free-living birds.Layer and breeder chickens are most susceptible to Brachyspira spp.infection and present signs of chronic diarrhea,a low growth rate,delayed or reduced egg production,and poor egg quality.The zoonotic potential of B.pilosicoli is increasingly recognized.Humans can become infected via contact with the feces or meat of infected animals or food contaminated by food handlers.Patients with colonic spirochaetosis exhibit signs of diarrhea,rectal bleeding,and abdominal pain.Diagnosis is usually carried out through conventional isolation and identification as well as recent molecular detection techniques.Tiamulin and other macrolides are considered the gold standard for treating AIS.Unfortunately,resistance of bacteria to such treatments has emerged owing to the urgent need for the development of new interventions.Non-antibiotic interventions such as probiotics show promising results in preventing Brachyspira infection.There are no commercially available vaccines to prevent AIS.However,a recombinant vaccine against B.pilosicoli was recently developed in layer chickens.Here,the review discusses AIS in terms of etiology and pathogenesis,susceptibility and transmission,clinical picture in poultry,human infection,laboratory diagnosis,and prevention and treatment.展开更多
Trichinosis is among the most common food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand and many outbreaks are reported each year. This paper investigates the distribution of the disease in regions of north, north-east, centra...Trichinosis is among the most common food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand and many outbreaks are reported each year. This paper investigates the distribution of the disease in regions of north, north-east, central and south Thailand. Between the earliest recorded of outbreak of trichinosis in Mae Hong Son Province in 1962 and 2006, there have been 135 outbreaks involving 7340 patients and 97 deaths in Thailand. The highest number of cases, 557, was recorded in 1983. Most infected patients were in the 35-44 year age group, and the disease occurred more frequently in men than women during 1962-2003, with no significant sex difference during 2004-2006. Outbreaks were most common in the northern areas, especially in rural areas where raw and under-cooked pork and/or wild animals are eaten. Human infections occur annually in northern Thailand during communal feasts celebrating the Thai New Year. Trichinosis causes have been reported every year, supporting the need for planning education programs.展开更多
This letter to editor discusses and describes Zika virus IgG seropositivity rate in canine sera from endemic area.This is the first world report and it raises an urgent concern on pet,zoonosis and reservoir host regar...This letter to editor discusses and describes Zika virus IgG seropositivity rate in canine sera from endemic area.This is the first world report and it raises an urgent concern on pet,zoonosis and reservoir host regarding Zika virus.展开更多
Zoonosis is an important factor affecting human economic development and population mortality. This paper introduces a general model of zoonosis, in which the diseases can only be transmitted from animals to humans, s...Zoonosis is an important factor affecting human economic development and population mortality. This paper introduces a general model of zoonosis, in which the diseases can only be transmitted from animals to humans, such as rabies, brucellosis and so on. The basic reproduction number R0 is derived. And then the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium models is analyzed by using the method of comparison principle and Lyapunov function. Next, a numerical analysis is performed to elaborate the consistency of theoretical and numerical results and to prove the practical significance of zoonosis research. The numerical results show that our models are applicable to zoonosis with animal size larger than or smaller than population size. Finally, in order to see the most important factor for the epidemic of zoonosis a sensitive analysis is analyzed.展开更多
Brucella suis (B. suis) is the major cause of porcine brucellosis. Zoonosis due to B. suis infection associated with transmission by various animal species is reported. Recently an increase in brucellosis associated w...Brucella suis (B. suis) is the major cause of porcine brucellosis. Zoonosis due to B. suis infection associated with transmission by various animal species is reported. Recently an increase in brucellosis associated with feral swine transmitted B. suis infection in humans and hunting dogs is emerging. Reports on B. suis infection in carnivores including dogs is scant. This report gives a brief review of B. suis zoonosis with particular reference to B. suis infection in dogs (carnivores).展开更多
Background:Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection common in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East.Neurological involvement,although rare,can lead to severe complications,including sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).T...Background:Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection common in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East.Neurological involvement,although rare,can lead to severe complications,including sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).This case is particularly noteworthy as it highlights irreversible auditory nerve damage in brucellosis,emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent neurological consequences.The novelty of this case lies in the severity of auditory involvement despite timely treatment.Case Presentation:A 43-year-old male farmer of Maghrebi origin presented with neurobrucellosis complicated by severe,irreversible bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.The patient initially reported symptoms of hearing loss and dizziness,which were confirmed to be associated with auditory nerve involvement.Wright's serology and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)testing confirmed brucellosis.Despite appropriate and prolonged antibiotic therapy,including drugs that penetrate the meningeal barrier and act intracellularly,the patient's auditory impairment remained permanent.The patient is currently a candidate for cochlear implantation to manage his severe hearing loss.Neurological symptoms did not improve with treatment,but cochlear implantation may offer a potential solution to his hearing deficit.Conclusions:This case highlights the importance of early recognition and intervention in brucellosis cases,particularly those with neurological involvement.Delayed diagnosis and treatment can result in irreversible neurological damage.It also underscores the potential for cochlear implantation in patients with severe,irreversible sensorineural hearing loss caused by neurobrucellosis.Cochlear implantation offers an important solution for patients with brucellosis-related hearing deficits,improving their quality of life despite the neurological damage caused by the infection.展开更多
Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have become useful tools to extend human abilities and capacities.Currently UAVs are being used for the surveillance of environmental factors related to the transmission of infectious dis...Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have become useful tools to extend human abilities and capacities.Currently UAVs are being used for the surveillance of environmental factors related to the transmission of infectious diseases.They have also been used for delivering therapeutic drugs and life-saving supplies to patients or isolated persons in extreme conditions.There have been very few applications of UAVs for disease surveillance,control and prevention to date.However,we foresee many uses for these machines in the fight against zoonotic disease.The control of zoonoses has been a big challenge as these diseases are naturally maintained in animal populations.Among 868 reported zoonoses,echinococcosis(hydatid disease)is one of the most severe public health problems and listed as one of 17 neglected tropical diseases targeted for control by the World Health Organization.Infected dogs(domestic or stray)play the most important role as definitive hosts in maintaining the transmission of echinococcosis.However,the actual contribution of wild canines to transmission has received little attention as yet,but should certainly not be ignored.This paper summarizes the history of development and application of UAVs,with an emphasis on their potential use for zoonosis control.As an example,we outline a pilot trial of echinococcosis control in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region,in which UAVs were used to deliver baits with praziquantel for wildlife deworming.The data suggested that this is a cost-effective and efficient approach to the control of zoonotic diseases transmitted among wild animal populations.展开更多
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity and an important public health issue.Flaviviruses are the cause of several emerging vector-borne zoonotic arboviruses whose distribution is currently inc...Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity and an important public health issue.Flaviviruses are the cause of several emerging vector-borne zoonotic arboviruses whose distribution is currently increasing in Europe.The evidence that West Nile virus(WNV)circulates in resident and migratory species has implications for both animal and public health and should therefore be studied in depth.USUTU(USUV),Bagaza(BAGV)and tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)are other viruses that are beginning to spread more widely.An integrated surveillance program,namely in birds,is essential for reducing the risk of infection in human populations within the One Health principles.In the present study,wild birds admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers in Portugal were sampled.Two hundred eight blood samples were assayed serologically for antibodies to flaviviruses by using a commercial ELISA kit.An over-all seroprevalence of 19.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]:13.7-26.7%)was observed.Antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in 13(35.1%)different species of wild birds.Accipitriformes(26.7%;95%CI:18.5-36.2%)and Strigi-formes(26.7%;95%CI:14.6-42.0%)were the orders with the highest seroprevalence rates recorded.There were no statistically significant differences(p=0.725)between the geographical regions(NUTSⅡ)studied,but a statistically significant difference(p=0.017)was found between sex(male:34.4%;female:4.8%).A higher seroprevalence was detected in adults(32.1%)than in juvenile birds(9.3%)(p=0.014),and age was considered a risk factor for flavivirus infection in wild birds(odds ratio 1.4;95%CI:0.5-4.0).More epidemiological studies are needed in Portugal since the actual spread of the genus Flavivirus throughout the country is unknown.展开更多
Nipah is a deadly viral infection which has come to the news highlight recently,due to its fresh onslaught in Southern India.As the world continues to recover from coronavirus disease 2019,the World Health Organizatio...Nipah is a deadly viral infection which has come to the news highlight recently,due to its fresh onslaught in Southern India.As the world continues to recover from coronavirus disease 2019,the World Health Organization has identified a list of high-priority pathogens with the potential to cause future pandemics.Among them is the Nipah virus(NiV),which poses a significant threat.Even a small out-break could trigger widespread panic among the public.The emergence and re-emergence of NiV among other zoonotic infections is a stern reminder of the im-portance of One health concept.展开更多
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease with a significant burden in tropical and subtropical regions,including India.Despite its high fatality rate and endemic nature,the disease remains und...BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease with a significant burden in tropical and subtropical regions,including India.Despite its high fatality rate and endemic nature,the disease remains underreported in many areas,particularly in Northern India.AIM To analyze the demography,clinical presentation,complications,and mortality risk factors in presumptive leptospirosis patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital over the last 7 years from the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions of Northern India.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on hospital records of patients admitted with leptospirosis at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Rishikesh,between January 2018 and December 2024.Diagnosis was based on the Modified Faine’s Criteria and laboratory confirmation via IgM enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay(ELISA)and other diagnostic tests.Statistical analysis,including logistic regression,was performed to determine mortality predictors.RESULTS A total of 62 patients were included in the study.The most common symptoms were fever(98.39%),myalgia(41.94%),and jaundice(20.97%).Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent complication,occurring in 72.58%of cases,followed by hepatic involvement(62.9%)and acute kidney injury(40.32%).Multiorgan dys-function syndrome was present in 66.13%of cases,with 19.35%developing acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).The overall mortality rate was 20.97%,with a higher but non-significant mortality trend in the Himalayan region(35%vs 14.29%,P=0.094).Logistic regression analysis revealed that no categorical predictor alone was statistically significant.However,ARDS had a high odds ratio(OR=2.10),suggesting clinical importance despite variability.Jaundice(OR=2.28,P=0.383)and creatinine levels(OR=2.12,P=0.1029)showed a possible trend toward increased mortality,despite statistical variability.Higher international normalized ratio levels(OR=0.33,P=0.0662)were suggestive of a protective effect.CONCLUSION Leptospirosis remains a severe and often fatal disease in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions,particularly in hilly areas,where underreporting and delayed diagnosis contribute to poor outcomes.Mortality was highest(33.33%)in cases with multiorgan involvement,particularly affecting the liver,kidneys,and lungs.We did not identify any statistically significant mortality predictors.Although the study did not assess the impact of timely diagnosis,improving healthcare accessibility in hilly regions may facilitate earlier detection and intervention,potentially reducing mortality.展开更多
Hantaviruses are comprised of tri-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA, and are members of the Bunyaviridae family. Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and are important zoonotic pathogens that can have sev...Hantaviruses are comprised of tri-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA, and are members of the Bunyaviridae family. Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and are important zoonotic pathogens that can have severe adverse effects in humans. They are naturally maintained in specific reservoir hosts without inducing symptomatic infection. In humans, however,hantaviruses often cause two acute febrile diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome(HCPS). In this paper, we review the epidemiology and epizootiology of hantavirus infections worldwide.展开更多
Hepatitis E was identified as an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis from Kashmir, India in 1978. Hepatitis E virus(HEV), the etiological agent is the sole member of family Hepeviridae. The virus has marked heterogenei...Hepatitis E was identified as an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis from Kashmir, India in 1978. Hepatitis E virus(HEV), the etiological agent is the sole member of family Hepeviridae. The virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. Hepatitis E is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. Hepatitis E is an imperative health issue in developing nations, transmitted through sullied water and happens most every now in young adults. The disease is particularly severe during pregnancy and in people with underlying liver cirrhosis. Autochthonous hepatitis E is increasingly recognized in developed countries. The virus infects domestic pigs, wild boar and Sika deer in these countries. HEV infections in humans occur by eating the undercooked game flesh, raw liver from supermarkets and Figatelli sausages. Blood transfusion-associated HEV infections occur in many countries and screening of donors for HEV RNA is under consideration. Hepatitis E causes a number of extrahepatic diseases, including a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes. HEV genotype 3 causes prolonged viremia, chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in organ transplant patients. The virus is amenable to ribavirin monotherapy and most patients clear the virus in a few weeks. Hepatitis E vaccine-239, marketed in China, has shown high efficacy with sustained protection for over four years.展开更多
Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is a common public health problem in developing countries.However,the current prevalence of HEV and the relationship of HEV genotype between swine and human within high-density pig-farm...Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is a common public health problem in developing countries.However,the current prevalence of HEV and the relationship of HEV genotype between swine and human within high-density pig-farming areas in central China are still inadequately understood.Here,cross-sectional serological and genotypic surveys of HEV among the 1232 general population,273 workers occupationally exposed to swine,and 276 pigs in a high-density pig-breeding area,were undertaken by ELISA and nested RT-PCR methods.Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 26.22%of general population and 48.35%of occupational workers.The prevalence of swine serum HEV-Ag was 6.52%.The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was significantly higher among the workers occupationally exposed to swine than among the general population.An increased HEV seropositivity risk among the general population was associated with either being a peasant or male and was very strongly associated with the increase of age.Among the occupationally exposed group,the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies increased with age and working years.Among the 30 HEV-IgM-positive people,the infection rates of clerks in the public,peasants,pork retailers,and pig farmers were higher than those of others.A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates belonged to subgenotype 4d,and four people and four pigs shared 97.04%-100%sequence homology.This study revealed a high HEV seroprevalence among the general population and workers occupationally exposed to swine in the Anlu City,and supports the notion that swine are a source of human HEV infection.展开更多
Infectious diseases continue to impose unpredictable burdens on global health and economies, a subject that requires constant research and updates. In this sense, the objective of the present article was to review stu...Infectious diseases continue to impose unpredictable burdens on global health and economies, a subject that requires constant research and updates. In this sense, the objective of the present article was to review studies on the role of wild animals as reservoirs and/or dispersers of etiological agents of human infectious diseases in order to compile data on the main wild animals and etiological agents involved in zoonotic outbreaks. A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines, using the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO platforms as data banks. The descriptors used were "zoonosis", "human infectious diseases" and "wild animals". The results show that wild animals(mainly bats, birds and primates) play an important role in the dissemination of etiological agents(mainly viruses, as a new coronavirus called 2019 Novel Coronavirus) in extensive geographic regions. Moreover, these wild animal organisms can act as the site for essential biotic synergy among several pathogenic microorganisms, promoting a higher rate of adaptation, mutation and even genetic recombination, with consequent stimulation of new strains and subtypes, inducing new infectious agents with unknown virulent potential. In conclusion, the monitoring of these diseases and adequate preparation for possible epidemics and pandemics are fundamental conditions for the mitigation of their future impact. The zoonotic threat of these etiological agents and the impact on public health can be enormous as shown by the ongoing epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) infections.展开更多
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen,causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaksworldwide. Since the identification of HEV as a zoonotic agent,...Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen,causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaksworldwide. Since the identification of HEV as a zoonotic agent, this virus has beenisolated from a variety of hosts with an ever-expanding host range. HEV-openreading frame (ORF) 3, the smallest ORF in HEV genomes, initially had beenperceived as an unremarkable HEV accessory protein. However, as novel HEVORF3function has been discovered that is related to the existence of a putativethird virion structural form, referred to as “quasi-enveloped” HEV particles, HEVis challenging the conventional virion structure-based classification scheme,which assigns all viruses to two groups, “enveloped” or “non-enveloped”. In thisreview, we systematically describe recent progress that has identified multiplepathogenic roles of HEV-ORF3, including roles in HEV virion release, biogenesisof quasi-enveloped virus, regulation of the host innate immune response, andinterference with host signaling pathways. In addition, implications of HEVORF3-associated quasi-enveloped virions are discussed to guide futuredevelopment of improved vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.展开更多
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus(SEZ) is a pathogen associated with a wild range of animal species. Frequent outbreaks have occurred in recent years in pigs, horses, goats and dogs which is liable to infect human...Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus(SEZ) is a pathogen associated with a wild range of animal species. Frequent outbreaks have occurred in recent years in pigs, horses, goats and dogs which is liable to infect humans. There is a lack of efficient vaccines against this disease and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance may render drug therapies ineffective. In this study, gene deletion mutant(ΔSEZ) in pathogenicity islands SeseCisland_4 was constructed. The mutant ΔSEZ had a 52-fold decrease in 50% lethal dose(LD_(50)) and had less capacity to adhere epithelial cells. Importantly, immunization of mice with attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 colony-forming units(CFU) mL^(–1) elicited a significant humoral antibody response, with an antibody titer of 1:12 800. Therefore, 10~2 CFU mL^(–1) might be used as the appropriate immune dose for the attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ, which provided mice with efficient protection against virulent SEZ. In addition, the hyperimmune sera against 10~2 CFU m L–1 attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ could confer significant protection against virulent SEZ infection in the passive immunization experiment and exhibited efficient bactericidal activity in the whole blood assay. Meanwhile, no viable bacteria was detected in blood when mice were immunized with ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 CFU mL^(–1) via hypodermic injection. Thereafter, the mutant ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 CFU mL^(–1) could confer significant protection in mice and had less negative effects on host, which could be an effective attenuated vaccine candidate for the prevention of SEZ.展开更多
Objectives:To investigate the epidemiology of animal bites and associated factors in Abadeh district(central Iran)from 2012 to 2018.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,1407 individuals with animal bites who were ref...Objectives:To investigate the epidemiology of animal bites and associated factors in Abadeh district(central Iran)from 2012 to 2018.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,1407 individuals with animal bites who were referred to the Abadeh Rabies Treatment Center were investigated by using the census method from 2012 to 2018.The variables included the victim's demographic information(age,gender,occupation),the type of biting animals(dog,cat,and other animals),the domesticated and wild animals,the time of biting based on year and month,the residence location(urban or rural),the treatment status,and the anatomical location of the wounds.Results:The annual incidence rate of animal bites was 189.62 per 100000 population.Totally 83.4%of the victims were male.The average age was(33.66±18.97)years and individuals in the age range of 36-50 years were greater at risk.Most of the animal bites were from dogs(77.8%).About two thirds(62.1%)of the bites were from household animals.A total of 57.1%of individuals lived in urban areas.Most victims were engaged in farming and animal husbandry.The highest prevalence of animal bites(37.4%)happened in the summer.None of the patients had any clinical signs of rabies.Conclusions:To reduce the incidence of animal bites,high-risk groups including farmers and ranchers should be educated about bite prevention,and it should be ensured that they are managed correctly.展开更多
Rabies is an ancient disease.Two centuries since Pasteur,fundamental progress occurred in virology,vaccinology,and diagnostics—and an understanding of pathobiology and epizootiology of rabies in testament to One Hea...Rabies is an ancient disease.Two centuries since Pasteur,fundamental progress occurred in virology,vaccinology,and diagnostics—and an understanding of pathobiology and epizootiology of rabies in testament to One Health—before common terminological coinage.Prevention,control,selective elimination,and even the unthinkable—occasional treatment—of this zoonosis dawned by the twenty-first century.However,in contrast to smallpox and rinderpest,eradication is a wishful misnomer applied to rabies,particularly post-COVID-19 pandemic.Reasons are minion.Polyhostality encompasses bats and mesocarnivores,but other mammals represent a diverse spectrum of potential hosts.While rabies virus is the classical member of the genus,other species of lyssaviruses also cause the disease.Some reservoirs remain cryptic.Although global,this viral encephalitis is untreatable and often ignored.As with other neglected diseases,laboratory-based surveillance falls short of the notifiable ideal,especially in lower-and middleincome countries.Calculation of actual burden defaults to a flux within broad health economic models.Competing priorities,lack of defined,long-term international donors,and shrinking local champions challenge human prophylaxis and mass dog vaccination toward targets of 2030 for even canine rabies impacts.For prevention,all licensed vaccines are delivered to the individual,whether parenteral or oral–essentially‘one and done’.Exploiting mammalian social behaviors,future‘spreadable vaccines’might increase the proportion of immunized hosts per unit effort.However,the release of replication-competent,genetically modified organisms selectively engineered to spread intentionally throughout a population raises significant biological,ethical,and regulatory issues in need of broader,transdisciplinary discourse.How this rather curious idea will evolve toward actual unconventional prevention,control,or elimination in the near term remains debatable.In the interim,more precise terminology and realistic expectations serve as the norm for diverse,collective constituents to maintain progress in the field.展开更多
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a common causeof acute clinical hepatitis worldwide. HEV is an RNAcontainingvirus and the only member of the genusHepevirus in the family Hepeviridae . Human HEV isclassified into ...Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a common causeof acute clinical hepatitis worldwide. HEV is an RNAcontainingvirus and the only member of the genusHepevirus in the family Hepeviridae . Human HEV isclassified into four genotypes widely distributed acrossthe world. The virus is mainly transmitted via the fecaloralroute, and water-borne epidemics have becomecharacteristic of hepatitis E in developing countries,including those in Latin America. The zoonoticpotential of HEV is broadly recognized. Thus, thereis an urgent need to re-evaluate virus transmissionscenarios and to enforce epidemiological surveillancesystems. Additionally, it is known that HEV infections,initially defined as self-limiting, can also take chroniccourses in immunocompromised patients. Moreover,we recently reported a high seroprevalence of HEV insamples from cirrhotic patients with no other etiologicalagents present, suggesting the potential role of HEVin the development of chronic liver illness. In thisreview, HEV genomic variability, transmission, chronicinfectious course, zoonotic potential and treatmentare discussed. Focus is placed on the impact of HEVinfection in Latin America, to support the developmentof specific control strategies and the handling of thisimportant and typically imperceptible viral infection.展开更多
文摘Intestinal spirochetes are detected in a wide range of mammalian and avian host species.and cause enteric disease,especially in swine and poultry.Although avian intestinal spirocheosis(AIS)is considered a growing and underestimated problem in poultry production systems,its occurrence and economic burden cannot be neglected.The causative agent of AIS is Brachyspira spp.,particularly Brachyspira pilosicoli(B.pilosicoli),B.intermedia,and B.alvinipulli.They are Gram-negative spiral motile,oxygen-tolerant,and fastidious slow-growing anaerobes of the order Spirochaetes.The bacterium colonizes the lower gastrointestinal tract of most domestic and free-living birds.Layer and breeder chickens are most susceptible to Brachyspira spp.infection and present signs of chronic diarrhea,a low growth rate,delayed or reduced egg production,and poor egg quality.The zoonotic potential of B.pilosicoli is increasingly recognized.Humans can become infected via contact with the feces or meat of infected animals or food contaminated by food handlers.Patients with colonic spirochaetosis exhibit signs of diarrhea,rectal bleeding,and abdominal pain.Diagnosis is usually carried out through conventional isolation and identification as well as recent molecular detection techniques.Tiamulin and other macrolides are considered the gold standard for treating AIS.Unfortunately,resistance of bacteria to such treatments has emerged owing to the urgent need for the development of new interventions.Non-antibiotic interventions such as probiotics show promising results in preventing Brachyspira infection.There are no commercially available vaccines to prevent AIS.However,a recombinant vaccine against B.pilosicoli was recently developed in layer chickens.Here,the review discusses AIS in terms of etiology and pathogenesis,susceptibility and transmission,clinical picture in poultry,human infection,laboratory diagnosis,and prevention and treatment.
文摘Trichinosis is among the most common food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand and many outbreaks are reported each year. This paper investigates the distribution of the disease in regions of north, north-east, central and south Thailand. Between the earliest recorded of outbreak of trichinosis in Mae Hong Son Province in 1962 and 2006, there have been 135 outbreaks involving 7340 patients and 97 deaths in Thailand. The highest number of cases, 557, was recorded in 1983. Most infected patients were in the 35-44 year age group, and the disease occurred more frequently in men than women during 1962-2003, with no significant sex difference during 2004-2006. Outbreaks were most common in the northern areas, especially in rural areas where raw and under-cooked pork and/or wild animals are eaten. Human infections occur annually in northern Thailand during communal feasts celebrating the Thai New Year. Trichinosis causes have been reported every year, supporting the need for planning education programs.
文摘This letter to editor discusses and describes Zika virus IgG seropositivity rate in canine sera from endemic area.This is the first world report and it raises an urgent concern on pet,zoonosis and reservoir host regarding Zika virus.
文摘Zoonosis is an important factor affecting human economic development and population mortality. This paper introduces a general model of zoonosis, in which the diseases can only be transmitted from animals to humans, such as rabies, brucellosis and so on. The basic reproduction number R0 is derived. And then the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium models is analyzed by using the method of comparison principle and Lyapunov function. Next, a numerical analysis is performed to elaborate the consistency of theoretical and numerical results and to prove the practical significance of zoonosis research. The numerical results show that our models are applicable to zoonosis with animal size larger than or smaller than population size. Finally, in order to see the most important factor for the epidemic of zoonosis a sensitive analysis is analyzed.
文摘Brucella suis (B. suis) is the major cause of porcine brucellosis. Zoonosis due to B. suis infection associated with transmission by various animal species is reported. Recently an increase in brucellosis associated with feral swine transmitted B. suis infection in humans and hunting dogs is emerging. Reports on B. suis infection in carnivores including dogs is scant. This report gives a brief review of B. suis zoonosis with particular reference to B. suis infection in dogs (carnivores).
文摘Background:Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection common in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East.Neurological involvement,although rare,can lead to severe complications,including sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL).This case is particularly noteworthy as it highlights irreversible auditory nerve damage in brucellosis,emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent neurological consequences.The novelty of this case lies in the severity of auditory involvement despite timely treatment.Case Presentation:A 43-year-old male farmer of Maghrebi origin presented with neurobrucellosis complicated by severe,irreversible bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.The patient initially reported symptoms of hearing loss and dizziness,which were confirmed to be associated with auditory nerve involvement.Wright's serology and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)testing confirmed brucellosis.Despite appropriate and prolonged antibiotic therapy,including drugs that penetrate the meningeal barrier and act intracellularly,the patient's auditory impairment remained permanent.The patient is currently a candidate for cochlear implantation to manage his severe hearing loss.Neurological symptoms did not improve with treatment,but cochlear implantation may offer a potential solution to his hearing deficit.Conclusions:This case highlights the importance of early recognition and intervention in brucellosis cases,particularly those with neurological involvement.Delayed diagnosis and treatment can result in irreversible neurological damage.It also underscores the potential for cochlear implantation in patients with severe,irreversible sensorineural hearing loss caused by neurobrucellosis.Cochlear implantation offers an important solution for patients with brucellosis-related hearing deficits,improving their quality of life despite the neurological damage caused by the infection.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1200500)the Project of Ganzi Xizang Autonomous Prefecture Station for Echinococcosis Control,China CDC.
文摘Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)have become useful tools to extend human abilities and capacities.Currently UAVs are being used for the surveillance of environmental factors related to the transmission of infectious diseases.They have also been used for delivering therapeutic drugs and life-saving supplies to patients or isolated persons in extreme conditions.There have been very few applications of UAVs for disease surveillance,control and prevention to date.However,we foresee many uses for these machines in the fight against zoonotic disease.The control of zoonoses has been a big challenge as these diseases are naturally maintained in animal populations.Among 868 reported zoonoses,echinococcosis(hydatid disease)is one of the most severe public health problems and listed as one of 17 neglected tropical diseases targeted for control by the World Health Organization.Infected dogs(domestic or stray)play the most important role as definitive hosts in maintaining the transmission of echinococcosis.However,the actual contribution of wild canines to transmission has received little attention as yet,but should certainly not be ignored.This paper summarizes the history of development and application of UAVs,with an emphasis on their potential use for zoonosis control.As an example,we outline a pilot trial of echinococcosis control in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region,in which UAVs were used to deliver baits with praziquantel for wildlife deworming.The data suggested that this is a cost-effective and efficient approach to the control of zoonotic diseases transmitted among wild animal populations.
基金funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology(FCT)sup-ported by the projects UIDB/00772/2020(https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00772/2020)。
文摘Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity and an important public health issue.Flaviviruses are the cause of several emerging vector-borne zoonotic arboviruses whose distribution is currently increasing in Europe.The evidence that West Nile virus(WNV)circulates in resident and migratory species has implications for both animal and public health and should therefore be studied in depth.USUTU(USUV),Bagaza(BAGV)and tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)are other viruses that are beginning to spread more widely.An integrated surveillance program,namely in birds,is essential for reducing the risk of infection in human populations within the One Health principles.In the present study,wild birds admitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers in Portugal were sampled.Two hundred eight blood samples were assayed serologically for antibodies to flaviviruses by using a commercial ELISA kit.An over-all seroprevalence of 19.6%(95%confidence interval[CI]:13.7-26.7%)was observed.Antibodies against flaviviruses were detected in 13(35.1%)different species of wild birds.Accipitriformes(26.7%;95%CI:18.5-36.2%)and Strigi-formes(26.7%;95%CI:14.6-42.0%)were the orders with the highest seroprevalence rates recorded.There were no statistically significant differences(p=0.725)between the geographical regions(NUTSⅡ)studied,but a statistically significant difference(p=0.017)was found between sex(male:34.4%;female:4.8%).A higher seroprevalence was detected in adults(32.1%)than in juvenile birds(9.3%)(p=0.014),and age was considered a risk factor for flavivirus infection in wild birds(odds ratio 1.4;95%CI:0.5-4.0).More epidemiological studies are needed in Portugal since the actual spread of the genus Flavivirus throughout the country is unknown.
文摘Nipah is a deadly viral infection which has come to the news highlight recently,due to its fresh onslaught in Southern India.As the world continues to recover from coronavirus disease 2019,the World Health Organization has identified a list of high-priority pathogens with the potential to cause future pandemics.Among them is the Nipah virus(NiV),which poses a significant threat.Even a small out-break could trigger widespread panic among the public.The emergence and re-emergence of NiV among other zoonotic infections is a stern reminder of the im-portance of One health concept.
文摘BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease with a significant burden in tropical and subtropical regions,including India.Despite its high fatality rate and endemic nature,the disease remains underreported in many areas,particularly in Northern India.AIM To analyze the demography,clinical presentation,complications,and mortality risk factors in presumptive leptospirosis patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital over the last 7 years from the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions of Northern India.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on hospital records of patients admitted with leptospirosis at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Rishikesh,between January 2018 and December 2024.Diagnosis was based on the Modified Faine’s Criteria and laboratory confirmation via IgM enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay(ELISA)and other diagnostic tests.Statistical analysis,including logistic regression,was performed to determine mortality predictors.RESULTS A total of 62 patients were included in the study.The most common symptoms were fever(98.39%),myalgia(41.94%),and jaundice(20.97%).Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent complication,occurring in 72.58%of cases,followed by hepatic involvement(62.9%)and acute kidney injury(40.32%).Multiorgan dys-function syndrome was present in 66.13%of cases,with 19.35%developing acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).The overall mortality rate was 20.97%,with a higher but non-significant mortality trend in the Himalayan region(35%vs 14.29%,P=0.094).Logistic regression analysis revealed that no categorical predictor alone was statistically significant.However,ARDS had a high odds ratio(OR=2.10),suggesting clinical importance despite variability.Jaundice(OR=2.28,P=0.383)and creatinine levels(OR=2.12,P=0.1029)showed a possible trend toward increased mortality,despite statistical variability.Higher international normalized ratio levels(OR=0.33,P=0.0662)were suggestive of a protective effect.CONCLUSION Leptospirosis remains a severe and often fatal disease in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions,particularly in hilly areas,where underreporting and delayed diagnosis contribute to poor outcomes.Mortality was highest(33.33%)in cases with multiorgan involvement,particularly affecting the liver,kidneys,and lungs.We did not identify any statistically significant mortality predictors.Although the study did not assess the impact of timely diagnosis,improving healthcare accessibility in hilly regions may facilitate earlier detection and intervention,potentially reducing mortality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81373118)the National Basic Research Programme of China (973 Programme No. 2012CB518905)
文摘Hantaviruses are comprised of tri-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA, and are members of the Bunyaviridae family. Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and are important zoonotic pathogens that can have severe adverse effects in humans. They are naturally maintained in specific reservoir hosts without inducing symptomatic infection. In humans, however,hantaviruses often cause two acute febrile diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome(HCPS). In this paper, we review the epidemiology and epizootiology of hantavirus infections worldwide.
文摘Hepatitis E was identified as an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis from Kashmir, India in 1978. Hepatitis E virus(HEV), the etiological agent is the sole member of family Hepeviridae. The virus has marked heterogeneity and infects many animals like bats, camel, chicken, deer, boar, mongoose, pigs, rats, rabbit and cutthroat trout. Hepatitis E is a disease with a major global impact and has two distinct epidemiological patterns. Hepatitis E is an imperative health issue in developing nations, transmitted through sullied water and happens most every now in young adults. The disease is particularly severe during pregnancy and in people with underlying liver cirrhosis. Autochthonous hepatitis E is increasingly recognized in developed countries. The virus infects domestic pigs, wild boar and Sika deer in these countries. HEV infections in humans occur by eating the undercooked game flesh, raw liver from supermarkets and Figatelli sausages. Blood transfusion-associated HEV infections occur in many countries and screening of donors for HEV RNA is under consideration. Hepatitis E causes a number of extrahepatic diseases, including a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes. HEV genotype 3 causes prolonged viremia, chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in organ transplant patients. The virus is amenable to ribavirin monotherapy and most patients clear the virus in a few weeks. Hepatitis E vaccine-239, marketed in China, has shown high efficacy with sustained protection for over four years.
基金partly supported by General Projects of Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province of China no. WJ2017M174, and WJ2017M240Occupational Hazard and Identification Control of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory Open Fund, no. OCHI2017G02
文摘Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is a common public health problem in developing countries.However,the current prevalence of HEV and the relationship of HEV genotype between swine and human within high-density pig-farming areas in central China are still inadequately understood.Here,cross-sectional serological and genotypic surveys of HEV among the 1232 general population,273 workers occupationally exposed to swine,and 276 pigs in a high-density pig-breeding area,were undertaken by ELISA and nested RT-PCR methods.Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 26.22%of general population and 48.35%of occupational workers.The prevalence of swine serum HEV-Ag was 6.52%.The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was significantly higher among the workers occupationally exposed to swine than among the general population.An increased HEV seropositivity risk among the general population was associated with either being a peasant or male and was very strongly associated with the increase of age.Among the occupationally exposed group,the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies increased with age and working years.Among the 30 HEV-IgM-positive people,the infection rates of clerks in the public,peasants,pork retailers,and pig farmers were higher than those of others.A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates belonged to subgenotype 4d,and four people and four pigs shared 97.04%-100%sequence homology.This study revealed a high HEV seroprevalence among the general population and workers occupationally exposed to swine in the Anlu City,and supports the notion that swine are a source of human HEV infection.
基金support received from the Faculdade Dinamica do Vale do Piranga(FADIP),Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq)and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais(FAPEMIG).
文摘Infectious diseases continue to impose unpredictable burdens on global health and economies, a subject that requires constant research and updates. In this sense, the objective of the present article was to review studies on the role of wild animals as reservoirs and/or dispersers of etiological agents of human infectious diseases in order to compile data on the main wild animals and etiological agents involved in zoonotic outbreaks. A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines, using the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO platforms as data banks. The descriptors used were "zoonosis", "human infectious diseases" and "wild animals". The results show that wild animals(mainly bats, birds and primates) play an important role in the dissemination of etiological agents(mainly viruses, as a new coronavirus called 2019 Novel Coronavirus) in extensive geographic regions. Moreover, these wild animal organisms can act as the site for essential biotic synergy among several pathogenic microorganisms, promoting a higher rate of adaptation, mutation and even genetic recombination, with consequent stimulation of new strains and subtypes, inducing new infectious agents with unknown virulent potential. In conclusion, the monitoring of these diseases and adequate preparation for possible epidemics and pandemics are fundamental conditions for the mitigation of their future impact. The zoonotic threat of these etiological agents and the impact on public health can be enormous as shown by the ongoing epidemic of 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) infections.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31672534Key Project supported by Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation of Nanjing Department of Health,No.ZKX19026.
文摘Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen,causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaksworldwide. Since the identification of HEV as a zoonotic agent, this virus has beenisolated from a variety of hosts with an ever-expanding host range. HEV-openreading frame (ORF) 3, the smallest ORF in HEV genomes, initially had beenperceived as an unremarkable HEV accessory protein. However, as novel HEVORF3function has been discovered that is related to the existence of a putativethird virion structural form, referred to as “quasi-enveloped” HEV particles, HEVis challenging the conventional virion structure-based classification scheme,which assigns all viruses to two groups, “enveloped” or “non-enveloped”. In thisreview, we systematically describe recent progress that has identified multiplepathogenic roles of HEV-ORF3, including roles in HEV virion release, biogenesisof quasi-enveloped virus, regulation of the host innate immune response, andinterference with host signaling pathways. In addition, implications of HEVORF3-associated quasi-enveloped virions are discussed to guide futuredevelopment of improved vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.
基金was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFD0500203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672574)+3 种基金the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201403054)the Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2017341)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund [CX(16)1028]the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD)
文摘Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus(SEZ) is a pathogen associated with a wild range of animal species. Frequent outbreaks have occurred in recent years in pigs, horses, goats and dogs which is liable to infect humans. There is a lack of efficient vaccines against this disease and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance may render drug therapies ineffective. In this study, gene deletion mutant(ΔSEZ) in pathogenicity islands SeseCisland_4 was constructed. The mutant ΔSEZ had a 52-fold decrease in 50% lethal dose(LD_(50)) and had less capacity to adhere epithelial cells. Importantly, immunization of mice with attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 colony-forming units(CFU) mL^(–1) elicited a significant humoral antibody response, with an antibody titer of 1:12 800. Therefore, 10~2 CFU mL^(–1) might be used as the appropriate immune dose for the attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ, which provided mice with efficient protection against virulent SEZ. In addition, the hyperimmune sera against 10~2 CFU m L–1 attenuated vaccine ΔSEZ could confer significant protection against virulent SEZ infection in the passive immunization experiment and exhibited efficient bactericidal activity in the whole blood assay. Meanwhile, no viable bacteria was detected in blood when mice were immunized with ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 CFU mL^(–1) via hypodermic injection. Thereafter, the mutant ΔSEZ at the dose of 10~2 CFU mL^(–1) could confer significant protection in mice and had less negative effects on host, which could be an effective attenuated vaccine candidate for the prevention of SEZ.
文摘Objectives:To investigate the epidemiology of animal bites and associated factors in Abadeh district(central Iran)from 2012 to 2018.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,1407 individuals with animal bites who were referred to the Abadeh Rabies Treatment Center were investigated by using the census method from 2012 to 2018.The variables included the victim's demographic information(age,gender,occupation),the type of biting animals(dog,cat,and other animals),the domesticated and wild animals,the time of biting based on year and month,the residence location(urban or rural),the treatment status,and the anatomical location of the wounds.Results:The annual incidence rate of animal bites was 189.62 per 100000 population.Totally 83.4%of the victims were male.The average age was(33.66±18.97)years and individuals in the age range of 36-50 years were greater at risk.Most of the animal bites were from dogs(77.8%).About two thirds(62.1%)of the bites were from household animals.A total of 57.1%of individuals lived in urban areas.Most victims were engaged in farming and animal husbandry.The highest prevalence of animal bites(37.4%)happened in the summer.None of the patients had any clinical signs of rabies.Conclusions:To reduce the incidence of animal bites,high-risk groups including farmers and ranchers should be educated about bite prevention,and it should be ensured that they are managed correctly.
文摘Rabies is an ancient disease.Two centuries since Pasteur,fundamental progress occurred in virology,vaccinology,and diagnostics—and an understanding of pathobiology and epizootiology of rabies in testament to One Health—before common terminological coinage.Prevention,control,selective elimination,and even the unthinkable—occasional treatment—of this zoonosis dawned by the twenty-first century.However,in contrast to smallpox and rinderpest,eradication is a wishful misnomer applied to rabies,particularly post-COVID-19 pandemic.Reasons are minion.Polyhostality encompasses bats and mesocarnivores,but other mammals represent a diverse spectrum of potential hosts.While rabies virus is the classical member of the genus,other species of lyssaviruses also cause the disease.Some reservoirs remain cryptic.Although global,this viral encephalitis is untreatable and often ignored.As with other neglected diseases,laboratory-based surveillance falls short of the notifiable ideal,especially in lower-and middleincome countries.Calculation of actual burden defaults to a flux within broad health economic models.Competing priorities,lack of defined,long-term international donors,and shrinking local champions challenge human prophylaxis and mass dog vaccination toward targets of 2030 for even canine rabies impacts.For prevention,all licensed vaccines are delivered to the individual,whether parenteral or oral–essentially‘one and done’.Exploiting mammalian social behaviors,future‘spreadable vaccines’might increase the proportion of immunized hosts per unit effort.However,the release of replication-competent,genetically modified organisms selectively engineered to spread intentionally throughout a population raises significant biological,ethical,and regulatory issues in need of broader,transdisciplinary discourse.How this rather curious idea will evolve toward actual unconventional prevention,control,or elimination in the near term remains debatable.In the interim,more precise terminology and realistic expectations serve as the norm for diverse,collective constituents to maintain progress in the field.
文摘Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a common causeof acute clinical hepatitis worldwide. HEV is an RNAcontainingvirus and the only member of the genusHepevirus in the family Hepeviridae . Human HEV isclassified into four genotypes widely distributed acrossthe world. The virus is mainly transmitted via the fecaloralroute, and water-borne epidemics have becomecharacteristic of hepatitis E in developing countries,including those in Latin America. The zoonoticpotential of HEV is broadly recognized. Thus, thereis an urgent need to re-evaluate virus transmissionscenarios and to enforce epidemiological surveillancesystems. Additionally, it is known that HEV infections,initially defined as self-limiting, can also take chroniccourses in immunocompromised patients. Moreover,we recently reported a high seroprevalence of HEV insamples from cirrhotic patients with no other etiologicalagents present, suggesting the potential role of HEVin the development of chronic liver illness. In thisreview, HEV genomic variability, transmission, chronicinfectious course, zoonotic potential and treatmentare discussed. Focus is placed on the impact of HEVinfection in Latin America, to support the developmentof specific control strategies and the handling of thisimportant and typically imperceptible viral infection.
