The errors in radar quantitative precipitation estimations consist not only of systematic biases caused by random noises but also spatially nonuniform biases in radar rainfall at individual rain-gauge stations. In thi...The errors in radar quantitative precipitation estimations consist not only of systematic biases caused by random noises but also spatially nonuniform biases in radar rainfall at individual rain-gauge stations. In this study, a real-time adjustment to the radar reflectivity rainfall rates （Z R） relationship scheme and the gauge-corrected, radar-based, estimation scheme with inverse distance weighting interpolation was devel- oped. Based on the characteristics of the two schemes, the two-step correction technique of radar quantitative precipitation estimation is proposed. To minimize the errors between radar quantitative precipitation es- timations and rain gauge observations, a real-time adjustment to the Z R relationship scheme is used to remove systematic bias on the time-domain. The gauge-corrected, radar-based, estimation scheme is then used to eliminate non-uniform errors in space. Based on radar data and rain gauge observations near the Huaihe River, the two-step correction technique was evaluated using two heavy-precipitation events. The results show that the proposed scheme improved not only in the underestimation of rainfall but also reduced the root-mean-square error and the mean relative error of radar-rain gauge pairs.展开更多
In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, se...In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.展开更多
Knowledge of raindrop size distribution(RSD)is essential for understanding microphysical processes occurring within cloud and precipitation systems,as well as for enhancing the capabilities of numerical models and rad...Knowledge of raindrop size distribution(RSD)is essential for understanding microphysical processes occurring within cloud and precipitation systems,as well as for enhancing the capabilities of numerical models and radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).However,observation and study of RSD,especially its temporal and spatial variability,remain quite limited in specific regions.One such region is Southeast China.In this paper,four years of disdrometer data from a south coastal plain site(CPS)and a north hilly inland site(HIS)in the Fujian Province of Southeast China are analyzed and compared to elucidate the characteristics and discrepancies of RSD between these two distinct climatological sites.On this basis,empirical relations between the parameters of Gamma distribution and between radar reflectivity factor(Z)and rain rate(R)are proposed.The results are summarized as follows.(1)In the cases of light to moderate rains,HIS exhibits a higher(lower)concentration of small-size(midsize and large)raindrops with diameters of D<1 mm(1≤3 and D≥3 mm),compared to CPS.Conversely,as the rain intensity increases,the raindrop concentrations across all size categories at CPS gradually exceed those at HIS.(2)RSDs at both sites broaden and exhibit elevated concentrations across most diameter categories as the rain rate increases.(3)For rainfalls with rain rates below 5 mm h^(-1),collision and coalescence dominate,resulting in unimodal rain spectra at both sites;whereas for stronger rainfalls,breakup intensifies,leading to the development of bimodal rain spectra.(4)HIS experiences more stratiform rains but fewer,weaker convective rains than CPS.Stratiform RSD at HIS possesses more small and large raindrops but fewer midsize raindrops compared to CPS,whereas convective RSD at CPS possesses higher concentrations across all diameter categories.(5)Accordingly,specific Z–R relations at these two sites are proposed and validated for two real cases,demonstrating that the accuracy of radar QPE is effectively improved based on the proposed Z–R relations.展开更多
The constant development of science and technology in weather radar results in high-resolution spatial and temporal rainfall estimates and improved early warnings of meteorological phenomena such as flood [1]. Weather...The constant development of science and technology in weather radar results in high-resolution spatial and temporal rainfall estimates and improved early warnings of meteorological phenomena such as flood [1]. Weather radars do not measure the rainfall amount directly, so a relationship between the reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R), called the Z-R relationship (Z = aR<sup>b</sup>), where a and b are empirical constants, can be used to estimate the rainfall amount. In this research, mathematical techniques were used to find the best climatological Z-R relationships for the Low Coastal Plain of Guyana. The reflectivity data from the S-Band Doppler Weather Radar for February 17 and 21, 2011 and May 8, 2012 together with the daily rainfall depths at 29 rainfall stations located within a 150 km radius were investigated. A climatological Z-R relationship type Z = 200R<sup>1.6</sup> (Marshall-Palmer) configured by default into the radar system was used to investigate the correlation between the radar reflectivity and the rainfall by gauges. The same data sets were used with two distinct experimental Z-R relationships, Z = 300R<sup>1.4</sup> (WSR-88D Convective) and Z = 250R<sup>1.2</sup> (Rosenfeld Tropical) to determine if any could be applicable for area of study. By comprehensive regression analysis, New Z-R and R-Z relationships for each of the three events aforementioned were developed. In addition, a combination of all the samples for all three events were used to produce another relationship called “All in One”. Statistical measures were then applied to detect BIAS and Error STD in order to produce more evidence-based results. It is proven that different Z-R relationships could be calibrated into the radar system to provide more accurate rainfall estimation.展开更多
Background With the rapid growth of internet usage,adolescent cyberbullying has become a pressing issue.This study examines the longitudinal impact of leisure-time physical activity and peer relationships on cyberbull...Background With the rapid growth of internet usage,adolescent cyberbullying has become a pressing issue.This study examines the longitudinal impact of leisure-time physical activity and peer relationships on cyberbullying over a one-year period,drawing on the Stage-Environment Fit Theory and the Interpersonal Relationship Theory.Methods A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted over one year,involving 896 middle school students from five schools in Sichuan,Jiangsu,and Guangdong,China,selected to ensure regional diversity.Participants were recruited using stratified random sampling,and data were collected at four-month intervals.Leisure-time physical activity,peer relationships,and cyberbullying behaviors were assessed using validated scales.Data were analyzed using latent growth modeling(LGM)and structural equation modeling(SEM)to examine longitudinal effects and mediation relationships.Results(1)Leisure-time physical activity,peer relationships,and cyberbullying behaviors remained relatively stable over time.(2)Both leisure-time physical activity and peer relationships significantly reduced future cyberbullying incidents,with physical activity also enhancing subsequent peer relationships.(3)Peer relationships partially mediated the effect of leisure-time physical activity on cyberbullying,indicating that improved peer interactions contributed to a reduction in cyberbullying behaviors.Conclusion This study found that leisure-time sports activities and peer relationships are important factors affecting cyberbullying,and peer relationships play a partial mediating role in it.The results provide empirical support for understanding the formation mechanism and influencing factors of cyberbullying.展开更多
The interaction between supply chain relationships and corporate finance has become a focal issue in academic and practical circles,especially under the dual drivers of globalization and marketization.This paper syste...The interaction between supply chain relationships and corporate finance has become a focal issue in academic and practical circles,especially under the dual drivers of globalization and marketization.This paper systematically reviews existing research on this topic,covering theoretical foundations from perspectives such as agency theory,stakeholder theory,and co-opetition game theory,which explain the nature of customer-supplier relationships.It also combs through empirical studies from four core angles:competition-cooperation,signal transmission,spillover effects,and information transfer,summarizing findings on how supply chain relationships impact corporate investment,financing,operations,and performance,as well as existing controversies.The aim is to clarify the research context,identify theoretical and empirical gaps,and provide theoretical support and direction for deepening future research on supply chain and corporate finance.展开更多
Within the prefrontal-cingulate cortex,abnormalities in coupling between neuronal networks can disturb the emotion-cognition interactions,contributing to the development of mental disorders such as depression.Despite ...Within the prefrontal-cingulate cortex,abnormalities in coupling between neuronal networks can disturb the emotion-cognition interactions,contributing to the development of mental disorders such as depression.Despite this understanding,the neural circuit mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive.In this study,we present a biophysical computational model encompassing three crucial regions,including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,subgenual anterior cingulate cortex,and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.The objective is to investigate the role of coupling relationships within the prefrontal-cingulate cortex networks in balancing emotions and cognitive processes.The numerical results confirm that coupled weights play a crucial role in the balance of emotional cognitive networks.Furthermore,our model predicts the pathogenic mechanism of depression resulting from abnormalities in the subgenual cortex,and network functionality was restored through intervention in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.This study utilizes computational modeling techniques to provide an insight explanation for the diagnosis and treatment of depression.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease characterized by persistently elevated arterial blood pressure.It is not only a significant risk factor for cardio-vascular and cerebrovascular diseases(such...BACKGROUND Hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease characterized by persistently elevated arterial blood pressure.It is not only a significant risk factor for cardio-vascular and cerebrovascular diseases(such as myocardial infarction and stroke)but also closely related to multiple organ damages(such as kidney disease and retinopathy),imposing a heavy health and economic burden on individuals and society.AIM To investigate the expression differences and relationships of endothelin-1(ET-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),stem cell factor(SCF),and its receptor(c-kit)in hypertensive patients with or without depression.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 163 hypertensive patients admitted to our hospital from March 2022 to January 2024.Based on the presence of depression,patients were divided into Group A(n=77,with depre-ssion)and Group B(n=86,without depression).Serum levels of ET-1 and IL-6 were measured using radioimmunoassay,while serum levels of SCF and c-kit were measured using ELISA.The differences in ET-1,IL-6,SCF,and c-kit levels between Groups A and B were compared.Additionally,the differences in these biomarkers among patients with varying degrees of depression in Group A were analyzed.Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between ET-1,IL-6,SCF,c-kit levels,and Hamilton depression rating scale(HAMD)scores.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing hypertension with depression.The diagnostic efficacy of individual and combined biomarkers was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.Comparative statistical analysis of the area under the curve(AUC)values was performed using DeLong’s test to assess the superiority of combined biomarker detection.RESULTS The levels of ET-1 and IL-6 in Group A were significantly higher than those in Group B,while the levels of SCF and c-kit were significantly lower in Group A compared to Group B(P<0.05).In the severe depression subgroup,ET-1 and IL-6 levels were higher than those in the mild-to-moderate depression subgroup,while SCF and c-kit levels were lower(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that ET-1 and IL-6 levels were positively correlated with HAMD scores(r=0.442,0.463,P<0.05),while SCF and c-kit levels were negatively correlated with HAMD scores(r=-0.429,-0.394,P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high ET-1,high IL-6,low SCF,and low c-kit were independent influencing factors for hypertension with depression(P<0.05).ROC analysis revealed AUCs of 0.746(ET-1),0.801(IL-6),0.732(SCF),0.779(c-kit),and 0.884(combination).The combined diagnosis demonstrated significantly higher AUC than individual markers(DeLong's test,P<0.01),with superior sensitivity(90.24%)and specificity(85.37%).CONCLUSION Compared to patients with hypertension alone,patients with hypertension and depression exhibited higher serum levels of ET-1 and IL-6 and lower levels of SCF and c-kit.High ET-1,high IL-6,low SCF,and low c-kit were inde-pendent influencing factors for hypertension with depression.The combination of ET-1,IL-6,SCF,and c-kit demonstrated significant diagnostic value for hypertension with depression.展开更多
The relationship between the neighborhood environment and well-being is attracting increasingly attention from researchers and policymakers,as the goal of development has shift from economy to well-being.However,exist...The relationship between the neighborhood environment and well-being is attracting increasingly attention from researchers and policymakers,as the goal of development has shift from economy to well-being.However,existing literature predominantly adopts the utilitarian approach,understanding well-being as people’s feelings about their lives and viewing the neighborhood environment as resources that benefit well-being.The Capability Approach,a novel approach that conceptualize well-being as the freedoms to do or to be and regard environment as conversion factors that influence well-being,can offer new lens by incorporating human development in-to these topics.This paper proposes an alternative theoretical framework:well-being is conceptualized and measured by capability;neighborhood environment affects well-being by providing spatial services,functioning as environmental conversion factors,and serving as social conversion factors.We conducted a case study of Changshu City located in eastern China,utilizing multiple resource data,applying explainable artificial intelligence(XAI),namely eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)and SHapley Additive exPlana-tions(SHAP).Our findings highlight the significance of viewing the neighborhood environment as a set of conversion factors,as it provides more explanatory power than providing spatial services.Compared to conventional research based on linear relationship as-sumption,our results demonstrate that the effects of neighborhood environment on well-being are non-linear,characterized by threshold effects and interaction effects.These insights are crucial for informing urban planning and public policy.This research enriches our un-derstanding of well-being,neighborhood environment,and their relationship as well as provides empirical evidence for the core concept of conversion factors in the capability approach.展开更多
The evidential reasoning(ER)rule framework has been widely applied in multi-attribute decision analysis and system assessment to manage uncertainty.However,traditional ER implementations rely on two critical limitatio...The evidential reasoning(ER)rule framework has been widely applied in multi-attribute decision analysis and system assessment to manage uncertainty.However,traditional ER implementations rely on two critical limitations:1)unrealistic assumptions of complete evidence independence,and 2)a lack of mechanisms to differentiate causal relationships from spurious correlations.Existing similarity-based approaches often misinterpret interdependent evidence,leading to unreliable decision outcomes.To address these gaps,this study proposes a causality-enhanced ER rule(CER-e)framework with three key methodological innovations:1)a multidimensional causal representation of evidence to capture dependency structures;2)probabilistic quantification of causal strength using transfer entropy,a model-free information-theoretic measure;3)systematic integration of causal parameters into the ER inference process while maintaining evidential objectivity.The PC algorithm is employed during causal discovery to eliminate spurious correlations,ensuring robust causal inference.Case studies in two types of domains—telecommunications network security assessment and structural risk evaluation—validate CER-e’s effectiveness in real-world scenarios.Under simulated incomplete information conditions,the framework demonstrates superior algorithmic robustness compared to traditional ER.Comparative analyses show that CER-e significantly improves both the interpretability of causal relationships and the reliability of assessment results,establishing a novel paradigm for integrating causal inference with evidential reasoning in complex system evaluation.展开更多
The physicochemical properties,structural characteristics,antioxidant,radioprotective and lipid-lowering activities,as well as the underlying structure-activity relationships of polysaccharides extracted from Nostoc f...The physicochemical properties,structural characteristics,antioxidant,radioprotective and lipid-lowering activities,as well as the underlying structure-activity relationships of polysaccharides extracted from Nostoc flagelliforme grown under normal(WL-EPS-1),salt stress(NaCl-EPS-1)and mixotrophic culture conditions(Glu-EPS-1)were studied.The results demonstrated that WL-EPS-1,NaCl-EPS-1 and Glu-EPS-1 were heteropolysaccharides comprising different proportions of monosaccharides and uronic acid,with different average molecular weights of 0.99×10^(3),1.09×10^(3)and 1.18×10^(3)kDa,respectively.Their intrinsic viscosity were significantly different,at 24.72,29.98,and 41.06 dL/g,respectively.The functional groups of polysaccharides were not greatly affected,but the chemical composition,triple-helix structure,chain length and surface morphology were significantly influenced by culture conditions.In vitro bioactivity assays showed that the antioxidant activity generally increased in the order of WL-EPS-1<NaCl-EPS-1<Glu-EPS-1,while NaCl-EPS-1 had the best radioprotective effect,and Glu-EPS-1 had the best lipid-lowering effect.In addition,the structure-activity relationship of the polysaccharides was analyzed by partial least squares,which revealed that the most important factors affecting the antioxidant,radioprotective and lipid-lowering activities of polysaccharides were viscosity and molecular weight.This study provides a strategy for obtaining high-bioactivity polysaccharides by appropriate regulation of culture conditions,as well as opening new directions for the molecular modification of polysaccharides.展开更多
Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos g...Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos gaurus with Bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of Cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of Cytb gene were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method and the MP method respectively, both supporting almost the same topology. Gayal is an independent species of Bos from Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos gaurus. The results also indicate that a great proportion of gayal bloodline was invaded by other species, and the protection of gayal is facing a formidable situation.展开更多
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (including 5.8S rRNA) of 15 Rhododendron, species, representing most sections of the genus, one Ledum species and Cassiope fastigiata were sequenc...The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (including 5.8S rRNA) of 15 Rhododendron, species, representing most sections of the genus, one Ledum species and Cassiope fastigiata were sequenced. Together with the ITS sequences of 13 selected Rhododendron species and Bejaria racemosa downloaded from GenBank, we explored the infrageneric and sectional relationships of this important North Temperate genus by employing maximum-parsimony analysis using PAUP software. C. fastigiata and B. racemosa were designated as outgroups. The ITS-based tree inferred that: (1) Rhododendron was a well-supported monophyletic group, while subg. Therorhodion was basal to the rest of the genus; (2) Ledum was a member of Rhododendron, and its close relationship with the lepidote rhododendron was confirmed; (3) the lepidote rhododendron plus Ledum formed a strongly-supported monophyletic clade which was sister to the rest of the elepidote rhododendron; (4) the elepidote rhododendron formed a weakly-supported clade within which the monophyly of subg. Hynwrianthes and subg. Tsutsusi were strongly supported, while subg. Pentanthera and subg. Azaleastrum were polyphyletic; and (5) the monophyly of sect. Choniastnini, (subg. Azaleastrum) was strongly-supported, while subg. Tsutsusi could be sister to a weakly-supported clade composed of two sampled species of sect. Azaleastrum (subg. Azaleastrum) together with R. sentibarbatum, of subg. Mumeazalea.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta ...[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability and interspecific relationships among four species of groupers from South China Sea, including E. fario, E. merra, E. malabaricus and E. coioides. [Metho...[Objective] The study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability and interspecific relationships among four species of groupers from South China Sea, including E. fario, E. merra, E. malabaricus and E. coioides. [Method] Twenty one mircosatellite loci of groupers were selected from GenBank and eight high polymorphic loci were used to further genetic analysis. [Result] The mean number of alleles per locus （A）, effective number of alleles （Ne）, mean polymorphism information content （PIC）, observed heterozygosity （Ho） and expected heterozygosity （He） were 4.38±1.60, 3.69±0.86, 0.69±0.08, 0.67±0.08, 0.72±0.06 in E. malabaricus; 3.88±1.13, 3.55±1.04, 0.66±0.10, 0.68±0.21, 0.70±0.08 in E.coioides; 6.00±1.07, 4.68±0.65, 0.78±0.03, 0.73±0.25, 0.79±0.03 in E. fario; 5.50±1.07, 4.58±0.80, 0.76±0.05, 0.75±0.18, 0.78±0.04 in E. merra, respectively. [Conclusion] We compared the values above, the order of the genetic variability among these grouper species was E. fario E. merra E. malabaricus E. coioides. We found that the level of genetic variability of these groupers species was relatively higher than that of other marine fish, so their genetic status was good. In addition, the analyisis of genetic relationship showed that E. malabaricus and E. coioides was the closest and it was the farthest between E. merra and E. coioides.展开更多
This paper proposes a new method of selecting appropriate buyer supplier relationships (BSR) for specific projects. Because it is almost impossible in reality to establish mathematical relationships between the BSR at...This paper proposes a new method of selecting appropriate buyer supplier relationships (BSR) for specific projects. Because it is almost impossible in reality to establish mathematical relationships between the BSR attributes and the factors of a project, the concept of relationship indices (RI) is introduced to quantify such BSR which are in turn established through design of experiments. Based on the experimental results, the contributions of project factors, known as factors relationship worths (RW...展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships of Cara- gana （Fabaceae） by the use of nrlTS sequences. [Method] Internal transcribed spac- er （ITS） sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA （nrDNA） f...[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships of Cara- gana （Fabaceae） by the use of nrlTS sequences. [Method] Internal transcribed spac- er （ITS） sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA （nrDNA） from 29 taxa of Caragana species and seven close relatives （all belong to Astralinae （Adens） Benth） were used for phylogenetic analysis. [Result] Length of the entire ITS region ranges from 611 to 614 bp in Caragana species. The aligned sequences nrlTS of Caragana are 655 bp, and 170 sites are variable, with 107 phylogenetically informative sites. The phylogenetically informative sites are 16.3% of the total aligned sequences. The ITS sequences data are useful to resolve some relationships at lower taxonomic levels within Caragana. The Caragana Fabr. is not a monophyletic group with very close connection with Calophaca tianschanica. The ITS data revealed that the species of Sect. tragacanthoides were dispersed in MP tree or ME tree. Although the morphol- ogy of C. ordosica is similar to C. tibetica, the ITS results revealed an unexpectedly close relativeship to C. roborovskyi. The ITS data also indicate C. davazamcii, C. korshinskii, C. intermedia, and C. microphylla are different species. [Conclusion] ITS sequences have an important reference value in exploring the relationships of Cara- gana.展开更多
In this study, non radioactive Digoxigenin labeled ribosomal DNA(rDNA) probes were used for Southern blotting analysis to study the molecular phylogeny of the giant panda and related species. Restriction maps in the ...In this study, non radioactive Digoxigenin labeled ribosomal DNA(rDNA) probes were used for Southern blotting analysis to study the molecular phylogeny of the giant panda and related species. Restriction maps in the regions of rDNA spacers were compared between giant panda( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ), lesser panda( Ailurus fulgens ), Asiatic black bear( Selenarctos thibetanus ), sun bear( Helarctos malayanus ), raccoon( Procyon lotor ) and lynx( Felis lynx ). Phylogenetic trees for these species were constructed using maximum likelihood and parsimony method. The results show that in respect to rDNA RFLPs, the giant panda is more closely related to bear than to lesser panda; while the lesser panda is slightly related to the raccoon.展开更多
Evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that the taxa Pseudogyrinocheilus, Semilabeo, and Discolabeo form a monophyly in which Semilabeo and Discolabeo are sister groups, and both together constitute the sister...Evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that the taxa Pseudogyrinocheilus, Semilabeo, and Discolabeo form a monophyly in which Semilabeo and Discolabeo are sister groups, and both together constitute the sister group of Pseudogyrinocheilus. On the basis of phylogenetic relationships of Pseudogyrinocheilus to others, it is proposed that the taxon Pseudogyrinocheilus be a valid genus. In addition, comments are made on importance of some features used in the traditional taxonomy of the subfamily Labeoninae.展开更多
[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the genetic relationships among different types of Prunus domestica L. in Xinjiang. [Method] The inter-simple se- quence repeat （ISSR） markers were applied to analyze the gene...[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the genetic relationships among different types of Prunus domestica L. in Xinjiang. [Method] The inter-simple se- quence repeat （ISSR） markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 30 individual plants from 5 types of P. domestica germpiasm resources in Xinjiang. [Result] A total of 317 bands were amplified by 16 selected IS- SR primers. Among the amplified bands, there were 246 polymorphic bands, accounting for 77.60% of the total. The Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） of individuals was 0.266 6. The average Shannon＇s information index （I） of individuals was 0.399 1. And most of the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.555 2 to 0.996 8. It is indicated that the P. domestica germplasm resources have a certain genetic diversity in Xinjiang. The cluster analysis showed that, at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.719, the 30 individuals were divided into 3 major groups, including a group of introduced European plum varieties, a group of Tacheng Smoked Plum and Tacheng Binzi and a group of Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum. While at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.949, Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum were divided into two small groups. [Conclusion] There are very close genetic relationships between Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum, and among the introduced European plum varieties, Tacheng Smoked Plum and Tacheng Binzi.展开更多
基金supported bythe Special Fund for Basic Research and Operation of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (GrantNo. 2011Y004)the Research and Development Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (Meteorology+2 种基金Grant No.GYHY201006042)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40975014)the Open Research Fund for State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering of Tsinghua University (the search of basin QPE and QPF based on new generation of weather and numerical models)
文摘The errors in radar quantitative precipitation estimations consist not only of systematic biases caused by random noises but also spatially nonuniform biases in radar rainfall at individual rain-gauge stations. In this study, a real-time adjustment to the radar reflectivity rainfall rates （Z R） relationship scheme and the gauge-corrected, radar-based, estimation scheme with inverse distance weighting interpolation was devel- oped. Based on the characteristics of the two schemes, the two-step correction technique of radar quantitative precipitation estimation is proposed. To minimize the errors between radar quantitative precipitation es- timations and rain gauge observations, a real-time adjustment to the Z R relationship scheme is used to remove systematic bias on the time-domain. The gauge-corrected, radar-based, estimation scheme is then used to eliminate non-uniform errors in space. Based on radar data and rain gauge observations near the Huaihe River, the two-step correction technique was evaluated using two heavy-precipitation events. The results show that the proposed scheme improved not only in the underestimation of rainfall but also reduced the root-mean-square error and the mean relative error of radar-rain gauge pairs.
文摘In the issue of rainfall estimation by radar through the necessary relationship between radar reflectivity Z and rain rate R (Z-R), the main limitation is attributed to the variability of this relationship. Indeed, several pre-vious studies have shown the great variability of this relationship in space and time, from a rainfall event to another and even within a single rainfall event. Recent studies have shown that the variability of raindrop size distributions and thereby Z-R relationships is therefore, more the result of complex dynamic, thermody-namic and microphysical processes within rainfall systems than a convective/stratiform classification of the ground rainfall signature. The raindrop number and size at ground being the resultant of various processes mentioned above, a suitable approach would be to analyze their variability in relation to that of Z-R relation-ship. In this study, we investigated the total raindrop concentration number NT and the median volume di-ameter D0 used in numerous studies, and have shown that the combination of these two ‘observed’ parame-ters appears to be an interesting approach to better understand the variability of the Z-R relationships in the rainfall events, without assuming a certain analytical raindrop size distribution model (exponential, gamma, or log-normal). The present study is based on the analysis of disdrometer data collected at different seasons and places in Africa, and aims to show the degree of the raindrop size and number implication in regard to the Z-R relationships variability.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3007501)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2023J011337)Innovation Ability Promotion Plan Project of Chengdu University of Information Technology(KYQN202307)。
文摘Knowledge of raindrop size distribution(RSD)is essential for understanding microphysical processes occurring within cloud and precipitation systems,as well as for enhancing the capabilities of numerical models and radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).However,observation and study of RSD,especially its temporal and spatial variability,remain quite limited in specific regions.One such region is Southeast China.In this paper,four years of disdrometer data from a south coastal plain site(CPS)and a north hilly inland site(HIS)in the Fujian Province of Southeast China are analyzed and compared to elucidate the characteristics and discrepancies of RSD between these two distinct climatological sites.On this basis,empirical relations between the parameters of Gamma distribution and between radar reflectivity factor(Z)and rain rate(R)are proposed.The results are summarized as follows.(1)In the cases of light to moderate rains,HIS exhibits a higher(lower)concentration of small-size(midsize and large)raindrops with diameters of D<1 mm(1≤3 and D≥3 mm),compared to CPS.Conversely,as the rain intensity increases,the raindrop concentrations across all size categories at CPS gradually exceed those at HIS.(2)RSDs at both sites broaden and exhibit elevated concentrations across most diameter categories as the rain rate increases.(3)For rainfalls with rain rates below 5 mm h^(-1),collision and coalescence dominate,resulting in unimodal rain spectra at both sites;whereas for stronger rainfalls,breakup intensifies,leading to the development of bimodal rain spectra.(4)HIS experiences more stratiform rains but fewer,weaker convective rains than CPS.Stratiform RSD at HIS possesses more small and large raindrops but fewer midsize raindrops compared to CPS,whereas convective RSD at CPS possesses higher concentrations across all diameter categories.(5)Accordingly,specific Z–R relations at these two sites are proposed and validated for two real cases,demonstrating that the accuracy of radar QPE is effectively improved based on the proposed Z–R relations.
文摘The constant development of science and technology in weather radar results in high-resolution spatial and temporal rainfall estimates and improved early warnings of meteorological phenomena such as flood [1]. Weather radars do not measure the rainfall amount directly, so a relationship between the reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R), called the Z-R relationship (Z = aR<sup>b</sup>), where a and b are empirical constants, can be used to estimate the rainfall amount. In this research, mathematical techniques were used to find the best climatological Z-R relationships for the Low Coastal Plain of Guyana. The reflectivity data from the S-Band Doppler Weather Radar for February 17 and 21, 2011 and May 8, 2012 together with the daily rainfall depths at 29 rainfall stations located within a 150 km radius were investigated. A climatological Z-R relationship type Z = 200R<sup>1.6</sup> (Marshall-Palmer) configured by default into the radar system was used to investigate the correlation between the radar reflectivity and the rainfall by gauges. The same data sets were used with two distinct experimental Z-R relationships, Z = 300R<sup>1.4</sup> (WSR-88D Convective) and Z = 250R<sup>1.2</sup> (Rosenfeld Tropical) to determine if any could be applicable for area of study. By comprehensive regression analysis, New Z-R and R-Z relationships for each of the three events aforementioned were developed. In addition, a combination of all the samples for all three events were used to produce another relationship called “All in One”. Statistical measures were then applied to detect BIAS and Error STD in order to produce more evidence-based results. It is proven that different Z-R relationships could be calibrated into the radar system to provide more accurate rainfall estimation.
基金funded by the following projects:National Social Science Fund Project“The Empowerment Mechanism of Physical Exercise on Emotional Regulation in Adolescents”(23BTY116)Leshan Normal University 2024 Research Cultivation Project:“Research on the Trajectory Effect of Family Cumulative Risk and Home-based Activity of Adolescents”(KYPY2025-0014)+1 种基金Key Humanities and Social Sciences Cultivation Project of Leshan Normal University:“Research on the Sequence Difference of Knowledge and Behavior of Physical Activity among Adolescents and the Compensation Mechanism”and Sichuan Province College Students’Sports Association Annual Project“The Trajectory Effect of Family Cumulative Risk and Adolescents’Home Physical Activity”(23CDTXQ004).
文摘Background With the rapid growth of internet usage,adolescent cyberbullying has become a pressing issue.This study examines the longitudinal impact of leisure-time physical activity and peer relationships on cyberbullying over a one-year period,drawing on the Stage-Environment Fit Theory and the Interpersonal Relationship Theory.Methods A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted over one year,involving 896 middle school students from five schools in Sichuan,Jiangsu,and Guangdong,China,selected to ensure regional diversity.Participants were recruited using stratified random sampling,and data were collected at four-month intervals.Leisure-time physical activity,peer relationships,and cyberbullying behaviors were assessed using validated scales.Data were analyzed using latent growth modeling(LGM)and structural equation modeling(SEM)to examine longitudinal effects and mediation relationships.Results(1)Leisure-time physical activity,peer relationships,and cyberbullying behaviors remained relatively stable over time.(2)Both leisure-time physical activity and peer relationships significantly reduced future cyberbullying incidents,with physical activity also enhancing subsequent peer relationships.(3)Peer relationships partially mediated the effect of leisure-time physical activity on cyberbullying,indicating that improved peer interactions contributed to a reduction in cyberbullying behaviors.Conclusion This study found that leisure-time sports activities and peer relationships are important factors affecting cyberbullying,and peer relationships play a partial mediating role in it.The results provide empirical support for understanding the formation mechanism and influencing factors of cyberbullying.
文摘The interaction between supply chain relationships and corporate finance has become a focal issue in academic and practical circles,especially under the dual drivers of globalization and marketization.This paper systematically reviews existing research on this topic,covering theoretical foundations from perspectives such as agency theory,stakeholder theory,and co-opetition game theory,which explain the nature of customer-supplier relationships.It also combs through empirical studies from four core angles:competition-cooperation,signal transmission,spillover effects,and information transfer,summarizing findings on how supply chain relationships impact corporate investment,financing,operations,and performance,as well as existing controversies.The aim is to clarify the research context,identify theoretical and empirical gaps,and provide theoretical support and direction for deepening future research on supply chain and corporate finance.
基金supported by the Major Research Instrument Development Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82327810)the Foundation of the President of Hebei University(XZJJ202202)the Hebei Province“333 talent project”(A202101058).
文摘Within the prefrontal-cingulate cortex,abnormalities in coupling between neuronal networks can disturb the emotion-cognition interactions,contributing to the development of mental disorders such as depression.Despite this understanding,the neural circuit mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive.In this study,we present a biophysical computational model encompassing three crucial regions,including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,subgenual anterior cingulate cortex,and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.The objective is to investigate the role of coupling relationships within the prefrontal-cingulate cortex networks in balancing emotions and cognitive processes.The numerical results confirm that coupled weights play a crucial role in the balance of emotional cognitive networks.Furthermore,our model predicts the pathogenic mechanism of depression resulting from abnormalities in the subgenual cortex,and network functionality was restored through intervention in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.This study utilizes computational modeling techniques to provide an insight explanation for the diagnosis and treatment of depression.
文摘BACKGROUND Hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease characterized by persistently elevated arterial blood pressure.It is not only a significant risk factor for cardio-vascular and cerebrovascular diseases(such as myocardial infarction and stroke)but also closely related to multiple organ damages(such as kidney disease and retinopathy),imposing a heavy health and economic burden on individuals and society.AIM To investigate the expression differences and relationships of endothelin-1(ET-1),interleukin-6(IL-6),stem cell factor(SCF),and its receptor(c-kit)in hypertensive patients with or without depression.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 163 hypertensive patients admitted to our hospital from March 2022 to January 2024.Based on the presence of depression,patients were divided into Group A(n=77,with depre-ssion)and Group B(n=86,without depression).Serum levels of ET-1 and IL-6 were measured using radioimmunoassay,while serum levels of SCF and c-kit were measured using ELISA.The differences in ET-1,IL-6,SCF,and c-kit levels between Groups A and B were compared.Additionally,the differences in these biomarkers among patients with varying degrees of depression in Group A were analyzed.Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between ET-1,IL-6,SCF,c-kit levels,and Hamilton depression rating scale(HAMD)scores.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing hypertension with depression.The diagnostic efficacy of individual and combined biomarkers was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.Comparative statistical analysis of the area under the curve(AUC)values was performed using DeLong’s test to assess the superiority of combined biomarker detection.RESULTS The levels of ET-1 and IL-6 in Group A were significantly higher than those in Group B,while the levels of SCF and c-kit were significantly lower in Group A compared to Group B(P<0.05).In the severe depression subgroup,ET-1 and IL-6 levels were higher than those in the mild-to-moderate depression subgroup,while SCF and c-kit levels were lower(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that ET-1 and IL-6 levels were positively correlated with HAMD scores(r=0.442,0.463,P<0.05),while SCF and c-kit levels were negatively correlated with HAMD scores(r=-0.429,-0.394,P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high ET-1,high IL-6,low SCF,and low c-kit were independent influencing factors for hypertension with depression(P<0.05).ROC analysis revealed AUCs of 0.746(ET-1),0.801(IL-6),0.732(SCF),0.779(c-kit),and 0.884(combination).The combined diagnosis demonstrated significantly higher AUC than individual markers(DeLong's test,P<0.01),with superior sensitivity(90.24%)and specificity(85.37%).CONCLUSION Compared to patients with hypertension alone,patients with hypertension and depression exhibited higher serum levels of ET-1 and IL-6 and lower levels of SCF and c-kit.High ET-1,high IL-6,low SCF,and low c-kit were inde-pendent influencing factors for hypertension with depression.The combination of ET-1,IL-6,SCF,and c-kit demonstrated significant diagnostic value for hypertension with depression.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42271230,42330510)。
文摘The relationship between the neighborhood environment and well-being is attracting increasingly attention from researchers and policymakers,as the goal of development has shift from economy to well-being.However,existing literature predominantly adopts the utilitarian approach,understanding well-being as people’s feelings about their lives and viewing the neighborhood environment as resources that benefit well-being.The Capability Approach,a novel approach that conceptualize well-being as the freedoms to do or to be and regard environment as conversion factors that influence well-being,can offer new lens by incorporating human development in-to these topics.This paper proposes an alternative theoretical framework:well-being is conceptualized and measured by capability;neighborhood environment affects well-being by providing spatial services,functioning as environmental conversion factors,and serving as social conversion factors.We conducted a case study of Changshu City located in eastern China,utilizing multiple resource data,applying explainable artificial intelligence(XAI),namely eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)and SHapley Additive exPlana-tions(SHAP).Our findings highlight the significance of viewing the neighborhood environment as a set of conversion factors,as it provides more explanatory power than providing spatial services.Compared to conventional research based on linear relationship as-sumption,our results demonstrate that the effects of neighborhood environment on well-being are non-linear,characterized by threshold effects and interaction effects.These insights are crucial for informing urban planning and public policy.This research enriches our un-derstanding of well-being,neighborhood environment,and their relationship as well as provides empirical evidence for the core concept of conversion factors in the capability approach.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U22A2099,62273113,62203461,62203365)the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education under Grant YCBZ2023130by the Guangxi Higher Education Undergraduate Teaching Reform Project Key Project,grant number 2022JGZ130.
文摘The evidential reasoning(ER)rule framework has been widely applied in multi-attribute decision analysis and system assessment to manage uncertainty.However,traditional ER implementations rely on two critical limitations:1)unrealistic assumptions of complete evidence independence,and 2)a lack of mechanisms to differentiate causal relationships from spurious correlations.Existing similarity-based approaches often misinterpret interdependent evidence,leading to unreliable decision outcomes.To address these gaps,this study proposes a causality-enhanced ER rule(CER-e)framework with three key methodological innovations:1)a multidimensional causal representation of evidence to capture dependency structures;2)probabilistic quantification of causal strength using transfer entropy,a model-free information-theoretic measure;3)systematic integration of causal parameters into the ER inference process while maintaining evidential objectivity.The PC algorithm is employed during causal discovery to eliminate spurious correlations,ensuring robust causal inference.Case studies in two types of domains—telecommunications network security assessment and structural risk evaluation—validate CER-e’s effectiveness in real-world scenarios.Under simulated incomplete information conditions,the framework demonstrates superior algorithmic robustness compared to traditional ER.Comparative analyses show that CER-e significantly improves both the interpretability of causal relationships and the reliability of assessment results,establishing a novel paradigm for integrating causal inference with evidential reasoning in complex system evaluation.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172191)the Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students(2021YJSB211).
文摘The physicochemical properties,structural characteristics,antioxidant,radioprotective and lipid-lowering activities,as well as the underlying structure-activity relationships of polysaccharides extracted from Nostoc flagelliforme grown under normal(WL-EPS-1),salt stress(NaCl-EPS-1)and mixotrophic culture conditions(Glu-EPS-1)were studied.The results demonstrated that WL-EPS-1,NaCl-EPS-1 and Glu-EPS-1 were heteropolysaccharides comprising different proportions of monosaccharides and uronic acid,with different average molecular weights of 0.99×10^(3),1.09×10^(3)and 1.18×10^(3)kDa,respectively.Their intrinsic viscosity were significantly different,at 24.72,29.98,and 41.06 dL/g,respectively.The functional groups of polysaccharides were not greatly affected,but the chemical composition,triple-helix structure,chain length and surface morphology were significantly influenced by culture conditions.In vitro bioactivity assays showed that the antioxidant activity generally increased in the order of WL-EPS-1<NaCl-EPS-1<Glu-EPS-1,while NaCl-EPS-1 had the best radioprotective effect,and Glu-EPS-1 had the best lipid-lowering effect.In addition,the structure-activity relationship of the polysaccharides was analyzed by partial least squares,which revealed that the most important factors affecting the antioxidant,radioprotective and lipid-lowering activities of polysaccharides were viscosity and molecular weight.This study provides a strategy for obtaining high-bioactivity polysaccharides by appropriate regulation of culture conditions,as well as opening new directions for the molecular modification of polysaccharides.
基金This work was supported by the National Natureal Sciences Foundation of China(No: 30571323).
文摘Thirty-three mutations and four different haplotypes were found when cytochrome b（Cytb） gene partial sequences of 12 gayals were analyzed. Together with sequences of Bos indicus, Bos taurus, Bos grunniens, and Bos gaurus with Bubalus bubalis as the out group, the partial sequences of Cytb gene of gayals were aligned and base composition and nucleotide variation of Cytb gene were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ method and the MP method respectively, both supporting almost the same topology. Gayal is an independent species of Bos from Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and Bos gaurus. The results also indicate that a great proportion of gayal bloodline was invaded by other species, and the protection of gayal is facing a formidable situation.
文摘The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (including 5.8S rRNA) of 15 Rhododendron, species, representing most sections of the genus, one Ledum species and Cassiope fastigiata were sequenced. Together with the ITS sequences of 13 selected Rhododendron species and Bejaria racemosa downloaded from GenBank, we explored the infrageneric and sectional relationships of this important North Temperate genus by employing maximum-parsimony analysis using PAUP software. C. fastigiata and B. racemosa were designated as outgroups. The ITS-based tree inferred that: (1) Rhododendron was a well-supported monophyletic group, while subg. Therorhodion was basal to the rest of the genus; (2) Ledum was a member of Rhododendron, and its close relationship with the lepidote rhododendron was confirmed; (3) the lepidote rhododendron plus Ledum formed a strongly-supported monophyletic clade which was sister to the rest of the elepidote rhododendron; (4) the elepidote rhododendron formed a weakly-supported clade within which the monophyly of subg. Hynwrianthes and subg. Tsutsusi were strongly supported, while subg. Pentanthera and subg. Azaleastrum were polyphyletic; and (5) the monophyly of sect. Choniastnini, (subg. Azaleastrum) was strongly-supported, while subg. Tsutsusi could be sister to a weakly-supported clade composed of two sampled species of sect. Azaleastrum (subg. Azaleastrum) together with R. sentibarbatum, of subg. Mumeazalea.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30770263)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863Program,No.2007AA091404)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program(2007BAD29B03)A Project Funded by the Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)~~
文摘[Objective] The study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability and interspecific relationships among four species of groupers from South China Sea, including E. fario, E. merra, E. malabaricus and E. coioides. [Method] Twenty one mircosatellite loci of groupers were selected from GenBank and eight high polymorphic loci were used to further genetic analysis. [Result] The mean number of alleles per locus （A）, effective number of alleles （Ne）, mean polymorphism information content （PIC）, observed heterozygosity （Ho） and expected heterozygosity （He） were 4.38±1.60, 3.69±0.86, 0.69±0.08, 0.67±0.08, 0.72±0.06 in E. malabaricus; 3.88±1.13, 3.55±1.04, 0.66±0.10, 0.68±0.21, 0.70±0.08 in E.coioides; 6.00±1.07, 4.68±0.65, 0.78±0.03, 0.73±0.25, 0.79±0.03 in E. fario; 5.50±1.07, 4.58±0.80, 0.76±0.05, 0.75±0.18, 0.78±0.04 in E. merra, respectively. [Conclusion] We compared the values above, the order of the genetic variability among these grouper species was E. fario E. merra E. malabaricus E. coioides. We found that the level of genetic variability of these groupers species was relatively higher than that of other marine fish, so their genetic status was good. In addition, the analyisis of genetic relationship showed that E. malabaricus and E. coioides was the closest and it was the farthest between E. merra and E. coioides.
文摘This paper proposes a new method of selecting appropriate buyer supplier relationships (BSR) for specific projects. Because it is almost impossible in reality to establish mathematical relationships between the BSR attributes and the factors of a project, the concept of relationship indices (RI) is introduced to quantify such BSR which are in turn established through design of experiments. Based on the experimental results, the contributions of project factors, known as factors relationship worths (RW...
基金Supported by National Key Basic Research Development Program of China(2002CB111505)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships of Cara- gana （Fabaceae） by the use of nrlTS sequences. [Method] Internal transcribed spac- er （ITS） sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA （nrDNA） from 29 taxa of Caragana species and seven close relatives （all belong to Astralinae （Adens） Benth） were used for phylogenetic analysis. [Result] Length of the entire ITS region ranges from 611 to 614 bp in Caragana species. The aligned sequences nrlTS of Caragana are 655 bp, and 170 sites are variable, with 107 phylogenetically informative sites. The phylogenetically informative sites are 16.3% of the total aligned sequences. The ITS sequences data are useful to resolve some relationships at lower taxonomic levels within Caragana. The Caragana Fabr. is not a monophyletic group with very close connection with Calophaca tianschanica. The ITS data revealed that the species of Sect. tragacanthoides were dispersed in MP tree or ME tree. Although the morphol- ogy of C. ordosica is similar to C. tibetica, the ITS results revealed an unexpectedly close relativeship to C. roborovskyi. The ITS data also indicate C. davazamcii, C. korshinskii, C. intermedia, and C. microphylla are different species. [Conclusion] ITS sequences have an important reference value in exploring the relationships of Cara- gana.
文摘In this study, non radioactive Digoxigenin labeled ribosomal DNA(rDNA) probes were used for Southern blotting analysis to study the molecular phylogeny of the giant panda and related species. Restriction maps in the regions of rDNA spacers were compared between giant panda( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ), lesser panda( Ailurus fulgens ), Asiatic black bear( Selenarctos thibetanus ), sun bear( Helarctos malayanus ), raccoon( Procyon lotor ) and lynx( Felis lynx ). Phylogenetic trees for these species were constructed using maximum likelihood and parsimony method. The results show that in respect to rDNA RFLPs, the giant panda is more closely related to bear than to lesser panda; while the lesser panda is slightly related to the raccoon.
文摘Evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that the taxa Pseudogyrinocheilus, Semilabeo, and Discolabeo form a monophyly in which Semilabeo and Discolabeo are sister groups, and both together constitute the sister group of Pseudogyrinocheilus. On the basis of phylogenetic relationships of Pseudogyrinocheilus to others, it is proposed that the taxon Pseudogyrinocheilus be a valid genus. In addition, comments are made on importance of some features used in the traditional taxonomy of the subfamily Labeoninae.
文摘[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the genetic relationships among different types of Prunus domestica L. in Xinjiang. [Method] The inter-simple se- quence repeat （ISSR） markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 30 individual plants from 5 types of P. domestica germpiasm resources in Xinjiang. [Result] A total of 317 bands were amplified by 16 selected IS- SR primers. Among the amplified bands, there were 246 polymorphic bands, accounting for 77.60% of the total. The Nei＇s gene diversity index （H） of individuals was 0.266 6. The average Shannon＇s information index （I） of individuals was 0.399 1. And most of the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.555 2 to 0.996 8. It is indicated that the P. domestica germplasm resources have a certain genetic diversity in Xinjiang. The cluster analysis showed that, at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.719, the 30 individuals were divided into 3 major groups, including a group of introduced European plum varieties, a group of Tacheng Smoked Plum and Tacheng Binzi and a group of Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum. While at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.949, Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum were divided into two small groups. [Conclusion] There are very close genetic relationships between Jiashi Smoked Plum and Wild European Plum, and among the introduced European plum varieties, Tacheng Smoked Plum and Tacheng Binzi.
