Traumatic spinal cord injury result in considerable and lasting functional impairments,triggering complex inflammatory and pathological events.Spinal cord scars,often metaphorically referred to as“fire barriers,”aim...Traumatic spinal cord injury result in considerable and lasting functional impairments,triggering complex inflammatory and pathological events.Spinal cord scars,often metaphorically referred to as“fire barriers,”aim to control the spread of neuroinflammation during the acute phase but later hinder axon regeneration in later stages.Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of immunomodulation,revealing that injury-associated inflammation involves various cell types and molecules with positive and negative effects.This review employs bibliometric analysis to examine the literature on inflammatory mediators in spinal cord injury,highlighting recent research and providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and the latest advances in studies on neuroinflammation related to spinal cord injury.We summarize the immune and inflammatory responses at different stages of spinal cord injury,offering crucial insights for future research.Additionally,we review repair strategies based on inflammatory mediators for the injured spinal cord.Finally,this review discusses the current status and future directions of translational research focused on immune-targeting strategies,including pharmaceuticals,biomedical engineering,and gene therapy.The development of a combined,precise,and multitemporal strategy for the repair of injured spinal cords represents a promising direction for future research.展开更多
Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including maresin 1 mediate resolution but the levels of these are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain, suggesting that they constitute a novel target for the treatment o...Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including maresin 1 mediate resolution but the levels of these are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain, suggesting that they constitute a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease to prevent/stop inflammation and combat disease pathology. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether they counteract the expression of genes and proteins induced by amyloid-β. With this objective, we analyzed the relevance of human monocyte–derived microglia for in vitro modeling of neuroinflammation and its resolution in the context of Alzheimer's disease and investigated the pro-resolving bioactivity of maresin 1 on amyloid-β42–induced Alzheimer's disease–like inflammation. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data and secreted proteins in supernatants from the monocyte-derived microglia showed that the monocyte-derived microglia resembled Alzheimer's disease–like neuroinflammation in human brain microglia after incubation with amyloid-β42. Maresin 1 restored homeostasis by down-regulating inflammatory pathway related gene expression induced by amyloid-β42 in monocyte-derived microglia, protection of maresin 1 against the effects of amyloid-β42 is mediated by a re-balancing of inflammatory transcriptional networks in which modulation of gene transcription in the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway plays a major part. We pinpointed molecular targets that are associated with both neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic targets by maresin 1. In conclusion, monocyte-derived microglia represent a relevant in vitro microglial model for studies on Alzheimer's disease-like inflammation and drug response for individual patients. Maresin 1 ameliorates amyloid-β42–induced changes in several genes of importance in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.展开更多
This letter critically examines a recent study by Zhang et al investigating the mediating role of overweight in the association between depression and new-onset diabetes among middle-aged and older adults.The study pr...This letter critically examines a recent study by Zhang et al investigating the mediating role of overweight in the association between depression and new-onset diabetes among middle-aged and older adults.The study provides com-pelling evidence that overweight mediates approximately 61%of this relationship,suggesting that depression may contribute to diabetes by influencing behaviors that lead to weight gain.This aligns with the understanding that depression can impact appetite regulation and physical activity.While the study employs a longitudinal design and robust statistical methods,limitations such as reliance on self-reported data and body mass index measurements warrant consideration.This analysis emphasizes the need for integrated interventions that address both mental and metabolic health for effective diabetes prevention.Future research should further explore the interplay of lifestyle factors,biological pathways,and social determinants in the development of this complex relationship.Ultimately,an integrated approach targeting both behavioral and biological components is crucial for the prevention and management of new-onset diabetes.展开更多
Regulating the interfacial charge transfer is pivotal for elucidating the kinetics of engineering the interface between the light-harvesting semiconductor and the substrate/catalyst for photoelectrocatalytic water spl...Regulating the interfacial charge transfer is pivotal for elucidating the kinetics of engineering the interface between the light-harvesting semiconductor and the substrate/catalyst for photoelectrocatalytic water splitting.In this study,we constructed a superior Ti-doped hematite photoanode(TiFeO)by employing SnOx as an electron transfer mediator,partially oxidized graphene(pGO)as a hole transfer mediator,and molecular Co cubane as a water oxidation catalyst.The Co/pGO/TiFeO/SnO_(x)integrated system achieves a photocurrent density of 2.52 mA cm^(-2) at 1.23 VRHE,which is 2.4 times higher than bare photoanode(1.04 mA cm^(-2)),with operational stability up to 100 h.Kinetic measurements indicate that pGO can promote charge transfer from TiFeO to the Co cubane catalyst.In contrast,SnOx reduces charge recombination at the interface between TiFeO and the fluorinated tin oxide substrate.In-situ infrared spectroscopy shows the formation of an O–O bonded intermediate during water oxidation.This study highlights the crucial role of incorporating dual charge-transfer mediators into photoelectrodes for efficient solar energy conversion.展开更多
Rechargeable lithium-carbon dioxide(Li-CO_(2))batteries have emerged as a highly promising approach to simultaneously address energy shortages and the greenhouse effect.However,certain limitations exist in Li-CO_(2)ba...Rechargeable lithium-carbon dioxide(Li-CO_(2))batteries have emerged as a highly promising approach to simultaneously address energy shortages and the greenhouse effect.However,certain limitations exist in Li-CO_(2)batteries like high charge overpotential and unstable Li metal interface,which adversely affect the energy efficiency and cycling life.The incorporation of soluble redox mediators(RMs)has proven effective in enhancing the charge transfer between lithium carbonate(Li_(2)CO_(3))and cathode,thereby substantially reducing the charge overpotential.Nevertheless,the severe shuttle effect of RMs results in the reactions with Li anode,not only exacerbating the corrosion of Li anode but also leading to the depletion of RMs and electrical energy efficiency.In this work,an organic compound containing large cation group,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bromide(EMIBr)is proposed as the defense donor RM for Li anode in Li-CO_(2)batteries to address the above problems simultaneously.During charging,Li_(2)CO_(3)oxidation kinetics can be accelerated by bromide anion pair(Br_(3)^(−)/Br^(−)).Meanwhile,the cations(EMI^(+))are preferentially adsorbed around the protruding tips of Li anode through electrostatic interaction driven by surface free energy,forming protective layers that effectively inhibit further Li deposition at these tips,which is verified by DFT calculations.Additionally,Li dendrites growth is inhibited by the electrostatic repulsion of polar groups in EMIBr,resulting in uniform Li deposition.Consequently,a lower overpotential(∼1.17 V)and a longer cycle life(∼200 cycles)have been obtained for Li-CO_(2)battery incorporating EMIBr.展开更多
All-solid-state Li-S batteries(ASSLSBs)are more attractive owing to their achievable superior energy density at a reasonable cost and the solid electrolyte(SE)utilization mitigating the widely recognized polysulfide s...All-solid-state Li-S batteries(ASSLSBs)are more attractive owing to their achievable superior energy density at a reasonable cost and the solid electrolyte(SE)utilization mitigating the widely recognized polysulfide shuttle problem.While the volume expansion(~80%)that occurs during the initial transformation of sulfur to lithium sulfide induces mechanical stress,this can be avoided by using Li_(2)S as a cathode,which also permits the anode-free cell design.However,the high oxidation energy barrier of Li_(2)S cathode during the charging step limits its application in commercial devices.Redox mediators have been extensively used to reduce the oxidation energy barrier of Li_(2)S to the sulfur conversation and boost the reversible kinetics of the conversion reaction.In this review,we have summarized the available redox mediators for Li_(2)S cathode in ASSLSBs and its working mechanism.Moreover,we have proposed novel strategies and guidelines for designing effective redox mediators to boost the reversible conversion reaction.展开更多
Oxygen(O_(2))is an abundant material with its highly positive redox potential,making it a cost-effective choice for the cathodic active material of aqueous flow batteries(AFBs).However,utilizing O_(2)as an active mate...Oxygen(O_(2))is an abundant material with its highly positive redox potential,making it a cost-effective choice for the cathodic active material of aqueous flow batteries(AFBs).However,utilizing O_(2)as an active material may induce a high overpotential issue for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).To address this problem,this study proposes a new AFB system employing iron-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol complex(Fe(BIS-TRIS))and O_(2)as redox couple and cobalt(triisopropanolamine)complex(Co(TiPA))as the redox mediator.Co(TiPA)can mitigate ORR overpotential through a mediated electron transfer(MET)mechanism.More specifically,during the charging step,in the catholyte,Co(II)(TiPA)s are oxidized to Co(III)(TiPA)s at the cathode,while HO_(2)-s are oxidized in the electrolyte tank,producing O_(2).During the discharging step,Co(III)(TiPA)s are reduced to Co(II)(TiPA)s.The resulting Co(II)(TiPA)then chemically reacts with O_(2)in the electrolyte tank,regenerating Co(III)(TiPA).Namely,this cycle ensures that Co(III)(TiPA)is electrochemically reduced to Co(II)(TiPA)at the cathode,while the reduced Co(II)(TiPA)is chemically re-oxidized in the electrolyte tank,effectively mediating electron transfer between electrode and oxygen.This process facilitates ORR without direct electrochemical reaction at the cathode,thereby alleviating its overpotential.UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis verifies that Co(TiPA)spontaneously reacts with O₂and mediates ORR.Fe(BIS-TRIS)-O_(2)AFB maintains 79.1%of its initial capacity over 170 h,demonstrating the feasibility of Co(TiPA)as the redox mediator.However,its structural degradation under oxygen evolution reaction is observed,limiting the long-term stability of Fe(BIS-TRIS)-O_(2)AFB.Thus,its structural modifications or development of alternative redox mediators are required.展开更多
While a healthy lifestyle is known to reduce the risk of stroke,the extent to which blood pressure(BP)mediates this association remains unclear.The present study aimed to quantify the mediating role of BP in the assoc...While a healthy lifestyle is known to reduce the risk of stroke,the extent to which blood pressure(BP)mediates this association remains unclear.The present study aimed to quantify the mediating role of BP in the association between combined lifestyle factors and stroke incidence.Using data from 51929 participants free of major cardiovascular diseases or cancer at baseline,we employed structural equation modeling to assess the mediating effects of systolic(SBP)and diastolic(DBP)blood pressure.During the follow-up,2811 incident stroke cases were identified.A healthy lifestyle was significantly associated with a reduced risk of stroke,with SBP mediating 44.70%(β=-0.0014,95%confidence interval[CI]:-0.0016 to-0.0012)and DBP mediating 37.81%(β=-0.0012,95%CI:-0.0015 to-0.0009)of this association.The mediating effects were attenuated but remained significant for ischemic stroke(SBP:33.21%;DBP:27.24%).In conclusion,approximately two-fifths of the protective association between a healthy lifestyle and stroke may be mediated by BP.These findings suggest that BP control may serve as an important early indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in reducing stroke risk.展开更多
The current study examined the roles of collective self-esteem and personal self-esteem in the relationship between national identity and subjective well-being.Participants were 583 Chinese college students(females=49...The current study examined the roles of collective self-esteem and personal self-esteem in the relationship between national identity and subjective well-being.Participants were 583 Chinese college students(females=49%;mean age=19.25±1.85 years).They completed measures of national identity,collective self-esteem,personal self-esteem,and subjective well-being.Path analysis findings result indicated national identity to influence the students’subjective wellbeing through three pathways:(1)national identity→collective self-esteem→subjective well-being,meaning higher subjective wellbeing with collective self-esteem.(2)national identity→personal self-esteem→subjective well-being,to suggest higher personal self-esteem was associated with subjective wellbeing;(3)national identity→collective selfesteem→personal self-esteem→subjective well-being.Compared to simple mediation models constructed with only personal self-esteem or collective self-esteem as a single mediating variable,the chain mediation model better explains the mediating mechanism of national identity on subjective well-being(the variance explained by the mediating variables increased by 65.38%and 59.26%,respectively).The collective self-esteem and personal self-esteem mediation is consistent with social identity theory,whereby national identity enhances collective self-evaluation,which in turn bolsters personal self-worth and subjective well-being.These findings of the current study offer new insights into how national identity affects subjective well-being in collectivistic culture.展开更多
Objective Evidence suggests that depleted gut microbialα-diversity is associated with hypertension;however,whether metabolic markers affect this relationship remains unknown.We aimed to determine the potential metabo...Objective Evidence suggests that depleted gut microbialα-diversity is associated with hypertension;however,whether metabolic markers affect this relationship remains unknown.We aimed to determine the potential metabolites mediating the associations ofα-diversity with blood pressure(BP)and BP variability(BPV).Methods Metagenomics and plasma targeted metabolomics were conducted on 523 Chinese participants from the MetaSalt study.The 24-hour,daytime,and nighttime BP and BPV were calculated based on ambulatory BP measurements.Linear mixed models were used to characterize the relationships betweenα-diversity(Shannon and Chao1 index)and BP indices.Mediation analyses were performed to assess the contribution of metabolites to the observed associations.The influence of key metabolites on hypertension was further evaluated in a prospective cohort of 2,169 participants.Results Gut microbial richness(Chao1)was negatively associated with 24-hour systolic BP,daytime systolic BP,daytime diastolic BP,24-hour systolic BPV,and nighttime systolic BPV(P<0.05).Moreover,26 metabolites were strongly associated with richness(Bonferroni P<0.05).Among them,four key metabolites(imidazole propionate,2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid,homovanillic acid,and hydrocinnamic acid)mediated the associations between richness and BP indices(proportions of mediating effects:14.1%–67.4%).These key metabolites were also associated with hypertension in the prospective cohort.For example,each 1-standard deviation unit increase in hydrocinnamic acid significantly reduced the risk of prevalent(OR[95%CI]=0.90[0.82,0.99];P=0.03)and incident hypertension(HR[95%CI]=0.83[0.71,0.96];P=0.01).Conclusion Our results suggest that gut microbial richness correlates with lower BP and BPV,and that certain metabolites mediate these associations.These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and prevention of hypertension.展开更多
AIM:To explore the causal relationship between several possible behavioral factors and high myopia(HM)using multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)approach and to find the mediators among them with mediation analy...AIM:To explore the causal relationship between several possible behavioral factors and high myopia(HM)using multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)approach and to find the mediators among them with mediation analysis.METHODS:The causal effects of several behavioral factors,including screen time,education time,time spent outdoors,and physical activity,on the risk of HM using univariable Mendelian randomization(MR)and MVMR analyses were first assessed.Genome-wide association study summary statistics of serum metabolites were also used in mediation analysis to determine the extent to which serum metabolites mediate the effects of behavioral factors on HM.RESULTS:MR analyses indicated that both increased time spent outdoors and a higher frequency of moderate physical activity significantly reduced the risk of HM.Further MVMR analysis confirmed that moderate physical activity independently contributed to a lower risk of HM.Additionally,MR analyses identified 13 serum metabolites significantly associated with HM,of which 12 were lipids and one was an amino acid derivative.Mediation analysis revealed that six lipid metabolites mediated the protective effects of moderate physical activity on HM,with the highest mediation proportion observed for 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-GPC(p-16:0;30.83%).CONCLUSION:This study suggests that in addition to outdoor time,moderate physical activity habits may have an independent protective effect against HM and pointed to lipid metabolites as priority targets for the prevention due to low physical activity.These results emphasize the importance of physical activity and metabolic health in HM and underscore the need for further study of these complex associations.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82272470 (to GN),82072439 (to GN),81930070 (to SF)the Tianjin Health Key Discipline Special Project,No.TJWJ2022XK011 (to GN)+2 种基金the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,No.22ZYYJQ01 (to GN)Tianjin Key Medical Disciplines,No.TJYXZDXK-027A (to SF)National Key Research and Development Program-Stem Cells and Transformation Research,No.2019YFA0112100 (to SF)
文摘Traumatic spinal cord injury result in considerable and lasting functional impairments,triggering complex inflammatory and pathological events.Spinal cord scars,often metaphorically referred to as“fire barriers,”aim to control the spread of neuroinflammation during the acute phase but later hinder axon regeneration in later stages.Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of immunomodulation,revealing that injury-associated inflammation involves various cell types and molecules with positive and negative effects.This review employs bibliometric analysis to examine the literature on inflammatory mediators in spinal cord injury,highlighting recent research and providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and the latest advances in studies on neuroinflammation related to spinal cord injury.We summarize the immune and inflammatory responses at different stages of spinal cord injury,offering crucial insights for future research.Additionally,we review repair strategies based on inflammatory mediators for the injured spinal cord.Finally,this review discusses the current status and future directions of translational research focused on immune-targeting strategies,including pharmaceuticals,biomedical engineering,and gene therapy.The development of a combined,precise,and multitemporal strategy for the repair of injured spinal cords represents a promising direction for future research.
基金supported by the China Scholarship Council(to YW)the Swedish Research Council,No.2018-02601(to MS)+7 种基金the Alzheimer Foundation,No.AF-980695(to MS)the Stockholm County Council,No.RS2020-0731(to MS)the Foundation of Old Servants(to MS)the Gun and Bertil Stohne Foundation(to MS)the?hlén Foundation,No.233055(to MS)The Swedish Fund for Research without Animal Experiments(to MS)the Swedish Dementia Foundation(to MS)the Brain foundation,No.FO2022-0131(to MS)。
文摘Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including maresin 1 mediate resolution but the levels of these are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain, suggesting that they constitute a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease to prevent/stop inflammation and combat disease pathology. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether they counteract the expression of genes and proteins induced by amyloid-β. With this objective, we analyzed the relevance of human monocyte–derived microglia for in vitro modeling of neuroinflammation and its resolution in the context of Alzheimer's disease and investigated the pro-resolving bioactivity of maresin 1 on amyloid-β42–induced Alzheimer's disease–like inflammation. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data and secreted proteins in supernatants from the monocyte-derived microglia showed that the monocyte-derived microglia resembled Alzheimer's disease–like neuroinflammation in human brain microglia after incubation with amyloid-β42. Maresin 1 restored homeostasis by down-regulating inflammatory pathway related gene expression induced by amyloid-β42 in monocyte-derived microglia, protection of maresin 1 against the effects of amyloid-β42 is mediated by a re-balancing of inflammatory transcriptional networks in which modulation of gene transcription in the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway plays a major part. We pinpointed molecular targets that are associated with both neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic targets by maresin 1. In conclusion, monocyte-derived microglia represent a relevant in vitro microglial model for studies on Alzheimer's disease-like inflammation and drug response for individual patients. Maresin 1 ameliorates amyloid-β42–induced changes in several genes of importance in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
基金Supported by the New Professor Research Program of KOREATECH,No.202501930001.
文摘This letter critically examines a recent study by Zhang et al investigating the mediating role of overweight in the association between depression and new-onset diabetes among middle-aged and older adults.The study provides com-pelling evidence that overweight mediates approximately 61%of this relationship,suggesting that depression may contribute to diabetes by influencing behaviors that lead to weight gain.This aligns with the understanding that depression can impact appetite regulation and physical activity.While the study employs a longitudinal design and robust statistical methods,limitations such as reliance on self-reported data and body mass index measurements warrant consideration.This analysis emphasizes the need for integrated interventions that address both mental and metabolic health for effective diabetes prevention.Future research should further explore the interplay of lifestyle factors,biological pathways,and social determinants in the development of this complex relationship.Ultimately,an integrated approach targeting both behavioral and biological components is crucial for the prevention and management of new-onset diabetes.
文摘Regulating the interfacial charge transfer is pivotal for elucidating the kinetics of engineering the interface between the light-harvesting semiconductor and the substrate/catalyst for photoelectrocatalytic water splitting.In this study,we constructed a superior Ti-doped hematite photoanode(TiFeO)by employing SnOx as an electron transfer mediator,partially oxidized graphene(pGO)as a hole transfer mediator,and molecular Co cubane as a water oxidation catalyst.The Co/pGO/TiFeO/SnO_(x)integrated system achieves a photocurrent density of 2.52 mA cm^(-2) at 1.23 VRHE,which is 2.4 times higher than bare photoanode(1.04 mA cm^(-2)),with operational stability up to 100 h.Kinetic measurements indicate that pGO can promote charge transfer from TiFeO to the Co cubane catalyst.In contrast,SnOx reduces charge recombination at the interface between TiFeO and the fluorinated tin oxide substrate.In-situ infrared spectroscopy shows the formation of an O–O bonded intermediate during water oxidation.This study highlights the crucial role of incorporating dual charge-transfer mediators into photoelectrodes for efficient solar energy conversion.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22075171).
文摘Rechargeable lithium-carbon dioxide(Li-CO_(2))batteries have emerged as a highly promising approach to simultaneously address energy shortages and the greenhouse effect.However,certain limitations exist in Li-CO_(2)batteries like high charge overpotential and unstable Li metal interface,which adversely affect the energy efficiency and cycling life.The incorporation of soluble redox mediators(RMs)has proven effective in enhancing the charge transfer between lithium carbonate(Li_(2)CO_(3))and cathode,thereby substantially reducing the charge overpotential.Nevertheless,the severe shuttle effect of RMs results in the reactions with Li anode,not only exacerbating the corrosion of Li anode but also leading to the depletion of RMs and electrical energy efficiency.In this work,an organic compound containing large cation group,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bromide(EMIBr)is proposed as the defense donor RM for Li anode in Li-CO_(2)batteries to address the above problems simultaneously.During charging,Li_(2)CO_(3)oxidation kinetics can be accelerated by bromide anion pair(Br_(3)^(−)/Br^(−)).Meanwhile,the cations(EMI^(+))are preferentially adsorbed around the protruding tips of Li anode through electrostatic interaction driven by surface free energy,forming protective layers that effectively inhibit further Li deposition at these tips,which is verified by DFT calculations.Additionally,Li dendrites growth is inhibited by the electrostatic repulsion of polar groups in EMIBr,resulting in uniform Li deposition.Consequently,a lower overpotential(∼1.17 V)and a longer cycle life(∼200 cycles)have been obtained for Li-CO_(2)battery incorporating EMIBr.
基金supported by the“Regional Innovation Strategy(RIS)”through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)(2021RIS-003),South Koreasupported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00241916),South Korea+4 种基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(IRIS RS-2024-00352303),South Koreathe results of a study on the“Leaders in Industry-university Cooperation 3.0”project,supported by the Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation of Korea,South Koreasupported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1A6A03038697),South Koreasupported by Learning&Academic research institution for Master’s PhD students,and Postdocs(LAMP)Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Education(No.RS-2023-00301974),South Koreasupported by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2024-00432013)funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,South Korea)。
文摘All-solid-state Li-S batteries(ASSLSBs)are more attractive owing to their achievable superior energy density at a reasonable cost and the solid electrolyte(SE)utilization mitigating the widely recognized polysulfide shuttle problem.While the volume expansion(~80%)that occurs during the initial transformation of sulfur to lithium sulfide induces mechanical stress,this can be avoided by using Li_(2)S as a cathode,which also permits the anode-free cell design.However,the high oxidation energy barrier of Li_(2)S cathode during the charging step limits its application in commercial devices.Redox mediators have been extensively used to reduce the oxidation energy barrier of Li_(2)S to the sulfur conversation and boost the reversible kinetics of the conversion reaction.In this review,we have summarized the available redox mediators for Li_(2)S cathode in ASSLSBs and its working mechanism.Moreover,we have proposed novel strategies and guidelines for designing effective redox mediators to boost the reversible conversion reaction.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2023R1A2C2002444).
文摘Oxygen(O_(2))is an abundant material with its highly positive redox potential,making it a cost-effective choice for the cathodic active material of aqueous flow batteries(AFBs).However,utilizing O_(2)as an active material may induce a high overpotential issue for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).To address this problem,this study proposes a new AFB system employing iron-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol complex(Fe(BIS-TRIS))and O_(2)as redox couple and cobalt(triisopropanolamine)complex(Co(TiPA))as the redox mediator.Co(TiPA)can mitigate ORR overpotential through a mediated electron transfer(MET)mechanism.More specifically,during the charging step,in the catholyte,Co(II)(TiPA)s are oxidized to Co(III)(TiPA)s at the cathode,while HO_(2)-s are oxidized in the electrolyte tank,producing O_(2).During the discharging step,Co(III)(TiPA)s are reduced to Co(II)(TiPA)s.The resulting Co(II)(TiPA)then chemically reacts with O_(2)in the electrolyte tank,regenerating Co(III)(TiPA).Namely,this cycle ensures that Co(III)(TiPA)is electrochemically reduced to Co(II)(TiPA)at the cathode,while the reduced Co(II)(TiPA)is chemically re-oxidized in the electrolyte tank,effectively mediating electron transfer between electrode and oxygen.This process facilitates ORR without direct electrochemical reaction at the cathode,thereby alleviating its overpotential.UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis verifies that Co(TiPA)spontaneously reacts with O₂and mediates ORR.Fe(BIS-TRIS)-O_(2)AFB maintains 79.1%of its initial capacity over 170 h,demonstrating the feasibility of Co(TiPA)as the redox mediator.However,its structural degradation under oxygen evolution reaction is observed,limiting the long-term stability of Fe(BIS-TRIS)-O_(2)AFB.Thus,its structural modifications or development of alternative redox mediators are required.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82192900,82192901,82192904,81390540,and 91846303 to L.L.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0900500 to Y.G.)the Kadoorie Charitable Foundation in Hong Kong,and the Wellcome Trust in the UK(Grant/Award Nos.088158/Z/09/Z,104085/Z/14/Z,and 202922/Z/16/Z to Z.C.).
文摘While a healthy lifestyle is known to reduce the risk of stroke,the extent to which blood pressure(BP)mediates this association remains unclear.The present study aimed to quantify the mediating role of BP in the association between combined lifestyle factors and stroke incidence.Using data from 51929 participants free of major cardiovascular diseases or cancer at baseline,we employed structural equation modeling to assess the mediating effects of systolic(SBP)and diastolic(DBP)blood pressure.During the follow-up,2811 incident stroke cases were identified.A healthy lifestyle was significantly associated with a reduced risk of stroke,with SBP mediating 44.70%(β=-0.0014,95%confidence interval[CI]:-0.0016 to-0.0012)and DBP mediating 37.81%(β=-0.0012,95%CI:-0.0015 to-0.0009)of this association.The mediating effects were attenuated but remained significant for ischemic stroke(SBP:33.21%;DBP:27.24%).In conclusion,approximately two-fifths of the protective association between a healthy lifestyle and stroke may be mediated by BP.These findings suggest that BP control may serve as an important early indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in reducing stroke risk.
文摘The current study examined the roles of collective self-esteem and personal self-esteem in the relationship between national identity and subjective well-being.Participants were 583 Chinese college students(females=49%;mean age=19.25±1.85 years).They completed measures of national identity,collective self-esteem,personal self-esteem,and subjective well-being.Path analysis findings result indicated national identity to influence the students’subjective wellbeing through three pathways:(1)national identity→collective self-esteem→subjective well-being,meaning higher subjective wellbeing with collective self-esteem.(2)national identity→personal self-esteem→subjective well-being,to suggest higher personal self-esteem was associated with subjective wellbeing;(3)national identity→collective selfesteem→personal self-esteem→subjective well-being.Compared to simple mediation models constructed with only personal self-esteem or collective self-esteem as a single mediating variable,the chain mediation model better explains the mediating mechanism of national identity on subjective well-being(the variance explained by the mediating variables increased by 65.38%and 59.26%,respectively).The collective self-esteem and personal self-esteem mediation is consistent with social identity theory,whereby national identity enhances collective self-evaluation,which in turn bolsters personal self-worth and subjective well-being.These findings of the current study offer new insights into how national identity affects subjective well-being in collectivistic culture.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Program for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases(2023ZD0503500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82030102,12126602,91857118)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-010,2019-I2M-2-003)the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(2022-GSP-GG-1,2022-GSP-GG-2)。
文摘Objective Evidence suggests that depleted gut microbialα-diversity is associated with hypertension;however,whether metabolic markers affect this relationship remains unknown.We aimed to determine the potential metabolites mediating the associations ofα-diversity with blood pressure(BP)and BP variability(BPV).Methods Metagenomics and plasma targeted metabolomics were conducted on 523 Chinese participants from the MetaSalt study.The 24-hour,daytime,and nighttime BP and BPV were calculated based on ambulatory BP measurements.Linear mixed models were used to characterize the relationships betweenα-diversity(Shannon and Chao1 index)and BP indices.Mediation analyses were performed to assess the contribution of metabolites to the observed associations.The influence of key metabolites on hypertension was further evaluated in a prospective cohort of 2,169 participants.Results Gut microbial richness(Chao1)was negatively associated with 24-hour systolic BP,daytime systolic BP,daytime diastolic BP,24-hour systolic BPV,and nighttime systolic BPV(P<0.05).Moreover,26 metabolites were strongly associated with richness(Bonferroni P<0.05).Among them,four key metabolites(imidazole propionate,2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid,homovanillic acid,and hydrocinnamic acid)mediated the associations between richness and BP indices(proportions of mediating effects:14.1%–67.4%).These key metabolites were also associated with hypertension in the prospective cohort.For example,each 1-standard deviation unit increase in hydrocinnamic acid significantly reduced the risk of prevalent(OR[95%CI]=0.90[0.82,0.99];P=0.03)and incident hypertension(HR[95%CI]=0.83[0.71,0.96];P=0.01).Conclusion Our results suggest that gut microbial richness correlates with lower BP and BPV,and that certain metabolites mediate these associations.These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and prevention of hypertension.
基金Supported by the Central High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(No.BJ-2024-089).
文摘AIM:To explore the causal relationship between several possible behavioral factors and high myopia(HM)using multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)approach and to find the mediators among them with mediation analysis.METHODS:The causal effects of several behavioral factors,including screen time,education time,time spent outdoors,and physical activity,on the risk of HM using univariable Mendelian randomization(MR)and MVMR analyses were first assessed.Genome-wide association study summary statistics of serum metabolites were also used in mediation analysis to determine the extent to which serum metabolites mediate the effects of behavioral factors on HM.RESULTS:MR analyses indicated that both increased time spent outdoors and a higher frequency of moderate physical activity significantly reduced the risk of HM.Further MVMR analysis confirmed that moderate physical activity independently contributed to a lower risk of HM.Additionally,MR analyses identified 13 serum metabolites significantly associated with HM,of which 12 were lipids and one was an amino acid derivative.Mediation analysis revealed that six lipid metabolites mediated the protective effects of moderate physical activity on HM,with the highest mediation proportion observed for 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-GPC(p-16:0;30.83%).CONCLUSION:This study suggests that in addition to outdoor time,moderate physical activity habits may have an independent protective effect against HM and pointed to lipid metabolites as priority targets for the prevention due to low physical activity.These results emphasize the importance of physical activity and metabolic health in HM and underscore the need for further study of these complex associations.
